WO1998005998A1 - Dispositifs de modulation de la lumiere - Google Patents

Dispositifs de modulation de la lumiere Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1998005998A1
WO1998005998A1 PCT/GB1997/002202 GB9702202W WO9805998A1 WO 1998005998 A1 WO1998005998 A1 WO 1998005998A1 GB 9702202 W GB9702202 W GB 9702202W WO 9805998 A1 WO9805998 A1 WO 9805998A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
liquid crystal
substrates
mixture
substrate
glass
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB1997/002202
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Shirley Anne Sergeant
Paul Arthur Holmes
Original Assignee
Pilkington Plc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Pilkington Plc filed Critical Pilkington Plc
Priority to AU38589/97A priority Critical patent/AU719372B2/en
Priority to EP97935695A priority patent/EP0917665A1/fr
Priority to JP10507745A priority patent/JP2000515648A/ja
Publication of WO1998005998A1 publication Critical patent/WO1998005998A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1341—Filling or closing of cells
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1334—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods based on polymer dispersed liquid crystals, e.g. microencapsulated liquid crystals
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1341—Filling or closing of cells
    • G02F1/13415—Drop filling process
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/137—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering
    • G02F1/13718—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on a change of the texture state of a cholesteric liquid crystal

Definitions

  • the invention relates generally to a method of making liquid crystal light modulating devices (sometimes known as optical shutters), and particularly to a method of making large area liquid crystal light modulating devices of the type used, for instance, as switchable privacy glazings.
  • Liquid crystal light modulating devices for glazings which comprise a thin layer (of the order of 25 ⁇ m) of liquid crystal material sandwiched between transparent plastics materials substrates, further laminated between sheets of glass.
  • the substrates have an electrically conductive coating on the surface against the liquid crystal material, and the state of the liquid crystal material i.e. clear or scattering, is determined by a voltage applied across the material via the coatings.
  • Liquid crystal light modulating devices are increasingly in demand for use in, for example, architectural glazings which offer selective privacy, for example, conference room partition walls or hospital ward door panels. At present, permanently private, translucent patterned glasses may be used in such glazings. Also, liquid crystal light modulating devices are seen as being of use on commercial aircraft as so-called "class dividers". The conventional way of dividing different classes of passengers on an aircraft is by means of curtains which are drawn back, presumably for safety reasons, during take-off and landing.
  • liquid crystal light modulating device comprises droplets of a nematic liquid crystal material dispersed in a polymer.
  • Such devices often termed polymer dispersed liquid crystal (“PDLC") devices, either scatter or transmit light according to the orientation of the molecules in the liquid crystal material.
  • PDLC polymer dispersed liquid crystal
  • the liquid crystal molecules When no voltage is applied across the liquid crystal/polymer mixture, the liquid crystal molecules have a random orientation and the refractive index of the droplets is an average of the normal and perpendicular refractive indices. This average value is not matched to the refractive index of the polymer and, as a result, the system scatters light.
  • the molecules in the liquid crystal material align themselves generally normal to the plane of the device and, if the parallel component of the refractive index matches that of the polymer, the material appears transparent.
  • An inherent feature of PDLC devices is high haze in the clear state when the device is viewed at anything other than the normal angle. As the viewing angle deviates from normal, mismatch with the polymer refractive index increases, resulting in haze. In fact, there is typically little or no change in the opacity of these devices from the on-state to the off-state when viewed at an angle of 70 s or more to the normal.
  • the process for fabricating PDLC devices has proven problematical.
  • the process may involve coating an aqueous solution of poly vinyl alcohol containing about 50% dispersed nematic liquid crystal material onto indium tin oxide ("ITO") coated polyester sheet, allowing the water to evaporate, and roll laminating a second sheet of ITO coated polyester on top of the liquid crystal material.
  • ITO indium tin oxide
  • the polyester sheet sandwich cannot generally be used on its own, so the polyester sheets must then be laminated between sheets of glass, making the whole production process lengthy, in terms of the number of steps involved, and potentially costly.
  • Nematic liquid crystals align with their major axes parallel, but there is no lateral order or correlation between the ends of one molecule and those of its neighbours.
  • Smectic liquid crystals are nematics in which the ends of the molecules do align, producing slabs or domains.
  • Cholesteric liquid crystals have an additional degree of order in that molecules in adjacent nematic layers align with their directors at a slight angle to each other rather than parallel as in a true nematic. The result is that stacks of molecules are formed with a uniform twisted structure.
  • cholesteric materials may also adopt a cholesteric structure in the presence of chiral liquid crystal dopants. Because of their periodic structure, cholesteric materials reflect light of a particular wavelength which is defined by the pitch of the helical arrangement of the liquid crystal molecules. With cholesteric liquid crystal material such as that described in WO-A-9219695, the helical pitch is tuned to reflect in the infra-red. Thus, in the clear state, the liquid crystals between two substrates adopt a planar structure, or Grandjean texture, and appear transparent with little or no haze in the visible region.
  • the liquid crystal molecules When an electric field is applied, the liquid crystal molecules are turned to align the director along the field and the helical structure is now parallel to the plates. Ideally the system should adopt a so-called fingerprint texture.
  • anchoring forces due to the surface of the substrates compete with the torque on the molecules due to the applied field and cause a large number of domains of fingerprint texture to be formed. This state is called the focal conic state and is scattering because of the abrupt changes in refractive index at the domain boundaries. If the applied field is increased beyond a threshold value, the liquid crystals are forced into the homeotropic state, where the helical structure is lost and the material again becomes transparent
  • PSCT Polymer Stabilised Cholesteric Texture
  • Reverse mode devices are stabilised in the planar texture with the reflection peak in the infra-red at zero field by using a rubbed polyi ide alignment layer of the type used in twisted nematic liquid crystal displays.
  • the scattering focal conic mode is stabilised in the on-state by the polymer.
  • PSCT devices have clear advantages over the original nematic technology, PSCT devices have proven rather difficult to manufacture and scale-up.
  • Conventional PDLC devices are produced by pumping a relatively viscous 50/50 liquid crystal/polymer solution through a slot die onto a moving sheet of ITO coated polyester sheet. After allowing the solvent to evaporate, a second ITO coated polyester sheet is roll-laminated on top of the first, with the liquid crystal polymer mixture therebetween.
  • the desired uniform spacing of, for example, 25 ⁇ 1 ⁇ m is achieved either by adding 25 ⁇ m polymer spheres to the coating solution or, more usually, the dry film is itself sufficiently uniform and hard that spacers are not required.
  • PDLC liquid crystal mixtures are usually 50% liquid crystal whereas PSCT mixtures are usually at least 90% (and more typically about 95%) liquid crystal, and therefore of low viscosity and complex rheology.
  • the resulting gel is mechanically weak and easily compressed.
  • the PSCT systems currently require rigid substrates, such as glass, and may not be coated directly onto polyester sheets or the like without risking short circuits when compressed against a second sheet
  • Small area PSCT devices say of the order of 100mm x 100mm, have been made using two sheets of ITO coated glass as the substrates.
  • the substrates are typically coated with a polyimide precursor solution, heated at a temperature and for a time (for example at 275°C for sixty minutes) sufficient to convert the solution to polyimide, and rubbed unidirectionally using a velour cloth to complete preparation of the alignment layer.
  • a dispersion of glass fibre spacers is then applied onto one substrate, the two glass sheets assembled to form a cell, and three of the four edges sealed using an adhesive, such as a UV- curable or epoxy adhesive.
  • This cell is then suspended, with the open side down, over a small bath of the liquid crystal/monomer mixture, which is itself contained within a bell jar vacuum chamber. Evacuation of the chamber, lowering the open side of the cell into the liquid crystal mixture and re-pressurising the bell jar then results in the cell being uniformly filled. Sealing the fourth side, UN-curing the monomer for a few minutes under a UV source as is commonly used in the art, and applying copper tape conductive tracks to the ITO surfaces completes the cell assembly.
  • the invention provides a method of making a liquid crystal light modulating device comprising sandwiching a mixture containing liquid crystal material between two substrates, wherein at least one of the substrates is glass, characterised in that the liquid crystal containing mixture is applied to the first substrate before the first and second substrates are brought together.
  • the invention offers a simple and low cost method suitable for producing large scale devices (typically with one dimension greater than 300mm) of the type used in architectural glazings and other applications.
  • large scale devices typically with one dimension greater than 300mm
  • the fact that at least one of the substrates in the sandwich is glass means that it is readily suitable for use as an architectural pane in, for example, a window or internal partition, without the need for further laminating to another more suitable architectural sheet material.
  • the method according to the invention enables the production of large scale devices without the need for relatively complex and expensive equipment or techniques, such as the use of vacuum apparatus.
  • the second substrate is preferably glass but may be plastics sheet material, such as polyester.
  • Each substrate preferably has an electrically conductive coating on a surface against the liquid crystal containing material.
  • the coating may be indium tin oxide or fluorine doped tin oxide or any other suitable conductive coating which may be applied to the substrates.
  • indium tin oxide or fluorine doped tin oxide are preferred because glass with these coatings is readily available from glass manufacturers.
  • the applicants produce a range of glasses known as TEC glass which are coated with fluorine doped tin oxide and suitable for use in a number of electrical applications, for example, heated glazed doors for freezer cabinets.
  • each coating may have an insulating or passivation layer, say of silica, applied over it.
  • Some electrically conductive coatings may have a rough surface finish which again may increase the chance of short circuits over such a small distance, and it may be advantageous to polish these coatings to reduce roughness.
  • the liquid crystal containing mixture may be applied to the first substrate by pouring it on, roller coating it, spraying it or by any other similar or equivalent technique suitable for the purpose.
  • the mixture contains liquid crystal material, either cholesteric or nematic, and a monomer which together are capable of forming PSCT liquid crystal material.
  • the mixture may also contain a polymerisation initiator, preferably a photoinitiator, and, if the liquid crystal material is nematic, a chiral agent
  • the monomer is preferably polymerised by exposure to UV radiation.
  • the mixture contains in excess of 90 wt% liquid crystal material.
  • the material available in the UK from the Merck company under the designation E48 is an example of a suitable liquid crystal material.
  • the monomer is polymerised in the presence of an electric field, preferably an alternating electric field. It has been found that the higher the frequency of the voltage applied to generate the field, the less the likelihood of short circuits occurring during the polymerisation stage.
  • the frequency is preferably in excess of lKHz, more preferably in excess of 2KHz
  • the mixture may also contain spacer means such as spheres or rods of glass or incompressible plastics materials.
  • the purpose of the spacer means is to maintain a gap between the two substrates.
  • the spacer means can be applied separately to the surface of one of the substrates by an appropriate method, such as spraying on a dispersion of glass spheres in an alcohol-based carrier medium.
  • adhesive spacer materials could be used which are capable of keeping the two substrates the requisite distance apart whilst at the same time adhering them together so that, in particular, there is opposition to the possible "bulging" effects of hydrostatic pressure.
  • Polymeric adhesive spacers are currently used in the production of liquid crystal display panels.
  • pressure is applied to the two substrates to uniformly compress the mixture to a desired thickness, normally in the region of 15 ⁇ m.
  • the substrates may be passed between two rollers, placed in a press, placed in an autoclave, put into vacuum bag apparatus or subjected to any other simil,ar or equivalent treatment which involves forcing the substrates together uniformly to compress the mixture.
  • the pressure may be applied in a two stage process; achieving an initial degree of compression using one method, for instance a pair of rollers, and completing the process by putting the rolled substrates in an autoclave at a much greater pressure than the rollers or initial compressing device may be capable of applying.
  • the edges of the sandwich may be sealed with a UV-curable or epoxy or equivalent or alternative adhesive. If the liquid crystal containing mixture is roller coated onto the first substrate, the edges of the sandwich may be sealed prior to applying pressure. Roller coating involves applying little if any excess liquid crystal containing mixture, so there is no need to leave the edges unblocked to allow excess material to escape during the pressure applying stage. On the other hand, if the material is, for instance, poured onto the first substrate, an excess is required to ensure that the whole surface of the substrate is covered. In this case, the edges need to left unblocked and so are not sealed until after pressure is applied or may be only partially sealed. However, it has been found that a seal made prior to the pressure applying step works better and more effectively resists delaminating than one made later.
  • conductive tracks sometimes called busbars
  • Adhesive copper strips are easy to apply as busbars, but there are many other known types which may be used.
  • the substrates Before the liquid crystal mixture is applied, the substrates may be cleaned.
  • the coated substrates may also have their coated surfaces treated, say with silane, to improve adhesion and, for reverse mode devices, may have an alignment layer applied using conventional technology.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the stations involved in making a light modulating liquid crystal device in accordance with the invention
  • Figure 2 is a partial cross-sectional view of the sandwiching stage in the process of making a liquid crystal device in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG 3 is a partial cross-sectional view of the pressure applying stage in the process of making a liquid crystal device in accordance with the invention.
  • Best Mode Schematically illustrated in figure 1 is a production line for making large area liquid crystal light modulating devices.
  • the line indicated generally at 10, comprises a sandwiching station 20, a pressing station 30 and a polymerisation station 40.
  • the first stage in the production of the device is the sandwiching of a mixture 6 containing liquid crystal material between two substrates 2, 4 at the sandwiching station 10.
  • Each of the substrates 2, 4 is a panel of 6 mm thick sodium silicate glass (made by the float production process) measuring lm x lm.
  • One of the major faces of each of the substrates has an electrically conducting fluorine doped tin oxide coating 8a, 8b previously applied to it by a chemical vapour deposition technique during the glass production process.
  • a colour suppression undercoating (not shown), such as that described in US Patent Nos. 4,187,336 and 4,419,386 which are incorporated herein by reference, may be provided between the glass and the tin oxide.
  • each of the two glass substrates 2, 4 is carefully cleaned.
  • a dispersion of glass spheres, each 15 ⁇ m in diameter, in an alcohol carrier medium is then spray coated onto the coated surface of the first glass substrate 2.
  • a liquid crystal containing mixture 6 capable of forming PSCT liquid crystal material is then applied to the same surface of the first glass substrate 2 by roller coating.
  • liquid crystal containing mixture for normal mode devices is: 94.75 wt% E48 (Merck designation) nematic liquid crystal material; 2.1 wt% 4,4'-bis[6- (acryloyloxy)-hexyloxy]-l,r-biphenylene liquid crystalline monomer; 3 wt% R1011 (Merck designation) chiral agent and 0.15 wt% benzoin methyl ether photoinitiator.
  • the first and second substrates 2, 4 are brought together.
  • the second substrate 4 is lowered into contact with the first substrate 2 from a position above and at a slight angle to the first substrate 4 so as to sandwich the liquid crystal/monomer mixture between the two.
  • conductive tracks of adhesive copper tape are then applied to provide electrical connections to the electrically conductive coatings 8a, 8b.
  • the two substrates 2, 4 are brought together in a slightly staggered fashion so that opposed ends of the coated surfaces 8a, 8b protrude slightly and make the application of the tracks that much easier.
  • the first of the coated glass substrates 2 is also provided with an alignment layer (not shown) by spin coating it with a polyimide precursor solution, heating it for a time and at a temperature sufficient to convert the solution to polyimide (for example at 275°C for sixty minutes), and rubbing it unidirectionally using a velour cloth (not shown).

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • Liquid Crystal (AREA)
  • Mathematical Physics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Liquid Crystal Substances (AREA)

Abstract

Cette invention se rapporte à un procédé adapté à la fabrication à grande échelle de dispositifs à cristaux liquides modulateurs de lumière, dotés d'une très fine couche, de l'ordre de 15 νm d'épaisseur, d'une matière (6) contenant des cristaux liquides et constituée de préférence d'un mélange susceptible de former un matériau à cristaux liquides stabilisé par un polymère ('PSCT'), pris en sandwich entre deux substrats (2, 4), l'un au moins de ces substrats étant constitué de verre. On applique ladite matière (6) contenant les cristaux liquides sur le premier substrat (2) avant d'amener le second substrat (4) en contact puis on comprime les deux substrats (2, 4), par exemple entre deux cylindres (18, 22), jusqu'à l'obtention de l'épaisseur requise de la matière à cristaux liquides. On maintient les deux substrats (2, 4) à une distance respective requise au moyen de séparateurs. Il est également nécessaire de polymériser ladite matière (6) contenant les cristaux liquides et susceptible de former le matériau PSCT en exposant la structure en sandwich comprimée à un rayonnement ultraviolet.
PCT/GB1997/002202 1996-08-07 1997-08-07 Dispositifs de modulation de la lumiere WO1998005998A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU38589/97A AU719372B2 (en) 1996-08-07 1997-08-07 Light modulating liquid crystal devices
EP97935695A EP0917665A1 (fr) 1996-08-07 1997-08-07 Dispositifs de modulation de la lumiere
JP10507745A JP2000515648A (ja) 1996-08-07 1997-08-07 光変調液晶装置

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US2412496P 1996-08-07 1996-08-07
US60/024,124 1996-08-07

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1998005998A1 true WO1998005998A1 (fr) 1998-02-12

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB1997/002202 WO1998005998A1 (fr) 1996-08-07 1997-08-07 Dispositifs de modulation de la lumiere

Country Status (5)

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EP (1) EP0917665A1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2000515648A (fr)
AU (1) AU719372B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2261863A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1998005998A1 (fr)

Cited By (9)

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JP2000155308A (ja) * 1998-06-10 2000-06-06 Saint Gobain Vitrage 電気的制御可能な光学的特性可変組立体
WO2000070401A1 (fr) * 1999-05-17 2000-11-23 Colorado Microdisplay, Inc. Micro-afficheurs a cristaux liquides
EP1175639A1 (fr) * 1999-04-06 2002-01-30 Reveo, Inc. Structures de vitrage electro-optique presentant des modes de fonctionnement par diffusion et par transparence
WO2005036248A1 (fr) * 2003-10-02 2005-04-21 Reveo, Inc. Systeme d'assemblage de cellules a cristaux liquides
WO2012028823A1 (fr) 2010-09-03 2012-03-08 Saint-Gobain Glass France Vitrage multiple a diffusion variable par cristaux liquides, son procede de fabrication
WO2012045973A1 (fr) 2010-10-04 2012-04-12 Saint-Gobain Glass France Vitrage multiple a diffusion variable par cristaux liquides, son procède de fabrication
WO2013098522A1 (fr) 2011-12-29 2013-07-04 Saint-Gobain Glass France Vitrage multiple a diffusion variable par cristaux liquides
WO2013098527A1 (fr) 2011-12-29 2013-07-04 Saint-Gobain Glass France Vitrage multiple a diffusion variable par cristaux liquides, son procede de fabrication
US11397344B2 (en) 2016-08-19 2022-07-26 Pilkington Group Limited Switchable glazing unit

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JP2006234885A (ja) * 2005-02-22 2006-09-07 Nippon Hoso Kyokai <Nhk> 液晶光変調器の製造方法、液晶光変調器および液晶表示装置
KR101684012B1 (ko) 2014-12-03 2016-12-07 현대자동차주식회사 글래스비드와 액정을 이용한 스마트 윈도우 및 이의 제조방법

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Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2000155308A (ja) * 1998-06-10 2000-06-06 Saint Gobain Vitrage 電気的制御可能な光学的特性可変組立体
EP1175639A1 (fr) * 1999-04-06 2002-01-30 Reveo, Inc. Structures de vitrage electro-optique presentant des modes de fonctionnement par diffusion et par transparence
EP1175639A4 (fr) * 1999-04-06 2006-04-19 Reveo Inc Structures de vitrage electro-optique presentant des modes de fonctionnement par diffusion et par transparence
WO2000070401A1 (fr) * 1999-05-17 2000-11-23 Colorado Microdisplay, Inc. Micro-afficheurs a cristaux liquides
US6275277B1 (en) 1999-05-17 2001-08-14 Colorado Microdisplay, Inc. Micro liquid crystal displays having a circular cover glass and a viewing area free of spacers
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WO2005036248A1 (fr) * 2003-10-02 2005-04-21 Reveo, Inc. Systeme d'assemblage de cellules a cristaux liquides
US8934078B2 (en) 2010-09-03 2015-01-13 Cardinal Ig Company Multiple glazing with variable scattering by liquid crystals and its method of manufacture
WO2012028823A1 (fr) 2010-09-03 2012-03-08 Saint-Gobain Glass France Vitrage multiple a diffusion variable par cristaux liquides, son procede de fabrication
US9791759B2 (en) 2010-09-03 2017-10-17 Cardinal Ig Company Multiple glazing with variable scattering by liquid crystals and its method of manufacture
WO2012045973A1 (fr) 2010-10-04 2012-04-12 Saint-Gobain Glass France Vitrage multiple a diffusion variable par cristaux liquides, son procède de fabrication
US9400411B2 (en) 2010-10-04 2016-07-26 Cardinal Ig Company Multiple glazing having variable diffusion by liquid crystals, and method for manufacturing same
FR2985328A1 (fr) * 2011-12-29 2013-07-05 Saint Gobain Vitrage multiple a diffusion variable par cristaux liquides
CN104246585A (zh) * 2011-12-29 2014-12-24 法国圣戈班玻璃厂 通过液晶的可变漫射的多层装配玻璃
WO2013098527A1 (fr) 2011-12-29 2013-07-04 Saint-Gobain Glass France Vitrage multiple a diffusion variable par cristaux liquides, son procede de fabrication
US9547206B2 (en) 2011-12-29 2017-01-17 Cardinal Ig Company Multiple glazing with variable diffusion by liquid crystals
WO2013098522A1 (fr) 2011-12-29 2013-07-04 Saint-Gobain Glass France Vitrage multiple a diffusion variable par cristaux liquides
US9891454B2 (en) 2011-12-29 2018-02-13 Cardinal Ig Company Multiple glazing with variable diffusion by liquid crystals and method of manufacture thereof
US11397344B2 (en) 2016-08-19 2022-07-26 Pilkington Group Limited Switchable glazing unit

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AU3858997A (en) 1998-02-25
JP2000515648A (ja) 2000-11-21
CA2261863A1 (fr) 1998-02-12
AU719372B2 (en) 2000-05-11
EP0917665A1 (fr) 1999-05-26

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