WO1997046370A1 - Acrylic sheet - Google Patents
Acrylic sheet Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1997046370A1 WO1997046370A1 PCT/GB1997/001506 GB9701506W WO9746370A1 WO 1997046370 A1 WO1997046370 A1 WO 1997046370A1 GB 9701506 W GB9701506 W GB 9701506W WO 9746370 A1 WO9746370 A1 WO 9746370A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- strips
- acrylic sheet
- acrylic
- sheet
- width
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
- B29C70/06—Fibrous reinforcements only
- B29C70/10—Fibrous reinforcements only characterised by the structure of fibrous reinforcements, e.g. hollow fibres
- B29C70/16—Fibrous reinforcements only characterised by the structure of fibrous reinforcements, e.g. hollow fibres using fibres of substantial or continuous length
- B29C70/20—Fibrous reinforcements only characterised by the structure of fibrous reinforcements, e.g. hollow fibres using fibres of substantial or continuous length oriented in a single direction, e.g. roofing or other parallel fibres
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
- E01F8/00—Arrangements for absorbing or reflecting air-transmitted noise from road or railway traffic
- E01F8/0005—Arrangements for absorbing or reflecting air-transmitted noise from road or railway traffic used in a wall type arrangement
- E01F8/0017—Plate-like elements
Definitions
- the present invention relates to acrylic sheet
- Acrylic sheet for example cast or extruded poly(methyl methacrylate), can be used in a wide range of applications In particular it has utility as a noise protection screen for use in locations such as alongside motorways as described in EP-B-0600332 When so used it is likely to be subjected to impact from vehicles and other objects
- acrylic sheet is durable and is resistant to environmental attack, it is also relatively brittle, particularly at low temperatures, and when subjected to impact tends to shatter When shattered, parts of the acrylic sheet can be projected into the path of other vehicles or, if positioned on a bridge or fly-over, onto vehicles passing below Attempts to reduce the danger from the shattering of the acrylic sheet are described in EP-B-0407852 and EP-B-0559075
- EP-B-0407852 describes the embedding of plastic monofilaments into an acrylic sheet
- the plastic monofilaments are of a polyamide which is specifically chosen because o ⁇ its low adhesion to the acrylic sheet Consequently, on impact the monofilaments do not tear or break but stretch It is therefore evident that not only is the sizing of the monofilaments critical but also their chemical composition
- EP-B-0559075 describes the use of embedded spirals of steel wire as an improvement over the use of polyamide monofilaments During fabrication care must be taken to keep the core of the wire spirals free from the material forming the acrylic sheet Additionally, when used in damp climates special care must be taken to prevent corrosion of the wire spirals by for example filing the core with a hydrophobic fluid
- the present invention provides an improvement in acrylic sheet which is suitable for noise protection screening and which is not dependent on the ability of the embedded material to stretch Furthermore, relatively inexpensive and readily available materials can be used
- the present invention provides an acrylic sheet having an obverse side and a reverse side and being suitable for use as a noise protection screen comprising
- the acrylic sheet may be of suitable dimensions for its intended purpose Conventionally, for noise protection, the acrylic sheet preferably has a thickness of at least 10 mm and more preferably in the range from 10 to 20 mm, for example 15 mm
- the acrylic sheet is generally planar However, other geometries are possible, e g curved Typically, the acrylic sheet will be about 1 m by 2 m in extent
- the acrylic polymer matrix may be a homopolymer of a (meth)acrylate or a copolymer of one or more (meth)acrylates
- the acrylic polymer is preferably a homopolymer of methyl methacrylate
- the acrylic polymer is preferably a copolymer of methyl methacrylate and a lower alkyl acrylate, e g ethyl acrylate
- each strip is positioned substantially parallel to the obverse and/or reverse sides of the acrylic sheet This is required because the mechanism through which the strips retain the fragments of the acrylic sheet after impact is believed to be different from that employed using the monofilaments previously described In the present invention movement of the strips within the channels formed by their embedment is not usually seen Rather, the energy of the impact causes fibrillation of the strip into fine fibrils which remain intact along their length and able to retain the fragments of the acrylic matrix in which they are embedded If the strips are embedded with the broad face perpendicular to the obverse and/or reverse sides then the tendency is for the acrylic sheet to be weakened such that on impact the acrylic sheet fractures along the length of the strip
- each strip is capable of being fibrilated then a partial tear across the width of a strip, as might occur due to contact with the sharp edges of the fragments of the acrylic matrix formed on impact, does not result in complete failure of the strip It has been observed that such a tear is halted during propagation and for it then to proceed to cause further fibrillation along the length of the strip
- the strips may be formed from any suitable plastics material
- the strips are of a polyolefin, in particular polypropylene, or a polyester, in particular polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- Particularly preferred is the use of strips formed from PET
- PET having a melt viscosity in the range 390 to 660 Pa s at 295°C such as Melinar XP1663 and Melinar B95A PET obtainable from Imperial Chemical Industries pic
- the strips when subjected to a tensile stress, show an elongation at break, expressed as a percentage of the initial length, in the range of 20 to 70 %, particularly in the range of 15 to 35 % and especially in the range of 15 to 25 %
- the strips have a width in the range from 0 8 to 3 0 cm, preferably from 1 0 to 2 0 cm
- such strips have a thickness which is less than a quarter of the width and preferably in the range from a tenth to a twentieth of the width
- the strips are preferably positioned about midway between the obverse and reverse sides, although other positions are possible
- the number of strips used will of course depend on the relative dimensions of the strips and the acrylic sheet It has been observed that gaps in the range from 2 cm to 15 cm, preferably in the range from 2 cm to 9 cm and particularly in the range from 5 cm to 9 cm, can be successfully employed between the strips
- a preferred combination of the size of strip width and gap between strips is a width of about 1 6 cm and a gap in the range from 5 0 cm to 8 5 cm, in particular 5 0 cm to 6 0 cm
- the strips may be positioned such that in use they appear in any desirable orientation, e g horizontal or vertical, relative to the ground Preferably the strips are positioned such that in use they are in a vertical position relative to the ground If required, additional strips may be used such that a grid pattern is formed
- the strips may be made capable of being fibnllated by a number of techniques
- the strip may be formed from a tape of a plastics material then during fabrication lines of weakness can be embossed on or introduced into the broad face of the strip so as to run along the length of the strip
- the strip may be formed from a series of separable elements Suitable material from which to form the strip is heavy duty polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate packaging tape obtainable from Strapex Ltd
- an acrylic sheet of the present invention is suitable for use as a noise protection screen
- noise protection screens are described in EP-B-0600332 and comprise a support and an acrylic sheet
- a test piece of acrylic sheet having dimensions 1 14 m by 0 64 m by 15 mm was fabricated from cast polymethyl methacrylate as the matrix of acrylic polymer in which were embedded strips of extruded polypropylene tape Whilst being supported at four points approximately 45 cm from the ground the acrylic sheet was subjected to an impact from a 3 5 kg ball being dropped from a height of 8 m Although the acrylic matrix shattered and the strips were fibrilated, the fragments of the acrylic matrix were retained by the fibrils Example 2
- PE polyethylene terephthalate strip formed from Melinar PET obtainable from Imperial Chemical Industries pic.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
- Devices Affording Protection Of Roads Or Walls For Sound Insulation (AREA)
Abstract
An acrylic sheet having an obverse side and a reverse side and being suitable for use as a noise protection screen comprising a matrix of an acrylic polymer and a plurality of strips of a plastics material embedded within the acrylic matrix which are being capable of being fibrilated along their length. The strips readily retain fragments of the acrylic matrix after impact and therefore allow the acrylic sheet to be used as a noise protection screen along motorways and the like.
Description
Acrylic Sheet
The present invention relates to acrylic sheet
Acrylic sheet, for example cast or extruded poly(methyl methacrylate), can be used in a wide range of applications In particular it has utility as a noise protection screen for use in locations such as alongside motorways as described in EP-B-0600332 When so used it is likely to be subjected to impact from vehicles and other objects Although, acrylic sheet is durable and is resistant to environmental attack, it is also relatively brittle, particularly at low temperatures, and when subjected to impact tends to shatter When shattered, parts of the acrylic sheet can be projected into the path of other vehicles or, if positioned on a bridge or fly-over, onto vehicles passing below Attempts to reduce the danger from the shattering of the acrylic sheet are described in EP-B-0407852 and EP-B-0559075
EP-B-0407852 describes the embedding of plastic monofilaments into an acrylic sheet The plastic monofilaments are of a polyamide which is specifically chosen because o< its low adhesion to the acrylic sheet Consequently, on impact the monofilaments do not tear or break but stretch It is therefore evident that not only is the sizing of the monofilaments critical but also their chemical composition
EP-B-0559075 describes the use of embedded spirals of steel wire as an improvement over the use of polyamide monofilaments During fabrication care must be taken to keep the core of the wire spirals free from the material forming the acrylic sheet Additionally, when used in damp climates special care must be taken to prevent corrosion of the wire spirals by for example filing the core with a hydrophobic fluid
The present invention provides an improvement in acrylic sheet which is suitable for noise protection screening and which is not dependent on the ability of the embedded material to stretch Furthermore, relatively inexpensive and readily available materials can be used
Accordingly, the present invention provides an acrylic sheet having an obverse side and a reverse side and being suitable for use as a noise protection screen comprising
(i) a matrix of an acrylic polymer, and
(II) a plurality of strips of a plastics material embedded within the acrylic matrix between the obverse and reverse sides, each of said strips
(a) having a length and a width defining a broad face,
(b) having a thickness which is substantially less than the width,
(c) being capable of being fibrilated along its length, and
(d) being positioned such that the broad face is substantially parallel to the obverse and/or reverse sides
The acrylic sheet may be of suitable dimensions for its intended purpose Conventionally, for noise protection, the acrylic sheet preferably has a thickness of at least 10
mm and more preferably in the range from 10 to 20 mm, for example 15 mm
Preferably, the acrylic sheet is generally planar However, other geometries are possible, e g curved Typically, the acrylic sheet will be about 1 m by 2 m in extent The acrylic polymer matrix may be a homopolymer of a (meth)acrylate or a copolymer of one or more (meth)acrylates
Conventional fabrication techniques such as cell casting or extrusion can be used to form the acrylic sheet Where a cast cell technique is used to form the acrylic sheet, the acrylic polymer is preferably a homopolymer of methyl methacrylate Where the acrylic sheet is formed using an extrusion technique, the acrylic polymer is preferably a copolymer of methyl methacrylate and a lower alkyl acrylate, e g ethyl acrylate
The broad face of each strip is positioned substantially parallel to the obverse and/or reverse sides of the acrylic sheet This is required because the mechanism through which the strips retain the fragments of the acrylic sheet after impact is believed to be different from that employed using the monofilaments previously described In the present invention movement of the strips within the channels formed by their embedment is not usually seen Rather, the energy of the impact causes fibrillation of the strip into fine fibrils which remain intact along their length and able to retain the fragments of the acrylic matrix in which they are embedded If the strips are embedded with the broad face perpendicular to the obverse and/or reverse sides then the tendency is for the acrylic sheet to be weakened such that on impact the acrylic sheet fractures along the length of the strip
Generally, because each strip is capable of being fibrilated then a partial tear across the width of a strip, as might occur due to contact with the sharp edges of the fragments of the acrylic matrix formed on impact, does not result in complete failure of the strip It has been observed that such a tear is halted during propagation and for it then to proceed to cause further fibrillation along the length of the strip
The strips may be formed from any suitable plastics material Preferably, the strips are of a polyolefin, in particular polypropylene, or a polyester, in particular polyethylene terephthalate (PET) Particularly preferred is the use of strips formed from PET Especially preferred is the use of strips formed from PET having a melt viscosity in the range 390 to 660 Pa s at 295°C such as Melinar XP1663 and Melinar B95A PET obtainable from Imperial Chemical Industries pic
Preferably, when subjected to a tensile stress, the strips show an elongation at break, expressed as a percentage of the initial length, in the range of 20 to 70 %, particularly in the range of 15 to 35 % and especially in the range of 15 to 25 % Suitably, the strips have a width in the range from 0 8 to 3 0 cm, preferably from 1 0 to 2 0 cm Conveniently, such strips have a thickness which is less than a quarter of the width and preferably in the range from a tenth to a twentieth of the width
The strips are preferably positioned about midway between the obverse and reverse sides, although other positions are possible
The number of strips used will of course depend on the relative dimensions of the strips and the acrylic sheet It has been observed that gaps in the range from 2 cm to 15 cm, preferably in the range from 2 cm to 9 cm and particularly in the range from 5 cm to 9 cm, can be successfully employed between the strips
A preferred combination of the size of strip width and gap between strips is a width of about 1 6 cm and a gap in the range from 5 0 cm to 8 5 cm, in particular 5 0 cm to 6 0 cm
The strips may be positioned such that in use they appear in any desirable orientation, e g horizontal or vertical, relative to the ground Preferably the strips are positioned such that in use they are in a vertical position relative to the ground If required, additional strips may be used such that a grid pattern is formed
The strips may be made capable of being fibnllated by a number of techniques For example, where the strip is formed from a tape of a plastics material then during fabrication lines of weakness can be embossed on or introduced into the broad face of the strip so as to run along the length of the strip Alternatively, the strip may be formed from a series of separable elements Suitable material from which to form the strip is heavy duty polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate packaging tape obtainable from Strapex Ltd
As stated supra, an acrylic sheet of the present invention is suitable for use as a noise protection screen Such noise protection screens are described in EP-B-0600332 and comprise a support and an acrylic sheet
The present invention is illustrated by reference to the following examples
Example 1
A test piece of acrylic sheet having dimensions 1 14 m by 0 64 m by 15 mm was fabricated from cast polymethyl methacrylate as the matrix of acrylic polymer in which were embedded strips of extruded polypropylene tape Whilst being supported at four points approximately 45 cm from the ground the acrylic sheet was subjected to an impact from a 3 5 kg ball being dropped from a height of 8 m Although the acrylic matrix shattered and the strips were fibrilated, the fragments of the acrylic matrix were retained by the fibrils Example 2
In this example further acrylic sheets were prepared using various strip widths, materials for the strips and size of gap between the strips The strips as before were formed by extrusion of the base plastics material The acrylic sheets were then cooled to -20°C and impact tested The results of the tests are summarised in the table below Unless otherwise stated the strips were embossed to provide a textured surface
Additionally, the impact testing was conducted by holding the sheet in a vertical position and the stated orientation of the strips is relative to the ground
Sheet No Strip Size of Strip Elongation Orientation Result Width Gap Material at Break of Strips (mm) (mm) (%)
1 16 54 PP Parallel VG
2 16 84 PP Parallel VG
3 16 114 PP Parallel P
4 16 144 PP Parallel VP
5 16 84 PP Nonparallel VG
6 16 84 PP 33 Parallel VG (Smooth)
7 12 84 PP 18 Parallel G
8 12 84 PE 22 Parallel VG
9 12 84 PP 70 parallel G
10 12 84 PP 70 Nonparallel G
1 1 12 54 PP 18 Parallel G
12 12 84 PP 18 Nonparallel G
13 16 84 PP 33 Parallel VG (Smooth)
In the table above the following abbreviations have been used'
VG - very good nearly all of the fragments retained
G - good most fragments retained but a small proportion not
P - poor some fragments retained but a high proportion not
VP - very poor substantial propr ,lιon of fragments not retained,
PP - polypropylene strip
PE . polyethylene terephthalate strip formed from Melinar PET obtainable from Imperial Chemical Industries pic.
Claims
Claims
1 An acrylic sheet having an obverse side and a reverse side and being suitable for use as a noise protection screen comprising
(i) a matrix of an acrylic polymer, and (n) a plurality of strips of a plastics material embedded within the acrylic matrix between the obverse and reverse sides, each of said strips
(a) having a length and a width defining a broad face,
(b) having a thickness which is substantially less than the width,
(c) being capable of being fibrilated along its length, and (d) being positioned such that the broad face is substantially parallel to the obverse and/or reverse sides
2 An acrylic sheet as claimed in claim 1 wherein the strips are formed from a polyolefm or a polyester
3 An acrylic sheet as claimed in claim 2 wherein the strips are formed from polypropylene
4 An acrylic sheet as claimed in claim 2 wherein the strips are formed from polyethylene terephthalate
5 An acrylic sheet as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4 wherein the strips show an elongation at break, expressed as a percentage of the initial length, in the range of 20 to 70 %
6 An acrylic sheet as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5 wherein the strips have a width in the range from 0 8 to 3 0 cm
7 An acrylic sheet as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein the strips have a thickness which is less than a quarter of the width 8 An acrylic sheet as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 7 wherein the strips are positioned such that there is a gap in the range from 2 cm to 15 cm between the strips
9 A noise protection screen comprising a support and an acrylic sheet as defined in any one of claims 1 to 9
10 Use of a strip as defined in any one of claims 1 to 8 in an acrylic sheet as defined in any one of claims 1 to 8 to improve the retention of fragments formed after impacting the acrylic sheet
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU29732/97A AU2973297A (en) | 1996-06-07 | 1997-06-04 | Acrylic sheet |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GBGB9611920.1A GB9611920D0 (en) | 1996-06-07 | 1996-06-07 | Acrylic sheet |
| GB9611920.1 | 1996-06-07 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO1997046370A1 true WO1997046370A1 (en) | 1997-12-11 |
Family
ID=10794902
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/GB1997/001506 WO1997046370A1 (en) | 1996-06-07 | 1997-06-04 | Acrylic sheet |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU2973297A (en) |
| GB (1) | GB9611920D0 (en) |
| TW (1) | TW347367B (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1997046370A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2000020690A1 (en) * | 1998-10-06 | 2000-04-13 | Röhm Gesellschaft Mit Beschränkter Haftung | Plate which is suited as a noise protection wall |
| EP1029984A1 (en) * | 1999-02-19 | 2000-08-23 | Röhm Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Noise protection wall element |
Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3485912A (en) * | 1965-02-09 | 1969-12-23 | Dow Chemical Co | Composite article formation |
| DE2058571A1 (en) * | 1970-11-03 | 1972-06-15 | Toray Industries | Composite extruded plastic film - with multiple cores - in a matrix |
| EP0407852A2 (en) * | 1989-07-13 | 1991-01-16 | Degussa Aktiengesellschaft | Acrylic glass sheets suited for noise screen elements |
| WO1991015355A1 (en) * | 1990-03-30 | 1991-10-17 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Composite materials and process |
| EP0621374A1 (en) * | 1993-04-20 | 1994-10-26 | Röhm GmbH | Flame protected noise protection wall made from acrylate |
| EP0641639A1 (en) * | 1993-08-05 | 1995-03-08 | Röhm Gmbh | Composite made of incompatible plastics |
| JPH07314523A (en) * | 1994-05-27 | 1995-12-05 | Mitsubishi Rayon Co Ltd | Composite resin sheet, production and machine therefor |
| EP0769595A1 (en) * | 1995-10-21 | 1997-04-23 | Degussa Aktiengesellschaft | Fire proof transparent panel and its application |
-
1996
- 1996-06-07 GB GBGB9611920.1A patent/GB9611920D0/en active Pending
-
1997
- 1997-06-04 WO PCT/GB1997/001506 patent/WO1997046370A1/en active Application Filing
- 1997-06-04 AU AU29732/97A patent/AU2973297A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-07-08 TW TW086109614A patent/TW347367B/en active
Patent Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3485912A (en) * | 1965-02-09 | 1969-12-23 | Dow Chemical Co | Composite article formation |
| DE2058571A1 (en) * | 1970-11-03 | 1972-06-15 | Toray Industries | Composite extruded plastic film - with multiple cores - in a matrix |
| EP0407852A2 (en) * | 1989-07-13 | 1991-01-16 | Degussa Aktiengesellschaft | Acrylic glass sheets suited for noise screen elements |
| WO1991015355A1 (en) * | 1990-03-30 | 1991-10-17 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Composite materials and process |
| EP0621374A1 (en) * | 1993-04-20 | 1994-10-26 | Röhm GmbH | Flame protected noise protection wall made from acrylate |
| EP0641639A1 (en) * | 1993-08-05 | 1995-03-08 | Röhm Gmbh | Composite made of incompatible plastics |
| JPH07314523A (en) * | 1994-05-27 | 1995-12-05 | Mitsubishi Rayon Co Ltd | Composite resin sheet, production and machine therefor |
| EP0769595A1 (en) * | 1995-10-21 | 1997-04-23 | Degussa Aktiengesellschaft | Fire proof transparent panel and its application |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
| Title |
|---|
| DATABASE WPI Week 9606, Derwent World Patents Index; AN 96-054695, XP002040063 * |
| HELGA MÜLLER UND DIETER MÜLLER: "DURCHSICHTIGE LARMSCHUTZWANDE", DEUTSCHE BAUZEITSCHRIFT - DBZ, vol. 37, no. 11, 1 November 1989 (1989-11-01), GUTERSLOH, pages 1509 - 1512, XP000086813 * |
| KLAUS KERK UND JÜRGEN JOURDAN: "EINE NEUE PRODUKTALTERNATIVE FÜR TRANSPARENTE LARMSCHUTZWÄNDE", BMK BAUEN MIT KUNSTSTOFFEN UND NEUEN BAUSTOFFEN, no. 6, 1 November 1994 (1994-11-01), DARMSTADT, pages 24 - 26, XP000480942 * |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2000020690A1 (en) * | 1998-10-06 | 2000-04-13 | Röhm Gesellschaft Mit Beschränkter Haftung | Plate which is suited as a noise protection wall |
| EP1029984A1 (en) * | 1999-02-19 | 2000-08-23 | Röhm Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Noise protection wall element |
| US6305492B1 (en) | 1999-02-19 | 2001-10-23 | Rohm Gesellschaft Mit Beschrankter Haftung | Noise-protection wall-segment |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2973297A (en) | 1998-01-05 |
| GB9611920D0 (en) | 1996-08-07 |
| TW347367B (en) | 1998-12-11 |
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