WO1997033606A1 - PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH AND INTERLEUKIN-1$g(b) - Google Patents
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- WO1997033606A1 WO1997033606A1 PCT/US1996/003468 US9603468W WO9733606A1 WO 1997033606 A1 WO1997033606 A1 WO 1997033606A1 US 9603468 W US9603468 W US 9603468W WO 9733606 A1 WO9733606 A1 WO 9733606A1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
- A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- A61K38/19—Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
- A61K38/20—Interleukins [IL]
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
- A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- A61K38/19—Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
- A61K38/191—Tumor necrosis factors [TNF], e.g. lymphotoxin [LT], i.e. TNF-beta
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
- A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- A61K38/19—Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
- A61K38/20—Interleukins [IL]
- A61K38/2006—IL-1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
- C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
- C07K16/24—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against cytokines, lymphokines or interferons
- C07K16/244—Interleukins [IL]
Definitions
- the invention is in the field of molecular biology as related to the control of programmed cell death.
- Apoptosis also referred to as programmed cell death or regulated cell death, is a process by which organisms eliminate unwanted cells. Such cell death occurs as a normal aspect of animal development as well as in tissue homeostasis and aging (Glucksmann, A., Biol. Rev. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 26:59-86 (1950); Ellis et al., Dev. 772:591-603 (1991); Vaux et al, Cell 76:111-119 (1994)).
- Programmed cell death can also act to regulate cell number, to facilitate morphogenesis, to remove harmful or otherwise abnormal cells and to eliminate cells that have already performed their function. Additionally, programmed cell death is believed to occur in response to various physiological stresses such as hypoxia or ischemia.
- the mo ⁇ hological characteristics of apoptosis include plasma membrane blebbing, condensation of nucleoplasm and cytoplasm and degradation of chromosomal DNA at inter-nucleosomal intervals. (Wyllie, A. H., in Cell Death in Biology and Pathology, Bowen and Lockshin, eds., Chapman and Hall (1981 ), pp. 9-34).
- Apoptosis is achieved through an endogenous mechanism of cellular suicide ( yllie, A. H., in Cell Death in Biology and Pathology, Bowen and Lockshin, eds., Chapman and Hall (1 81), pp. 9-34) and occurs when a cell activates its internally encoded suicide program as a result of either internal or external signals.
- the suicide program is executed through the activation of a carefully regulated genetic program (Wylie, A.H., et al., Int. Rev. Cyt. 68: 251 (1980); Ellis, R.E., et al., Ann. Rev. Cell Bio. 7: 663 (1991)).
- the mammalian homologue of the ced-3 gene product is interleukin-l ⁇ converting enzyme (ICE), a cysteine protease responsible for the activation of interleukin-l ⁇ (IL-l ⁇ ) (Thornberry, N.A., et al, Nature 356: 768 (1992); Yuan, J., et al, Cell 75: 641 (1993); Miura, M, et al, Cell 75: 653 (1993)).
- ICE interleukin-l ⁇ converting enzyme
- IL-l ⁇ cysteine protease responsible for the activation of interleukin-l ⁇
- the Ice gene is a member of a family of genes.
- the mammalian ICE/Ced-3 family now includes at least six members: ICE, ICH-1/NEDD2, CPP32/Yama/Apopain, TX/ICEreIII/ICH-2, ICErellll and MCH2 (Yuan et al, Cell 75:641-652 (1993); Wang et al, Cell 75:739-750 (1994); Kumar et al, Genes Dev. 5:1613-1626 (1994); Femandes-Alnermi et al, J. Biol Chem. 269:30761-30764 (1994);
- Interleukin-l ⁇ converting enzyme is a substrate-specific cysteine protease that cleaves the inactive 31 KD prointerleukin-l ⁇ at Asp , ,6 -Ala" ⁇ releasing a carboxy-terminal 153 amino-acid peptide to produce the mature 17.5 kD interleukin-l ⁇ (IL-l ⁇ ) (Kostura et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Set, USA 56:5227- 5231 (1989); Black et al, FEBSLett. 247:386-390 (1989); Cerretti et al, Science 256:97-100 (1992); Thornberry et al, Nature 356:768-774 (1992)).
- ICE Interleukin-l ⁇ converting enzyme
- IL-l ⁇ is also a cytokine involved in mediating a wide range of biological responses including inflammation, septic shock, wound healing, hematopoiesis and growth of certain leukemias (Dinarello, C.A., Blood 77:1627-1652 (1991); diGiovine et al, Today 77:13 (1990)).
- a specific inhibitor of ICE prevents the proteolytic activation of IL-l ⁇ (Ray et al, Cell 69:597-604 (1992)) and also inhibits host inflammatory response (Ray et al, Cell 69:597-604 ( 1992)).
- Cowpox virus carrying a deleted crmA gene is unable to suppress the inflammatory response of chick embryos, resulting in a reduction in the number of virus-infected cells and less damage to the host (Palumbo et al, Virology 77:262-273 (1989)). This observation indicates the importance of ICE in bringing about the inflammatory response.
- Tumor necrosis factor- ⁇ is a pleiotropic tumoricidal cytokine (Tracey, K.J. et al., Ann. Rev. Cell. Biol. 9:317-343 (1993)).
- TNF- ⁇ Tumor necrosis factor- ⁇
- One of the striking functions of TNF- ⁇ is to induce apoptosis of transformed cells.
- TNF ⁇ can also induce apoptosis in the presence of metabolic inhibitors (Tracey, K.J., et al, Ann. Rev. Cell. Biol. 9:317-343 (1993).
- Apoptosis induced by TNF- ⁇ is also suppressed by bcl-2.
- TNF- ⁇ TNF- ⁇ cytotoxicity on a wide variety of tumor cell lines in vitro (Laster, S. M. et al, J. Immunol. 141:2629-2634 (1988)).
- the mechanism of cell death induced by TNF has been largely unknown.
- HeLa cells express predominantly p55 TNF receptor which is thought to be responsible for cell death signaling (Englemann, H. et al,
- HeLa cells are readily killed by TNF- ⁇ in the presence of the metabolic inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX).
- CHX cycloheximide
- the cell death induced by TNF- ⁇ /CHX shows DNA fragmentation and cytolysis, which are typical features of apoptosis (White, E. et al, Mol Cell. Biol. 72:2570-2580
- adenovirus E1B 19K protein which is functionally similar to bcl-2, inhibits apoptosis induced by TNF in HeLa cells (White, E. et al, Mol Cell Biol. 72:2570-2580 (1992)).
- IL- 1 Ra the IL- 1 ⁇ receptor antagonist
- mature IL-l ⁇ itself induces cell death through a pathway independent of CrmA - sensitive gene activity and cooperates with ICE and ICH-1 L in apoptosis.
- the invention identifies proIL-l ⁇ as the first substrate of any apoptosis inducing gene, whose cleavage product is a downstream mediator of the apoptotic cascade.
- the invention is first directed to a method of preventing programmed cell death comprising the step of blocking mIL- ⁇ receptor binding.
- the mIL- ⁇ receptor binding is blocked with IL-1RA.
- the invention is further directed to a method for inhibiting oncogenic transformation comprising stimulating apoptosis in infected cells.
- the apoptosis is stimulated with IL-l ⁇ and/or TNF- ⁇ .
- the invention is further directed to a method of modulating apoptosis comprising activating the ICE pathway and mIL-l ⁇ production.
- the invention is further directed to a method of modulating apoptosis comprising priming a cell prior to binding of IL-1 to its receptor.
- Priming the cell can include inter alia, use of trophic factor deprivation, hypoxia, Gl/S phase arrest. This may be followed by IL-l ⁇ treatment.
- the invention is further directed to a method of inhibiting hypoxia- induced cell death using an IL-1 receptor blocker.
- the IL-1 receptor blocker is selected from the group consisting of IL-lRa, an anti-IL-1 polyclonal neutralizing antibody and an anti-IL-1 type-1 receptor neutralizing monoclonal antibody.
- the invention is further directed to a method of preventing cell death resulting from ICH-1 , comprising use of IL-lRa.
- Methods of use include, inter alia, methods to either increase or decrease cell death in treating various pathologies, including tumors of specific bodily organs of an animal, including humans. Additionally, one may use the invention to inhibit oncogenic cell transformation, to address complications concerning apoptosis which accompany hypoxia or ischemia in various organs or to screen for agents which affect apoptosis.
- Figures 1A-IB Hypoxia-induced apoptosis is inhibited by CrmA, IL-l Ra, anti-IL-1 Ab, anti-IL-1 type-1 receptor antibody, and mature IL-l ⁇ .
- Figure 1 A HeLa, and HeLa/CrmA cells incubated for 16 hours under hypoxic conditions with IL-lRa, IL-1 antibody, and IL-1 type-1 receptor antibody. Results are expressed as the average of 4 independent experiments. Error bars indicate s.e.m.
- Figure IB IL-lRa blocks ,25 I IL-l ⁇ receptor binding in HeLa cells.
- Figures 2 IL-lRa extends neuronal survival following trophic factor deprivation. Results are expressed as the average of 3 independent experiments. Error bars indicate S.E.M.
- Figures 3A- 31 Apoptosis induced by TNF- ⁇ and mature IL-l ⁇ is mediated by an IL-lRa inhibitable pathway.
- Figure 3 A Percent cell death in
- FIG. 3B Percent cell death in HU arrested, TNF- ⁇ (Symbols are the same as in figure 3A).
- Figure 3C Percent cell death in IL- treated HeLa cells (*), HeLa /Crm ( ⁇ ), and HeLa cells treated with IL-lRa (•). Results are expressed as the average of 3 independent experiments. Error bars indicate S.E.M.
- FIGS 4A - 4D Ice Requires mature IL-l ⁇ extracellular receptor binding for the induction of apoptosis in COS cells. Percentage of cell death
- Figures 5A - 5G Immunofluorescence of COS cells transiently transfected with proIL-l ⁇ . (Figs. 5A-5B), Ice (Figs. 5C-5D), or proIL-l ⁇ and Ice (Figs 5E-5G). COS cells transfected with proIL-l ⁇ . and immunostained anti-human polyclonal IL-1 antibody and a secondary RITC coupled antibody is alive as demonstrated by their nuclear mo ⁇ hology and mo ⁇ hologic appearance.
- Figures 6A-6B Figure 6A: Preincubation with exogenous mature IL-l ⁇
- HeLa/IL- ⁇ inhibits hypoxia-mediated apoptosis in HeLa cells.
- Figure 6B 125 I IL-l ⁇ down-regulates the IL-l ⁇ receptor in HeLa cells.
- Figure 7 The cDNA sequence (SEQ ID. No: 1 ) of Ich-1 L and the deduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID. NO:2) of the lch-1 L protein product.
- Apoptosis should be understood to refer to the process by which organisms eliminate unwanted cells. The process is carefully regulated by a cellular program. Apoptosis may eliminate cells during normal development, aging, tissue homeostasis or following imposition of an external stress such as hypoxia or trophic factor deprivation.
- Hypoxia should be understood to refer to a condition where the oxygen concentration available to a cell is decreased relative to normal levels. The most extreme hypoxia would be almost a total lack of oxygen (referred to as anoxia).
- ICE pathway should be understood to refer to that pathway by which interleukin converting enzyme converts the pro-IL ⁇ to IL- ⁇ eventually resulting in programmed cell death.
- Blocking IL-1-mediated signal transduction should be understood to refer to using any compound or chemical which blocks the action of IL-1 at the
- the signal transduction may be blocked by an immunoglobulin (such as, a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody or active fragments of such antibody) including for example an anti-IL-1 polyclonal neutralizing antibody or an anti-IL type-1 receptor neutralizing monoclonal antibody.
- an immunoglobulin such as, a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody or active fragments of such antibody
- the signal transduction may be blocked by non-immunoglobulin compounds (such as polypeptides, organic compounds, etc.) including for example IL-1 Ra which is a naturally occurring cytokine that binds to the IL-1 receptor.
- signal transduction may be blocked by any competitive or non-competitive inhibitor of IL-l ⁇ .
- Trophic factor deprivation should be understood as the removal of factors
- G/S phase arrest should be understood to be an event which occurs to a cell that causes it to fail to transit from the G, to the S phase of the cell cycle.
- the transition from G, to S is considered the most critical step of the cell cycle
- Modulating apoptosis should be understood to be any action which alters the level of cell death in either a positive or a negative direction. Ways in which to measure such changes are readily known to those of skill in the art, but may include inter alia, trypan blue exclusion, chromium release, specific changes in cell mo ⁇ hology including plasma membrane blebbing, condensation of nucleoplasm and cytoplasm and degradation of chromosomal DNA at inter- nucleosomal intervals. Additional methods include metabolic assays such as the MTT (3-[4,5-D, methyl-thiazole-yi]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; thiazolyl blue) assay or viability measurement by FACS analysis.
- MTT 3-[4,5-D, methyl-thiazole-yi]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; thiazolyl blue
- Priming a cell should be understood to be an event or treatment which the cell undergoes such as trophic factor deprivation, hypoxia or G,/S phase arrest that is required in order for IL-l ⁇ to activate the cell death program. In vivo this may also include any process which makes a cell "ill,” e.g. a pathological condition, and thereby ready to be eliminated from the organism.
- Ich-1 L and Ice should be understood to be cell death genes.
- Ich-1 L has the sequence (SEQ. ID.NO. 1 and SEQ. ID.NO. 2) shown in Figure 7.
- Ich-1 L is a fragment of the Ich-1 gene.
- the Ich-1 gene is homologous to other cell death genes including, inter alia, nedd2 Ich-1 contains the QACRG sequence characteristic of cell death genes.
- the sequence of human ICE can be found in
- Naturally occurring cell death acts to regulate cell number, to facilitate mo ⁇ hogenesis, to remove harmful or otherwise abnormal cells and to eliminate cells that have already performed their function. Additionally, programmed cell death is believed to occur in response to physiological stresses such as hypoxia or ischemia.
- Acute and chronic disregulation of cell death is believed to lead to a number of major human diseases (Barr et al Biotech. 72:487-493, 1995). These diseases include but are not limited to malignant and pre-malignant conditions, neurological disorder, heart disease, immune system disorders, intestinal disorders, kidney disease and aging
- Malignant and pre-malignant conditions may include solid tumors, B cell lymphomas, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, prostate hypertrophy, preneoplastic liver foci and resistance to chemotherapy.
- Neurological disorders may include stroke, Alzheimer's disease, prion-associated disorder and ataxia telangiectasia.
- Heart disease may include ischemic cardiac damage and chemotherapy-induced myocardial suppression.
- Immune system disorder may include AIDS, type I diabetes, lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome and glomerulonephritis.
- Intestinal disorder may include dysentery, inflammatory bowel disease and radiation- and HIV-induced diarrhea.
- Kidney disease may include polycystic kidney disease and anemia/erythropoiesis. Specific references to these pathophysiological conditions as involving disregulated apoptosis can be found in Barr et al. Id - Table I.
- Interventions may include, inter alia, agents which affect the activities of the gene products (e.g. agents which block receptors), modulation of the gene product using gene-directed approaches such as anti-sense oligodeoxynucleotide strategies, transcriptional regulation and gene therapy (Ka ⁇ et al, Cancer Res.
- apoptosis should be amenable to therapeutic intervention.
- Proteolytic cleavage by the ICE family may lead to apoptosis in several ways.
- One possibility is that cleavage of a large number of proteins destroys the entire cellular machinery. This, however, is unlikely because most proteins appear to remain intact when cells undergo apoptosis (Lazebnik et al, Nature 377:346-347 (1994)).
- the second possibility is that proteolytic cleavage of one critically important substrate leads to cell death.
- PARP pro-IL-l ⁇ ribose polymerase
- Ul-70 kD ribonuclear protein and nuclear lamin are cleaved during apoptosis.
- PARP pro-IL-l ⁇ ribose polymerase
- Ul-70 kD ribonuclear protein and nuclear lamin are cleaved during apoptosis.
- IL-l ⁇ induces ceramide production in EL4 thymoma cells (Mathias, S., et al, Science 259:519-522 (1993)). IL-l ⁇ also induces apoptosis in pancreatic Rlm5F cells via a pathway which is dependent on its ability to induce nitric oxide production (Ankarcrona et al, Cell Res.
- IL-1 ⁇ has been shown to activate the JNK-p38 signaling pathway and NGF withdrawal may induce secretion of IL-l ⁇ which then activates the JNK-p38 pathway and cell death (Raingeaud, J., et al, J. Biol. Chem. 270:7420-7426 (1995)).
- the role played by secreted mature IL-l ⁇ in apoptosis induced by trophic factor deprivation of primary dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons, and by hypoxia or by TNF- ⁇ in L929 and HeLa cells was investigated.
- BCL-2 B-cell lymphoma-2 gene encoded protein
- p53 have been implicated in hypoxia-mediated apoptosis (Shimizu, S., et al, Nature 374:811- 813 (1995); Jacobson & Raff, Nature 374:814-816 (1995); Graeber, T.G., et al, Nature 379:88-91 (1996)).
- HeLa/CrmA cells (Miura, M., et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92:8318-8322,
- IL-1 type-1 receptor antibody R & D, Minneapolis, MN
- Dishes were placed in an anaerobic chamber with a BBL GasPack Plus (Becton- Dickenson, USA), which reduced the oxygen concentration to less than 100 p.p.m. within 90 minutes. After 16 hours, cells were removed from the chamber, immediately trypsinized and scored for viability by trypan blue exclusion.
- IL-IRa a naturally occurring cytokine which binds to the IL-1 receptor, blocking
- IL-1 mediated signal transduction (Dripps, et al, J. Biol. Chem. 266:10331- 10336 (1991); Granowitz, et al, J. Biol. Chem. 266:14147-14150 (1991)), an anti-IL-1 polyclonal neutralizing antibody, and an anti-IL-1 receptor neutralizing monoclonal antibody (the type-1 receptor mediates IL-1 signal transduction) were used.
- Each of these reagents inhibited hypoxia-induced cell death, suggesting that hypoxia activates an ICE-like, CrmA-inhibitable pathway, and that endogenously produced mature IL-l ⁇ plays a role in hypoxia-induced cell death by binding to the IL-1 type-1 receptor (Fig. la).
- IL-lRa human IL-1 receptor antagonist
- Neuronal trophic factor deprivation was assayed as follows. Post-natal day 1 mouse DRG neurons were isolated, dissociated with trypsin for one hour at 37° C, and plated in a 8 camber poly-lysine/laminin (Sigma, St. Louis,
- IL-lRa (100 ng/ml) inhibited trophic factor withdrawal-induced apoptosis by 69.2% and 37.8% in 24 and 48 hours respectively (Fig. 2). Inhibition of neuronal apoptosis by IL-lRa was dose dependent (43.5% in 24 hours at a concentration of 40 ng/ml).
- TNF- ⁇ induces apoptosis via a CrmA-inhibitable pathway (Gagliardini,
- HeLa, HeLa/CrmA, and L929 cells were seeded (2xl0 4 ) in a 24 well plate and grown overnight in DMEM with 10% FCS. After 12 hours, the cells were washed 3 times with serum free DMEM, and hydroxyurea (HU) (2.5 mM) (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) was added to the HeLa and HeLa/CrmA cells (Meikrantz, W., et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91: 3754 (1994)). After five hours, IL- lRa (40 ng/ml) was added to the appropriate wells, and one hour later either TNF- ⁇ or mature IL-l ⁇ were added.
- HU hydroxyurea
- IL-lRa was again added to the appropriate wells, and cell death was evaluated by try pan blue exclusion 60 hours after the initial addition of HU. Each condition was done three times in duplicate and 200 cells counted per well. For the photographs cells were grown on 2 well slides, and for nuclear mo ⁇ hology determination cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and incubated with Hoechst dye #33258 (10 ⁇ g/ml) (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). IL-lRa protected L929 cells from TNF- ⁇ induced death by up to 64.9%, suggesting that secretion and receptor binding of mature IL-l ⁇ is an integral component of TNF- ⁇ induced cell death (Fig. 3a).
- hydroxyurea (HU) treated, G,/S phase arrested HeLa cells are induced to undergo programmed cell death by TNF- ⁇ (Meikrantz, W., et al,
- IL-lRa also inhibited HeLa cell death by 56.0% (Fig. 3b).
- HeLa cells induced to die by TNF-a and cyclohexamide were also protected by IL-lRa as well as by three different neutralizing IL-1 antibodies (data not shown).
- HeLa/CrmA cells were protected from TNF- ⁇ induced apoptosis by 59.5%, suggesting that an ICE-like activity is involved in the cell death signaling pathway mediated by this cylokine (Fig. 3b).
- IL-l ⁇ alone does not induce apoptosis of most healthy proliferating cells (including HeLa and L929).
- IL-l ⁇ would induce cell death in G,/S phase arrested cells, HU treated HeLa cells were exposed to this cytokine.
- COS cells were used. These cells are unusual because they are resistant to cell death induced by Ice and Ich-1 L over-expression (Wang, L., et al , Cell 78: 739 (1994)). COS cells were plated (2x 10 4 ) in 6-well plates in DMEM with 10% FCS.
- IL-lRa significantly inhibited the death of COS cells expressing Ice-lacZ and proIL-l ⁇ or Ich-l L -lacZ and proIL-l ⁇ , and of Ice-lacZ or Ich-l,-lacZ in the presence extracellular TNF- ⁇ or mature IL-l ⁇ . This indicates a role for mature IL-l ⁇ in the induction of apoptosis following ICE family activation.
- COS cells 1.5xl0 4
- COS cells 1.5xl0 4
- Cells were fixed after 36 hours with 4% paraformaldehyde (15 min,), blocked with 1% heat inactivated goat serum/2% BSA in PBS (2 hours) and incubated with a rabbit polyclonal IL-1 (l :300)(Calbiochem) and a hybridoma supernatant mouse monoclonal human ICE antibodies (12 hours at 4°C), chambers were washed 3x with PBS, and incubated with a goat anti-mouse FITC-labeled, a goat anti-rabbit RITC-labeled antibodies (1 :200)(Cappel), and Hoechst dye #33258(1 O ⁇ g/ml) for 45min. .Ceils were rinsed 3x with PBS. Slides were examined with an axioplan microscope and photographed with
- IL-1 ⁇ (100 ng/ml) was added as the cells were placed into the hypoxia chamber (90 min. are required to reach oxygen concentrations of 100 p.p.m.).
- IL-1 receptor binding assay HeLa cells (10 6 ) were seeded in 10 cm dishes and grown overnight. Media was then exchanged containing 1 mg/ml of BSA and 100 ng/ml of l25 I IL- 1 ⁇ at 4°C for 1 hr. After washing twice with cold medium, the cells were incubated with fresh warm medium at 37°C for 0, 30, 60 and 120 minutes. Cells were then treated as above with glycine and radioactivity scored.
- HeLa cells preincubated with exogenous IL-l ⁇ were markedly protected from hypoxia-induced cell death (10.1% vs. 58.7% survival) (Fig. 6a).
- IL-l ⁇ hypoxia-induced cell death
- receptor binding assays demonstrated that exogenous IL-l ⁇ significantly down-regulated the IL-1 receptor (Fig. 6b).
- Down-regulation of the IL-1 receptor in part explains the protective role of exogenous IL-l ⁇ when added prior to the induction of apoptosis.
- IL-l ⁇ receptor binding The effect of IL-l ⁇ receptor binding on apoptosis is dependent on whether ICE is active (enhancing cell death), or if ICE is inactive (inhibiting cell death, in part by down-regulating the IL-1 receptor).
- proIL-l ⁇ as the first substrate of an apoptosis inducing gene directly involved in cell death, whose processing, secretion, and extracellular receptor binding play an integral role in the ICE apoptotic cascade.
- IL-l ⁇ is believed to cause cell death by inducing ceramide and/or nitric oxide production, both of which have been shown to be involved in apoptosis (Mathias, S., et al, Science 259: 519 (1993); Haimovitz- Friedman, et al, J. Exp. Med. 180: 525 (1994); Ankarcrona, M., et al, Exp. Cell Res. 213: 172 (1994)).
- IL-1 Ra did not fully inhibit apoptosis likely occurs for the following reasons. Since occupancy of only a few IL-1 receptors (approximately 5 per cell) are necessary for a complete activation of the IL-1 biological response (Dinarello, C.A., FASEB J. 8: 1314 (1994)), IL-lRa, being a competitive inhibitor, does not likely fully displace all the IL-l ⁇ from its receptor, and hence only protecting a portion of cells. Alternatively, following ICE activation, mature IL-l ⁇ might act by enhancing cell death pathways, via the induction of ceramide and/or nitric oxide, and eliminating these signals would result in a delay in apoptosis.
- IL-l ⁇ can not activate the ICE-family, a characteristic which it differs from TNF- ⁇ .
- mature IL-l ⁇ alone induces cell death, even in the absence of ICE activity as demonstrated by apoptosis induced by mature IL-l ⁇ in G,/S phase arrested HeLa/CrmA cells.
- ICH-1 L appears to become activated in COS cells upon exposure to mature IL-l ⁇ or TNF- ⁇ .
- ICH-1 induces cell death sensitive to IL-lRa when coexpressed with proIL-l ⁇ , indicating that ICH-1 L either itself or through another ICE-like protease processes proIL-l ⁇ when both are present in high concentrations.
- ICE knock-out mice are developmental ly normal (Li, P., et al, Cell 50:401-41 1 (1995); Kuida, K., et al, Science 267:2000-2002 (1995)).
- the only resistance to apoptosis reported in this mouse is in anti-Fas mediated thymocyte cell death (Kuida, K., et al, Science 267:2000-2002 (1995)).
- IL-l ⁇ may also be involved in-vivo in the induction of apoptosis in virally infected cells.
- viruses have been identified which express suppressers of either IL-IB and/or of TNF-a activity.
- cowpox CrmA gene is a TNF- ⁇ binding protein expressed by the pox viruses (Smith, C.A., et al , Science 248: 1019 (1990)).
- the vaccinia and cowpox viruses express a secreted IL-l ⁇ binding protein (Spriggs, M.K., et al, Cell 71: 145 (1992); Alcami &
- these viral proteins have been shown to down modulate the immune response, and their deletion diminishes virulence.
- these modulators may inhibit apoptosis in infected cells by eliminating the IL-l ⁇ and/or TNF- ⁇ signal and thereby allowing the virus to use the cellular machinery for its replication prior to cellular death.
- IL-l ⁇ is involved in mediating the neuronal cell death pathway under ischemic conditions, and in neurodegenerative diseases.
- This might be analogous to the notion that a cell needs to be “primed” (in neurons with trophic factor deprivation, in HeLa cells with hypoxia or G,/S phase arrest, and in L929 cells with TNF-a or with IL-l ⁇ ) in order for mature IL-1B to activate the cell death program.
- the "primed" cell idea may translate to an ill cell which is a burden to the organism, and in an example of cellular altruism, the ICE pathway is activated, leading to the production of mature IL-l ⁇ and culminating in cellular suicide.
- Mature IL-l ⁇ plays a pivotal role in cellular homeostasis. It both modulates the apoptotic cascade and activates the immune system; processes which are respectively involved in the execution and elimination of unwanted cells.
- the interleukin-l ⁇ converting enzyme (ICE) family plays an important role in regulating vertebrate cell death. To date, no substrate of any apoptosis inducing gene has been identified which mediates cell death. ProIL- l ⁇ is the only known physiologic substrate of ICE.
- IL- 1 ⁇ mediates cell death, but when provided exogenously IL- 1 ⁇ can either stimulate or inhibit cell death.
- mature IL-l ⁇ itself induces cell death through a pathway independent of CrmA -sensitive gene activity, and it cooperates with ICE and ICH-1 L in apoptosis.
- IL-lRa IL-1 receptor antagonist
- Ice required the co-expression of pro-IL-1 ⁇ to induce apoptosis in COS cells.
- Cell death was inhibited by blocking IL-l ⁇ from binding to its receptor, indicating that following ICE activation, COS cells required IL-l ⁇ signal transduction for the completion of the suicide -24-
- proIL-l ⁇ as the first substrate of any apoptosis inducing gene, whose cleavage product is a downstream mediator of the apoptotic cascade, and provides further evidence for a role of ICE in apoptosis.
Abstract
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP96911297A EP0886525A1 (en) | 1996-03-15 | 1996-03-15 | PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH AND INTERLEUKIN-1$g(b) |
JP09532545A JP2000506526A (en) | 1996-03-15 | 1996-03-15 | Programmed cell death and interleukin-1β |
CA002248551A CA2248551A1 (en) | 1996-03-15 | 1996-03-15 | Programmed cell death and interleukin-1.beta. |
PCT/US1996/003468 WO1997033606A1 (en) | 1996-03-15 | 1996-03-15 | PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH AND INTERLEUKIN-1$g(b) |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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CA002248551A CA2248551A1 (en) | 1996-03-15 | 1996-03-15 | Programmed cell death and interleukin-1.beta. |
PCT/US1996/003468 WO1997033606A1 (en) | 1996-03-15 | 1996-03-15 | PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH AND INTERLEUKIN-1$g(b) |
Publications (1)
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WO1997033606A1 true WO1997033606A1 (en) | 1997-09-18 |
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PCT/US1996/003468 WO1997033606A1 (en) | 1996-03-15 | 1996-03-15 | PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH AND INTERLEUKIN-1$g(b) |
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EP (1) | EP0886525A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2000506526A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2248551A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1997033606A1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1999037321A1 (en) * | 1998-01-22 | 1999-07-29 | Gosudarstvenny Nauchno-Issledovatelsky Institut Osobo Chistykh Biopreparatov (Gosnii Ochb) | Immuno-modulating preparation containing interleukin-1 and method for preparing the same |
US6391612B1 (en) | 1998-02-11 | 2002-05-21 | Genvec, Inc. | Vectors, cells, and methods for the production of deleterious adenoviral, herpes viral and adeno-associated viral vectors |
EP1712239A2 (en) * | 2000-05-12 | 2006-10-18 | Immunex Corporation | Interleukin-1 inhibitors in the treatment of diseases |
-
1996
- 1996-03-15 JP JP09532545A patent/JP2000506526A/en active Pending
- 1996-03-15 EP EP96911297A patent/EP0886525A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1996-03-15 WO PCT/US1996/003468 patent/WO1997033606A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-03-15 CA CA002248551A patent/CA2248551A1/en not_active Abandoned
Non-Patent Citations (7)
Title |
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CHUN S-Y ET AL: "Interleukin-1-beta suppresses apoptosis in rat ovarian follicles by increasing nitric oxide production.", ENDOCRINOLOGY 136 (7). 1995. 3120-3127, XP000616316 * |
ESTROV Z ET AL: "Effect of interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme inhibitor on acute myelogenous leukemia progenitor proliferation.", BLOOD 86 (12). 1995. 4594-4602, XP000616325 * |
FURUKAWA Y ET AL: "Preferential production of interleukin-1-beta over interleukin-1 receptor antagonist contributes to proliferation and suppression of apoptosis in leukemic cells.", JAPANESE JOURNAL OF CANCER RESEARCH 86 (2). 1995. 208-216, XP000616317 * |
GUO K Y ET AL: "Apoptosis of AMLs induced by IL-1 RAP.", 37TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY, SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, USA, DECEMBER 1-5, 1995. BLOOD 86 (10 SUPPL. 1). 1995. 695A, XP002023455 * |
MIURA M ET AL: "Tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis is mediated by a CrmA- sensitive cell death pathway.", PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 92 (18). 1995. 8318-8322, XP002023456 * |
RODRIGUEZ C ET AL: "Interleukin-1-beta suppresses apoptosis in CD34 positive bone marrow cells through activation of the type I IL-1 receptor.", JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY 166 (2). 1996. 387-395, XP000616322 * |
TEWARI M ET AL: "Fas- and Tumor Necrosis Factor-induced Apoptosis Is Inhibited by the Poxvirus crmA Gene Product.", JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 270 (7). 1995. 3255-3260, XP002023457 * |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1999037321A1 (en) * | 1998-01-22 | 1999-07-29 | Gosudarstvenny Nauchno-Issledovatelsky Institut Osobo Chistykh Biopreparatov (Gosnii Ochb) | Immuno-modulating preparation containing interleukin-1 and method for preparing the same |
US6391612B1 (en) | 1998-02-11 | 2002-05-21 | Genvec, Inc. | Vectors, cells, and methods for the production of deleterious adenoviral, herpes viral and adeno-associated viral vectors |
EP1712239A2 (en) * | 2000-05-12 | 2006-10-18 | Immunex Corporation | Interleukin-1 inhibitors in the treatment of diseases |
EP1712239A3 (en) * | 2000-05-12 | 2007-08-22 | Immunex Corporation | Interleukin-1 inhibitors in the treatment of diseases |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2000506526A (en) | 2000-05-30 |
EP0886525A1 (en) | 1998-12-30 |
CA2248551A1 (en) | 1997-09-18 |
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