WO1996027424A1 - Method for cleaning polluted atmospheres - Google Patents

Method for cleaning polluted atmospheres Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1996027424A1
WO1996027424A1 PCT/FR1996/000343 FR9600343W WO9627424A1 WO 1996027424 A1 WO1996027424 A1 WO 1996027424A1 FR 9600343 W FR9600343 W FR 9600343W WO 9627424 A1 WO9627424 A1 WO 9627424A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
enclosure
particles
cold particles
cold
polluting elements
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/FR1996/000343
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Maurice Kindel
Original Assignee
Compagnie Nationale Air France
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Compagnie Nationale Air France filed Critical Compagnie Nationale Air France
Publication of WO1996027424A1 publication Critical patent/WO1996027424A1/en

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D5/00—Condensation of vapours; Recovering volatile solvents by condensation
    • B01D5/0003—Condensation of vapours; Recovering volatile solvents by condensation by using heat-exchange surfaces for indirect contact between gases or vapours and the cooling medium
    • B01D5/0024—Rotating vessels or vessels containing movable parts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D5/00—Condensation of vapours; Recovering volatile solvents by condensation
    • B01D5/0078—Condensation of vapours; Recovering volatile solvents by condensation characterised by auxiliary systems or arrangements
    • B01D5/009—Collecting, removing and/or treatment of the condensate
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D5/00—Condensation of vapours; Recovering volatile solvents by condensation
    • B01D5/0078—Condensation of vapours; Recovering volatile solvents by condensation characterised by auxiliary systems or arrangements
    • B01D5/0096—Cleaning
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/002—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by condensation

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for cleaning up polluted atmospheres.
  • the method according to the invention applies to the depollution of very diverse polluted atmospheres such as, for example, the atmospheres of working enclosures where organo-volatile compounds (VOCs), slightly radioactive carbon dioxide are released, or even steam. It can thus be polluted atmospheres originating from spray booths or paint rooms, synthesis chambers or reactors, rooms for impregnating composites, hydrocarbon tanks, etc., etc.
  • VOCs organo-volatile compounds
  • a first known recovery process consists in passing the gaseous effluents charged with polluting residues through filter cartridges containing an absorbent medium such as, for example, zeolite granules, oil or even activated carbon.
  • an absorbent medium such as, for example, zeolite granules, oil or even activated carbon.
  • the filter cartridges are regenerated in specialized units by desorbing the captured compounds.
  • the polluting compounds are then recovered by condensation using a refrigeration unit.
  • This recovery method is cumbersome and tedious. It is in fact not possible to treat large volumes of polluted atmospheres without using expensive and bulky devices.
  • the absorbent medium can be destroyed during the regeneration of the filter cartridges and it is then necessary to replace it.
  • the method according to the invention is suitable for cleaning up volumes of atmospheres of very varied dimensions, including volumes of large dimensions, without difficulty.
  • Another known method uses the condensation and solidification of the polluting elements around cooled metal balls forming a heap in an enclosure. This process consists in guiding the polluted atmosphere through the pile of cooled beads so that the polluting elements condense and solidify around the beads. According to this process, the balls are cooled using liquid nitrogen so as to correctly ensure the phenomena of condensation and solidification mentioned above. Once the polluting elements are recovered, the metal balls are removed from the enclosure before being reintroduced there by a recycling device. Such a method has many drawbacks.
  • the recycling device is complex and has a high heat loss.
  • polluting gases highly charged with water vapor lead to the formation of ice blocks around the metal balls and there follows a blockage of the recycling device.
  • atmospheres heavily loaded with paint aerosols or grease which also lead to the agglomeration of metal balls between them.
  • the invention does not have these drawbacks. For example, polluted atmospheres whose humidity level reaches values greater than or equal to 70% can be cleaned up.
  • the present invention relates to a method for depolluting atmospheres containing polluting elements, characterized in that it comprises a step of accretion by freezing said polluting elements around cold particles dispersed in said atmosphere.
  • the cold particles are ice balls.
  • the invention advantageously makes it possible not to generate toxic gases or even to clean up atmospheres without difficulty with a high humidity level.
  • Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will become apparent on reading of a preferred embodiment made with reference to the appended figures among which:
  • FIG. 1 represents a first application of the depollution method according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 represents a second application of the depollution method according to the invention
  • FIG. 3 represents a third application of the depollution method according to the invention.
  • FIG. 4 shows a fourth application of the depollution method according to the invention.
  • FIG. 1 represents a first application of the depollution method according to the invention.
  • the atmosphere to be decontaminated is introduced into the depollution enclosure 1 by pipes 3 located at the bottom of the enclosure 1. Ice balls 10 are maintained in lift within the enclosure 1 so as to constitute a fluidized bed of volume V.
  • the volume V is the volume located in the enclosure 1 between the plate 16 on which the fluidized bed rests and the level N which represents the surface of the fluidized bed.
  • the value of the pressure of the atmosphere to be decontaminated is adjusted so as to ensure the existence of the fluidized bed and, thus, to prevent the ice balls from being welded together. This value can be, for example, equal to 2 10 + 5 Pa.
  • the value of the pressure of the atmosphere to be depolluted depends on the volume of the enclosure 1 and on the mass of the ice balls.
  • Each ball of ice collects and freezes polluting elements on its surface.
  • the temperature of the ice beads is preferably less than or equal to minus 70 degrees Celsius so that a wide variety of solvents can be frozen.
  • the plate 16 perforated with holes 17 and preferably vibrating allows the ice balls to be contained in the volume V as long as they are not weighed down too much by the polluting elements that they capture. When they are weighed down by the polluting elements, the ice balls evacuate towards the bottom of the enclosure 1 by passing through the holes 17 in the plate 16. They then form a tee 18 located at the bottom of the 1.
  • a weight censor 13 assesses the weight of the pile 18. When the weight of the pile 18 reaches a certain threshold information from the censor 13 is sent by any known means 15 to the control circuit 12 for supplying the enclosure 1 with ice balls.
  • a number of ice balls 10 located in the reservoir 11 are then sent to the enclosure 1 so as to participate in the depollution process. Simultaneously, the pile 18 of ice balls is evacuated from the enclosure 1 and is recovered in a container 14.
  • the assembly 19 consisting of ice water and the polluting elements collected in the container 14 can then undergo, for example, a fusion so as to recover the water and the polluting elements separately.
  • the cold water collected after melting can be used to cool the depollution device itself or any other device that needs to be cooled.
  • the depolluted atmosphere is evacuated towards the top of the enclosure 1 by the outlet tube 7.
  • a heat exchanger 20 makes it possible to cool the polluted atmosphere using the depolluted atmosphere which is evacuated.
  • FIG. 2 represents a second application of the method according to the invention.
  • the pressure undergone by the ice balls is higher than according to the first application.
  • this pressure can be of the order of 4
  • a distribution grid 21 -located in the upper part of the enclosure 1 makes it possible to distribute, almost uniformly in the enclosure 1, the ice balls coming from the reservoir 11.
  • the other constituent elements of the device for implementing the invention are identical to the elements described in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 represents a third application of the depollution method according to the invention.
  • This embodiment relates more particularly to cases where it is desired to treat large flows of polluted atmosphere. It is for example possible to clean up atmospheres whose flow can reach several thousand m 3 per hour. This application is characterized by the establishment of a Berlin cyclone inside enclosure 1.
  • the enclosure 1, the tube 3 for accessing the polluted atmosphere as well as the tube 7 through which the removal of the depolluted atmosphere is carried out are then configured in a known manner in order to constitute a device commonly called a "cyclone" .
  • the cyclonic air stream t which is established between the access 3 and the outlet 7 makes the ice balls swirl.
  • the ice balls capture and freeze polluting elements on their surface. This results in an increase in the balls of ice, the evacuation and feeding of which takes place as indicated above.
  • a distribution grid 21 located in the upper part of the enclosure 1 makes it possible to distribute the ice balls coming from the reservoir almost uniformly.
  • a heat exchanger makes it possible to cool the polluted atmosphere which arrives using the depolluted atmosphere which is evacuated. For reasons of convenience, the heat exchanger has not been shown in FIG. 3.
  • FIG. 4 represents a fourth application of the depollution method according to the invention.
  • the ice balls dispersed in the polluted atmosphere are maintained - in lift by the pressure exerted on them by the atmosphere containing the polluting elements.
  • the dispersion of the ice balls is ensured by their projection using an ice pistol 23.
  • the tank 11 is then a pressurized tank such as a cryogenic sandblaster.
  • the ice balls pass through the polluted atmosphere contained in the enclosure 1.
  • the ice balls capture and freeze the polluting elements.
  • the ice balls having captured the polluting elements then accumulate at the end of the enclosure 1 located opposite the ice gun 23.
  • a calibrated valve 22 allows the evacuation in a container 14 of the ice balls as well accumulated so as to constitute the assembly 19 of ice water and polluting elements.
  • the polluting elements can then be recovered as described in the applications mentioned above.
  • the presence of a tank of liquid nitrogen is therefore not necessary.
  • the ice balls can be stored in the only tank 11. They can also come from an apparatus making it possible to generate them such as that described in the French patent n ° 88 0562 filed on April 28, 1988 in the name of the Commissariat à l'Energie Atomic.
  • the different methods described in FIGS. 1, 2, 3 and 4 have preferential applications depending on the volume of the atmospheres to be depolluted or the pollution rate of the polluted atmospheres.
  • the method of the invention makes it possible to simultaneously clean up atmospheres loaded with polluting residues of very different nature. It is indeed possible to simultaneously clean up atmospheres containing aerosols, fine spray paint and organo-volatile compounds.
  • the depollution method uses ice balls making it possible to condense the polluting residues on their surface. More generally, the invention however relates to any type of cold particles making it possible to be stirred as indicated in FIGS. 1, 2, 3 and 4 so as to capture and freeze the polluting residues on their surface.
  • These cold particles can be dry ice particles. As in the case of ice balls, it is then possible to easily recover the pollutant residues by simple decantation or phase separation devices after partial melting of the dry ice / pollutant residue mixture.
  • These cold particles can also be made from any type of material. It is then necessary to recycle them in a manner known per se in order to keep them at low temperature.
  • the cold particles are then made of material with high specific heat so as to minimize the number of recycles necessary for keeping them at low temperature. They may be, for example, hollow plastic spheres filled with water or glycol.
  • the tubes 3 for access to the polluted atmosphere inside the enclosure 1 contain an adsorbent medium such as granules of activated carbon or even textile filters of activated carbon.
  • an adsorbent medium such as granules of activated carbon or even textile filters of activated carbon.
  • the organo-volatile compounds are recovered by desorbtion and treated in enclosure 1 as described in FIGS. 1, 2, 3 or 4.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Cleaning In General (AREA)
  • Gas Separation By Absorption (AREA)

Abstract

A method for cleaning polluted atmospheres containing pollutants. The pollutants are condensed around cold particles (10) held in suspension in an enclosure (1) by the pressure exerted on them by the polluted atmosphere. As the weight of the cold particles (10) increases as a result of the pollutants condensing on the particle surfaces, they fall under their own weight to the bottom of the enclosure and form a heap. The cold particles are preferably balls of ice. After removal from the enclosure (1), the balls of ice partially melt, whereby the pollutants may be recovered by decanting or phase separation.

Description

PROCEDE DE DEPOLLUTION D'ATMOSPHERES POLLUEES PROCESS FOR CLEANING UP POLLUTED ATMOSPHERES
L'invention concerne un procédé de dépollution des atmosphères polluées. Le procédé selon l'invention s'applique à la dépollution d'atmosphères polluées très diverses telles que, par exemple, les atmosphères des enceintes de travail où sont libérés des composés organo- volatils (COV), du gaz carbonique légèrement radio-actif, ou encore de la vapeur d'eau. II peut ainsi s'agir d'atmosphères polluées issues de cabines ou salles de peinture, de chambres ou réacteurs de synthèse, de salles d'imprégnation de composites, de citernes d'hydrocarbures etc., etc.. .The invention relates to a method for cleaning up polluted atmospheres. The method according to the invention applies to the depollution of very diverse polluted atmospheres such as, for example, the atmospheres of working enclosures where organo-volatile compounds (VOCs), slightly radioactive carbon dioxide are released, or even steam. It can thus be polluted atmospheres originating from spray booths or paint rooms, synthesis chambers or reactors, rooms for impregnating composites, hydrocarbon tanks, etc., etc.
A ce jour, plusieurs solutions sont connues pour la dépollution des atmosphères polluées. Aucune d'entre elles n'est réellement satisfaisante. De nombreux procédés connus utilisent la destruction thermique ou la destruction catalytique des résidus polluants. De telles destructions présentent de nombreux inconvénients. La destruction thermique ne peut s'appliquer qu'aux composés organo-volatils aisément combustibles. La destruction catalytique peut s'accompagner, quant à elle, de la destruction rapide du lit catalytique par certains polluants, tels que les solvants chlorés. De plus, lors de ces destructions, de nombreux composés génèrent des gaz toxiques, nocifs ou corrosifs.To date, several solutions are known for the depollution of polluted atmospheres. None of them is really satisfactory. Many known methods use thermal destruction or catalytic destruction of polluting residues. Such destruction has many disadvantages. Thermal destruction can only be applied to easily combustible organo-volatile compounds. Catalytic destruction can be accompanied by rapid destruction of the catalytic bed by certain pollutants, such as chlorinated solvents. In addition, during these destructions, many compounds generate toxic, harmful or corrosive gases.
D'autre part, il n'est pas toujours souhaitable de détruire les résidus polluants. Par exemple, on peut vouloir récupérer certains composés organo-volatifs tels que les solvants toxiques ou radio-actifs.On the other hand, it is not always desirable to destroy polluting residues. For example, one may want to recover certain organovolative compounds such as toxic or radioactive solvents.
Un premier procédé connu de récupération consiste à faire passer les effluents gazeux chargés de résidus polluants à travers des cartouches filtrantes contenant un milieu absorbant tel que, par exemple, des granules de zéolithe, de l'huile ou encore du charbon actif. Lorsque le milieu absorbant est saturé de résidus polluants, les cartouches filtrantes sont régénérées dans des unités spécialisées par désorbtion des composés capturés. Les composés polluants sont alors récupérés par condensation à l'aide d'un groupe de froid. Cette méthode de récupération est lourde et fastidieuse. Il n'est en effet pas possible de traiter des volumes importants d'atmosphères polluées sans mettre en oeuvre des dispositifs coûteux et encombrants. De plus, dans certains cas, le milieu absorbant peut être détruit lors de la régénération des cartouches filtrantes et il est alors nécessaire de le remplacer. Avantageusement, et comme cela apparaîtra ultérieurement, le procédé selon l'invention est adapté à la dépollution de volumes d'atmosphères de dimensions très variées, y compris des volumes de dimensions importantes, sans difficulté.A first known recovery process consists in passing the gaseous effluents charged with polluting residues through filter cartridges containing an absorbent medium such as, for example, zeolite granules, oil or even activated carbon. When the absorbent medium is saturated with polluting residues, the filter cartridges are regenerated in specialized units by desorbing the captured compounds. The polluting compounds are then recovered by condensation using a refrigeration unit. This recovery method is cumbersome and tedious. It is in fact not possible to treat large volumes of polluted atmospheres without using expensive and bulky devices. In addition, in some cases, the absorbent medium can be destroyed during the regeneration of the filter cartridges and it is then necessary to replace it. Advantageously, and as will appear later, the method according to the invention is suitable for cleaning up volumes of atmospheres of very varied dimensions, including volumes of large dimensions, without difficulty.
Un autre procédé connu utilise la condensation et la solidification des éléments polluants autour de billes métalliques refroidies formant tas dans une enceinte. Ce procédé consiste à guider l'atmosphère polluée à travers le tas de billes refroidies de façon que s'effectue la condensation et la solidification des éléments polluants autour des billes. Selon ce procédé les billes sont refroidies à l'aide d'azote liquide de façon à assurer correctement les phénomènes de condensation et de solidification mentionnés ci-dessus. Une fois les éléments polluants récupérés, les billes métalliques sont évacuées de l'enceinte avant d'y être réintroduites par un dispositif de recyclage. Un tel procédé présente de nombreux inconvénients.Another known method uses the condensation and solidification of the polluting elements around cooled metal balls forming a heap in an enclosure. This process consists in guiding the polluted atmosphere through the pile of cooled beads so that the polluting elements condense and solidify around the beads. According to this process, the balls are cooled using liquid nitrogen so as to correctly ensure the phenomena of condensation and solidification mentioned above. Once the polluting elements are recovered, the metal balls are removed from the enclosure before being reintroduced there by a recycling device. Such a method has many drawbacks.
En effet, le dispositif de recyclage est complexe et présente une forte déperdition thermique. D'autre part, des gaz polluants fortement chargés en vapeur d'eau conduisent à la formation de blocs de glace autour des billes métalliques et il s'en suit un blocage du dispositif de recyclage. Il en est de même des atmosphères très chargées en aérosols de peinture ou en graisse qui conduisent aussi à agglomérer des billes métalliques entre elles.Indeed, the recycling device is complex and has a high heat loss. On the other hand, polluting gases highly charged with water vapor lead to the formation of ice blocks around the metal balls and there follows a blockage of the recycling device. The same is true of atmospheres heavily loaded with paint aerosols or grease which also lead to the agglomeration of metal balls between them.
L'invention ne présente pas ces inconvénients. A titre d'exemple, des atmosphères polluées dont le taux d'hygrométrie atteint des valeurs supérieures ou égales à 70 % peuvent être dépolluées.The invention does not have these drawbacks. For example, polluted atmospheres whose humidity level reaches values greater than or equal to 70% can be cleaned up.
La présente invention concerne un procédé de dépollution d'atmosphères contenant des éléments polluants, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend une étape d'accrétion par congélation desdits éléments polluants autour de particules froides dispersées dans ladite atmosphère. Selon le mode de réalisation préférentiel de l'invention les particules froides sont des billes de glace.The present invention relates to a method for depolluting atmospheres containing polluting elements, characterized in that it comprises a step of accretion by freezing said polluting elements around cold particles dispersed in said atmosphere. According to the preferred embodiment of the invention, the cold particles are ice balls.
Comme cela a été mentionné ci-dessus, l'invention permet avantageusement de ne pas générer de gaz toxiques ou encore de dépolluer sans difficulté des atmosphères dont le taux d'hygrométrie est élevé. D'autres caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention apparaîtront à la lecture d'un mode de réalisation préférentiel fait avec référence aux figures ci-annexées parmi lesquelles :As has been mentioned above, the invention advantageously makes it possible not to generate toxic gases or even to clean up atmospheres without difficulty with a high humidity level. Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will become apparent on reading of a preferred embodiment made with reference to the appended figures among which:
- La figure 1 représente une première application du procédé de dépollution selon l'invention, - La figure 2 représente une deuxième application du procédé de dépollution selon l'invention,FIG. 1 represents a first application of the depollution method according to the invention, FIG. 2 represents a second application of the depollution method according to the invention,
- La figure 3 représente une troisième application du procédé de dépollution selon l'invention,FIG. 3 represents a third application of the depollution method according to the invention,
- La figure 4 représente une quatrième application du procédé de dépollution selon l'invention.- Figure 4 shows a fourth application of the depollution method according to the invention.
Sur toutes les figures, les mêmes repères désignent les mêmes éléments.In all the figures, the same references designate the same elements.
La figure 1 représente une première application du procédé de dépollution selon l'invention. L'atmosphère à dépolluer est introduite dans l'enceinte de dépollution 1 par des tuyaux 3 situés au bas de l'enceinte 1. Des billes de glace 10 sont maintenues en sustentation à l'intérieur de l'enceinte 1 de façon à constituer un lit fluidisé de volume V. Le volume V est le volume situé dans l'enceinte 1 entre la plaque 16 sur laquelle repose le lit fluidisé et le niveau N qui représente la surface du lit fluidisé. La valeur de la pression de l'atmosphère à dépolluer est ajustée de façon à assurer l'existence du lit fluidisé et, ainsi, à éviter que les billes de glace ne se soudent entre elles. Cette valeur peut être, par exemple, égale à 2 10+5 Pa . De façon générale, la valeur de la pression de l'atmosphère à dépolluer dépend du volume de l'enceinte 1 et de la masse des billes de glace. Chaque bille de glace capte et congèle à sa surface des éléments polluants. La température des billes de glace est préférentiellement inférieure ou égale à moins 70 degrés Celsius de façon à pouvoir congeler une grande variété de solvants. La plaque 16 perforée de trous 17 et préférentiellement vibrante permet aux billes de glace d'être contenues dans le volume V tant qu'elles ne sont pas trop alourdies par-les éléments polluants qu'elles captent. Lorsqu'elles sont alourdies par les éléments polluants, les billes de glace s'évacuent vers le bas de l'enceinte 1 en passant à travers les trous 17 de la plaques 16. Elles forment alors un t?s 18 situé au fond de l'enceinte 1. Un censeur de poids 13 évalue le poids du tas 18. Lorsque le poids du tas 18 atteint un certain seuil une information issue du censeur 13 est envoyée par tout moyen connu 15 au circuit de contrôle 12 d'alimentation de l'enceinte 1 en billes de glace.FIG. 1 represents a first application of the depollution method according to the invention. The atmosphere to be decontaminated is introduced into the depollution enclosure 1 by pipes 3 located at the bottom of the enclosure 1. Ice balls 10 are maintained in lift within the enclosure 1 so as to constitute a fluidized bed of volume V. The volume V is the volume located in the enclosure 1 between the plate 16 on which the fluidized bed rests and the level N which represents the surface of the fluidized bed. The value of the pressure of the atmosphere to be decontaminated is adjusted so as to ensure the existence of the fluidized bed and, thus, to prevent the ice balls from being welded together. This value can be, for example, equal to 2 10 + 5 Pa. Generally, the value of the pressure of the atmosphere to be depolluted depends on the volume of the enclosure 1 and on the mass of the ice balls. Each ball of ice collects and freezes polluting elements on its surface. The temperature of the ice beads is preferably less than or equal to minus 70 degrees Celsius so that a wide variety of solvents can be frozen. The plate 16 perforated with holes 17 and preferably vibrating allows the ice balls to be contained in the volume V as long as they are not weighed down too much by the polluting elements that they capture. When they are weighed down by the polluting elements, the ice balls evacuate towards the bottom of the enclosure 1 by passing through the holes 17 in the plate 16. They then form a tee 18 located at the bottom of the 1. A weight censor 13 assesses the weight of the pile 18. When the weight of the pile 18 reaches a certain threshold information from the censor 13 is sent by any known means 15 to the control circuit 12 for supplying the enclosure 1 with ice balls.
Un certain nombre de billes de glace 10 situées dans le réservoir 11 sont alors envoyées dans l'enceinte 1 de façon à participer au processus de dépollution. Simultanément, le tas 18 de billes de glace est évacué de l'enceinte 1 et est récupéré dans un récipient 14.A number of ice balls 10 located in the reservoir 11 are then sent to the enclosure 1 so as to participate in the depollution process. Simultaneously, the pile 18 of ice balls is evacuated from the enclosure 1 and is recovered in a container 14.
L'ensemble 19 constitué par l'eau glacée et les éléments polluants recueillis dans le récipient 14 peut alors subir, par exemple, une fusion de façon à récupérer séparément l'eau et les éléments polluants.The assembly 19 consisting of ice water and the polluting elements collected in the container 14 can then undergo, for example, a fusion so as to recover the water and the polluting elements separately.
Avantageusement, l'eau froide recueillie après la fusion peut servir à refroidir le dispositif de dépollution lui-même ou tout autre dispositif nécessitant d'être refroidi.Advantageously, the cold water collected after melting can be used to cool the depollution device itself or any other device that needs to be cooled.
L'atmosphère dépolluée s'évacue vers le haut de l'enceinte 1 par le tube de sortie 7. Préférentiellement, un échangeur thermique 20 permet de refroidir l'atmosphère polluée à l'aide de l'atmosphère dépolluée qui est évacuée.The depolluted atmosphere is evacuated towards the top of the enclosure 1 by the outlet tube 7. Preferably, a heat exchanger 20 makes it possible to cool the polluted atmosphere using the depolluted atmosphere which is evacuated.
La figure 2 représente une deuxième application du procédé selon l'invention. Selon cette deuxième application, la pression subie par les billes de glace est plus élevée que selon la première application. A titre d'exemple, et toutes choses égales par ailleurs, cette pression peut être de l'ordre de 4FIG. 2 represents a second application of the method according to the invention. According to this second application, the pressure undergone by the ice balls is higher than according to the first application. For example, and all other things being equal, this pressure can be of the order of 4
10+5 Pa.10 +5 Pa.
La présence de la plaque perforée 16 n'est alors plus nécessaire pour contribuer au maintien des billes de glace en sustentation. La pression subie par les billes de glace suffit à les maintenir en sustentation tant que leur poids n'est pas trop élevé. Cette pression peut être due à la seule pression de l'atmosphère polluée ; elle peut aussi être due à la pression combinée de l'atmosphère polluée et d'air extérieur. De façon préférentielle, selon ce mode de réalisation, une grille de répartition 21 -située dans la partie haute de l'enceinte 1 permet de répartir quasi-uniformément dans l'enceinte 1 les billes de glace provenant du réservoir 11. Comme cela apparaît clairement sur la figure 2 les autres éléments constitutifs du dispositif de mise en oeuvre de l'invention sont identiques aux éléments décrits en figure 1.The presence of the perforated plate 16 is then no longer necessary to help keep the ice balls in lift. The pressure undergone by the ice balls is sufficient to keep them in lift as long as their weight is not too high. This pressure may be due to the pressure of the polluted atmosphere alone; it can also be due to the combined pressure of the polluted atmosphere and outside air. Preferably, according to this embodiment, a distribution grid 21 -located in the upper part of the enclosure 1 makes it possible to distribute, almost uniformly in the enclosure 1, the ice balls coming from the reservoir 11. As clearly appears in FIG. 2, the other constituent elements of the device for implementing the invention are identical to the elements described in FIG. 1.
La figure 3 représente une troisième application du procédé de dépollution selon l'invention.FIG. 3 represents a third application of the depollution method according to the invention.
Ce mode de réalisation concerne plus particulièrement les cas où on désire traiter de grands débits d'atmosphère polluée. Il est par exemple possible de dépolluer des atmosphères dont le débit peut atteindre plusieurs milliers de m3 par heure. Cette application est caractérisée par l'établissement d'un cyclone de Berlin à l'intérieur de l'enceinte 1.This embodiment relates more particularly to cases where it is desired to treat large flows of polluted atmosphere. It is for example possible to clean up atmospheres whose flow can reach several thousand m 3 per hour. This application is characterized by the establishment of a Berlin cyclone inside enclosure 1.
L'enceinte 1 , le tube 3 d'accès de l'atmosphère polluée ainsi que le tube 7 par lequel s'effectue l'évacuation de l'atmosphère dépolluée sont alors configurés de façon connue afin de constituer un dispositif communément appelé "cyclone". Le courant d'air cyclonique t qui s'établit entre l'accès 3 et la sortie 7 fait tourbillonner les billes de glace. Comme pour les applications précédentes, les billes de glace captent et congèlent à leur surface les éléments polluants. Il s'en suit un alourdissement des billes de glace dont l'évacuation et l'alimentation s'opèrent comme indiqué précédemment. De même que selon le mode de réalisation décrit en figure 2, de façon préférentielle, une grille de répartition 21 située dans la partie haute de l'enceinte 1 permet de répartir quasi-uniformément les billes de glace provenant du réservoir 11. Préférentiellement, un échangeur thermique permet de refroidir l'atmosphère polluée qui arrive à l'aide de l'atmosphère dépolluée qui est évacuée. Pour des raisons de commodité, l'echangeur thermique n'a pas été représenté sur la figure 3.The enclosure 1, the tube 3 for accessing the polluted atmosphere as well as the tube 7 through which the removal of the depolluted atmosphere is carried out are then configured in a known manner in order to constitute a device commonly called a "cyclone" . The cyclonic air stream t which is established between the access 3 and the outlet 7 makes the ice balls swirl. As in the previous applications, the ice balls capture and freeze polluting elements on their surface. This results in an increase in the balls of ice, the evacuation and feeding of which takes place as indicated above. As in the embodiment described in FIG. 2, preferably, a distribution grid 21 located in the upper part of the enclosure 1 makes it possible to distribute the ice balls coming from the reservoir almost uniformly. Preferably, a heat exchanger makes it possible to cool the polluted atmosphere which arrives using the depolluted atmosphere which is evacuated. For reasons of convenience, the heat exchanger has not been shown in FIG. 3.
La figure 4 représente une quatrième application du procédé de dépollution selon l'invention.FIG. 4 represents a fourth application of the depollution method according to the invention.
Selon les applications du procédé de dépollution décrit aux figures 1 , 2 et 3, les billes de glace dispersées dans l'atmosphère polluée sont maintenues - en sustentation par la pression qu'exerce sur elles l'atmosphère contenant les éléments polluants.According to the applications of the depollution process described in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, the ice balls dispersed in the polluted atmosphere are maintained - in lift by the pressure exerted on them by the atmosphere containing the polluting elements.
Selon l'application décrite en figure 4 la dispersion des billes de glace est assurée par leur projection à l'aide d'un pistolet à glace 23. Le réservoir 11 est alors un réservoir pressurisé tel qu'une sableuse cryogénique.According to the application described in Figure 4 the dispersion of the ice balls is ensured by their projection using an ice pistol 23. The tank 11 is then a pressurized tank such as a cryogenic sandblaster.
Sous l'effet de la vitesse qui les anime, les billes de glace traversent l'atmosphère polluée contenue dans l'enceinte 1. Durant leur traversée de l'enceinte 1 , les billes de glace captent et congèlent les éléments polluants. Les billes de glace ayant capté les éléments polluants s'accumulent alors à l'extrémité de l'enceinte 1 située à l'opposé du pistolet à glace 23. Une vanne tarée 22 permet l'évacuation dans un récipient 14 des billes de glace ainsi accumulées de façon à constituer l'ensemble 19 d'eau glacée et d'éléments polluants. Les éléments polluants peuvent alors être récupérés comme décrit dans les applications mentionnées ci-dessus.Under the effect of the speed which drives them, the ice balls pass through the polluted atmosphere contained in the enclosure 1. During their crossing of the enclosure 1, the ice balls capture and freeze the polluting elements. The ice balls having captured the polluting elements then accumulate at the end of the enclosure 1 located opposite the ice gun 23. A calibrated valve 22 allows the evacuation in a container 14 of the ice balls as well accumulated so as to constitute the assembly 19 of ice water and polluting elements. The polluting elements can then be recovered as described in the applications mentioned above.
Selon le mode de réalisation préférentiel de l'invention, et quel que soit le type d'application de ce mode de réalisation, il n'est pas nécessaire de concevoir un circuit de refroidissement des billes de glace. Avantageusement, la présence d'une cuve d'azote liquide n'est donc pas nécessaire. Les billes de glace peuvent être stockées dans le seul réservoir 11. Elles peuvent aussi provenir d'un appareil permettant de les générer tel que celui décrit dans le brevet français n° 88 0562 déposé le 28 avril 1988 au nom du Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique. Les différents procédés décrits aux figures 1 , 2, 3 et 4 ont des applications préférentielles selon le volume des atmosphères à dépolluer ou encore le taux de pollution des atmosphères polluées.According to the preferred embodiment of the invention, and whatever the type of application of this embodiment, it is not necessary to design a cooling circuit for the ice balls. Advantageously, the presence of a tank of liquid nitrogen is therefore not necessary. The ice balls can be stored in the only tank 11. They can also come from an apparatus making it possible to generate them such as that described in the French patent n ° 88 0562 filed on April 28, 1988 in the name of the Commissariat à l'Energie Atomic. The different methods described in FIGS. 1, 2, 3 and 4 have preferential applications depending on the volume of the atmospheres to be depolluted or the pollution rate of the polluted atmospheres.
Ainsi, les procédés décrits aux figures 1 et 2 sont-ils mieux adaptés pour des atmosphères dont le taux de pollution en composés organo-volatils à une valeur de l'ordre de quelques centaines de mg par m3 alors que les procédés décrits aux figures 3 et 4 sont mieux adaptés pour des atmosphères dont le taux de pollution est supérieur ou égal à 1000 mg par m3.Thus, the methods described in Figures 1 and 2 are better suited for atmospheres whose pollution rate in organo-volatile compounds at a value of the order of a few hundred mg per m 3 while the methods described in Figures 3 and 4 are better suited for atmospheres with a pollution rate greater than or equal to 1000 mg per m 3 .
Avantageusement, le procédé de l'invention permet de dépolluer simultanément des atmosphères chargées en résidus polluants de nature très différente. Il -est en effet possible de dépolluer simultanément des atmosphères contenant des aérosols, des embruns fin de peinture et des composés organo-volatils.Advantageously, the method of the invention makes it possible to simultaneously clean up atmospheres loaded with polluting residues of very different nature. It is indeed possible to simultaneously clean up atmospheres containing aerosols, fine spray paint and organo-volatile compounds.
Selon le mode de réalisation préférentiel de l'invention le procédé de dépollution utilise des billes de glace permettant de condenser les résidus polluants sur leur surface. De façon plus générale, l'invention concerne cependant tout type de particules froides permettant d'être brassées comme indiqué aux figures 1 , 2, 3 et 4 de façon à capter et congeler les résidus polluants sur leur surface. Ces particules froides peuvent être des particules de glace carbonique. Comme dans le cas des billes de glace, il est alors possible de récupérer facilement les résidus polluants par des dispositifs simples de décantation ou de séparation de phase après fonte partielle du mélange glace carbonique/résidus polluants. Ces particules froides peuvent aussi être fabriquées à partir de tout type de matière. Il est alors nécessaire de les recycler de façon connue en soi afin de les maintenir à basse température. Préférentiellement, les particules froides sont alors constituées de matière à forte chaleur massique de façon à minimiser le nombre de recyclages nécessaires à leur maintien à basse température. Il peut s'agir, par exemple, de sphères creuses de matière plastique remplies d'eau ou de glycol.According to the preferred embodiment of the invention, the depollution method uses ice balls making it possible to condense the polluting residues on their surface. More generally, the invention however relates to any type of cold particles making it possible to be stirred as indicated in FIGS. 1, 2, 3 and 4 so as to capture and freeze the polluting residues on their surface. These cold particles can be dry ice particles. As in the case of ice balls, it is then possible to easily recover the pollutant residues by simple decantation or phase separation devices after partial melting of the dry ice / pollutant residue mixture. These cold particles can also be made from any type of material. It is then necessary to recycle them in a manner known per se in order to keep them at low temperature. Preferably, the cold particles are then made of material with high specific heat so as to minimize the number of recycles necessary for keeping them at low temperature. They may be, for example, hollow plastic spheres filled with water or glycol.
Selon un perfectionnement du procédé de dépollution de l'invention, les tubes 3 d'accès de l'atmosphère polluée à l'intérieur de l'enceinte 1 contiennent un milieu adsorbant tel que des granules de charbon actif ou encore des filtres en textile de carbone activé. Lorsque le milieu adsorbant est saturé les composés organo-volatils sont récupérés par désorbtion et traités dans l'enceinte 1 tel que décrit aux figures 1 , 2, 3 ou 4. According to an improvement of the depollution method of the invention, the tubes 3 for access to the polluted atmosphere inside the enclosure 1 contain an adsorbent medium such as granules of activated carbon or even textile filters of activated carbon. When the adsorbent medium is saturated, the organo-volatile compounds are recovered by desorbtion and treated in enclosure 1 as described in FIGS. 1, 2, 3 or 4.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1. Procédé de dépollution d'atmosphère contenant des éléments polluants, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend une étape d'accretion par congélation desdits éléments polluants autour de particules froides (10) dispersées dans ladite atmosphère.1. A method of depolluting an atmosphere containing polluting elements, characterized in that it comprises a step of accretion by freezing said polluting elements around cold particles (10) dispersed in said atmosphere.
2. Procédé selon la revendication 1 , caractérisé en ce que les particules froides(10) sont maintenues en sustentation dans une enceinte2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the cold particles (10) are maintained in lift in an enclosure
(1) par la pression qu'exerce sur lesdites particules l'atmosphère contenant les éléments polluants.(1) by the pressure exerted on said particles by the atmosphere containing the polluting elements.
3. Procédé selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que les particules froides (10) une fois alourdies par les éléments polluants captés à leur surface tombent sous l'effet de leur poids de façon à former tas au bas de l'enceinte (1).3. Method according to claim 2, characterized in that the cold particles (10) once weighed down by the polluting elements captured on their surface fall under the effect of their weight so as to form a heap at the bottom of the enclosure (1 ).
4. Procédé selon la revendication 2 ou 3, caractérisé en ce que les particules froides (10) en sustentation constituent un lit fluidisé.4. Method according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the cold particles (10) in levitation constitute a fluidized bed.
5. Procédé selon la revendication 2 ou 3, caractérisé en ce que les particules froides sont maintenues en sustentation dans un tourbillon (t) du type cyclone de Bertin.5. Method according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the cold particles are maintained in levitation in a vortex (t) of the Bertin cyclone type.
6. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 3, 4 ou 5, caractérisé en ce que des particules froides sont introduites dans l'enceinte (1 ) lorsque le poids des particules froides formant tas au fond de l'enceinte atteint un seuil et en ce que simultanément lesdites particules froides formant tas sont évacuées de l'enceinte (1 ).6. Method according to any one of claims 3, 4 or 5, characterized in that cold particles are introduced into the enclosure (1) when the weight of the cold particles forming heap at the bottom of the enclosure reaches a threshold and in that simultaneously said cold particles forming a heap are removed from the enclosure (1).
7. Procédé selon la revendication 1 , caractérisé en ce que les particules froides (10) sont projetées dans une enceinte (1 ) contenant l'atmosphère polluée à l'aide d'un pistolet (21 ) situé à une première extrémité de l'enceinte. 7. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the cold particles (10) are projected into an enclosure (1) containing the polluted atmosphere using a gun (21) located at a first end of the pregnant.
8. Procédé selon la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce que les particules froides ayant captés les éléments polluants s'amassent à l'extrémité de l'enceinte située à l'opposé du pistolet (23) et sont évacuées de l'enceinte (1 ).8. Method according to claim 7, characterized in that the cold particles having captured the polluting elements collect at the end of the enclosure situated opposite the gun (23) and are evacuated from the enclosure (1 ).
9. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les particules froides sont des billes de glace.9. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the cold particles are ice balls.
10. Procédé selon la revendication 9, caractérisé en ce que la température des billes de glace est inférieure ou égale à moins 70 degrés Celcius.10. Method according to claim 9, characterized in that the temperature of the ice balls is less than or equal to minus 70 degrees Celcius.
11. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisé en ce que les particules froides sont des particules de glace carbonique.11. Method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the cold particles are dry ice particles.
12. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisé en ce que les particules froides sont des particules fabriquées à partir de matière à forte chaleur massique.12. Method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the cold particles are particles made from material with high specific heat.
13. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 6, 8, 9, 10 ou 11 caractérisé en ce que les particules froides évacuées de l'enceinte (1 ) subissent une fonte partielle de façon à récupérer par décantation ou par séparation de phase les éléments polluants.13. Method according to any one of claims 6, 8, 9, 10 or 11 characterized in that the cold particles discharged from the enclosure (1) undergo a partial melting so as to recover by decantation or by phase separation the polluting elements.
14. Procédé selon la revendication 12, caractérisé en ce que lesdites particules froides évacuées de l'enceinte (1 ) sont recyclées de façon à les maintenir à basse température.14. The method of claim 12, characterized in that said cold particles discharged from the enclosure (1) are recycled so as to keep them at low temperature.
15. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'atmosphère contenant des éléments polluants est issue d'un milieu adsorbant saturé. 15. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the atmosphere containing polluting elements comes from a saturated adsorbent medium.
PCT/FR1996/000343 1995-03-07 1996-03-05 Method for cleaning polluted atmospheres WO1996027424A1 (en)

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FR95/02633 1995-03-07
FR9502633A FR2731364B1 (en) 1995-03-07 1995-03-07 PROCESS FOR DEPOLLUTION OF POLLUTED ATMOSPHERES, BY ACCRETION AROUND COLD PARTICLES

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FR2867092B1 (en) * 2004-03-05 2007-09-14 Inst Francais Du Petrole PROCESS FOR DECARBONATION OF SMOKE WITH COOLED PARTICLES
FR2867090B1 (en) * 2004-03-05 2007-09-14 Inst Francais Du Petrole PROCESS FOR SEPARATING A COMPOUND CONTAINED IN A GAS WITH COOLED PARTICLES
WO2010107820A2 (en) * 2009-03-16 2010-09-23 Brigham Young University Methods and systems for separating condensable vapors from gases

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