WO1994017246A1 - Improved safety road barrier - Google Patents
Improved safety road barrier Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1994017246A1 WO1994017246A1 PCT/EP1993/000120 EP9300120W WO9417246A1 WO 1994017246 A1 WO1994017246 A1 WO 1994017246A1 EP 9300120 W EP9300120 W EP 9300120W WO 9417246 A1 WO9417246 A1 WO 9417246A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- barrier
- curbs
- barrier according
- longitudinal
- elastic
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
- E01F15/00—Safety arrangements for slowing, redirecting or stopping errant vehicles, e.g. guard posts or bollards; Arrangements for reducing damage to roadside structures due to vehicular impact
- E01F15/02—Continuous barriers extending along roads or between traffic lanes
- E01F15/04—Continuous barriers extending along roads or between traffic lanes essentially made of longitudinal beams or rigid strips supported above ground at spaced points
- E01F15/0453—Rails of materials other than metal or concrete, e.g. wood, plastics; Rails of different materials, e.g. rubber-faced metal profiles, concrete-filled steel tubes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a safety road barrier consisting of one or more longitudinal insets made of hard rubber or similar material.
- Such insets in the form of a curb, can be applied either within the slots formed by the outlines of the barriers themselves already in use on roads and highways, or else, in the course of manufacturing, on the contoured steel band intended for the construction of the barriers themselves.
- said improvements do not include any type of horizontal inset, suitable for contributing to the absorption of the shock or else for limiting the damage to the motor vehicle due to the impact between the vehicle and the barriers, with even the possibility of starting a fire because of sparks originating during the friction between them.
- reflective horizontal insets have never been provided to continuously indicate the limits of the roadway, dangerous curves, humps, service areas, but single reflective elements are used mostly along with vertical support posts.
- the present invention can therefore be considered the right solution for the above, since it is proposed as a technically complete safety barrier, which can even be constructed merely by reworking the barriers already in use.
- the invention relates to an improved safety road barrier, characterized by the fact of comprising one or more longitudinal elastic elements, that cover the barrier only partially, and which are applied to the barrier so as to achieve a more gradual absorption of the force of the collision of the motor vehicle in the case of
- Said elastic elements are composed of one or more horizontal curbs made of rubber or similar material, suitably contoured and applicable to existing safety barriers, either, with various contours, to steel bands that are variously contoured for barriers of new profile, in any case always respecting the usual project parameters including absorption, rupture load and the deformation limit imposed by the regulations in force in the individual states in matters of traffic safety for motor vehicles.
- Figure 1 shows a view of the cross section, with respect to a barrier according to the present invention, obtained by applying a longitudinal curb onto a contour sheet metal safety barrier of known type, that is already in use;
- figure 2 shows a view of the cross section of a new possible horizontal barrier made of sheet metal, equipped with a double longitudinal curb made of rubber, fastened with threaded vertical elements;
- figure 3 shows a view of the cross section of a barrier similar to that in figure 2, in whose horizontal
- FIG 4 shows a view of the cross section of a further variation to the contouring of the barrier, equipped with a double horizontal curb made of rubber with a swallow-tailed connection
- figure 5 shows a view of the cross section of a barrier with contouring similar to that of figure 4, but equipped with a single rubber horizontal curb, still equipped with a swallow-tailed connection but with a large section with respect to the previous case
- figure 6 shows, purely as an example, a section of a barrier of a known type, to which a protective elastic horizontal curb has been applied
- figure 7 shows, still as an example, a barrier of the new type, equipped with a double horizontal curb, according to the present invention
- figure 8 finally, shows a view of the cross section of a barrier made of concrete with two longitudinal curbs applied to it.
- the present invention provides for the execution of horizontal curb 1 with a contour conforming to the profile of barriers 2 of known type, and therefore applicable to those already placed in use, by suitable means, thus obtaining a more functional barrier.
- the invention provides for the execution of safety barrier 4 with a profile in which two horizontal housing casings 5
- SUBSTITUTE SHEET are made, such as to allow for the application of as many rubber curbs 6, to be suitably fastened with vertical threaded elements 7.
- the invention according to a first variation as referred to in figure 2, provides for the application of horizontal curbs 8 of which the part intended for the dynamic absorption of the shock exhibits tubular contour 9.
- Said tubular part allows for an initial deformation upon shock without affecting the actual barrier itself and thus can further limit eventual material damage to the motor vehicle.
- the invention provides for the use of barrier 10 with a contour similar to the previous one but with curbs 11 and corresponding casings 12 for a swallow- tailed connection, thus with greater stability of the latter in case of collision.
- a further variation of the invention consists in the production of a barrier similar to that which is represented in figure 14 , but which is equipped with single casing 13 and corresponding rubber longitudinal curb 11 with a swallow-tailed attachment, with a larger section in comparison to the previous case.
- the assembly of barriers 17 mentioned above provides for the use of stanchions 15 in metallic contour and corresponding threaded elements 16, as
- both the rubber curbs and the reflective strips are also applied on concrete elements 20, by suitable systems of fastening ⁇ uch as expansion bolts, adhesives (not represented) or by a swallow-tailed connection.
- Figure 8 illustrates precisely one of barriers 20 thus obtained, with two longitudinal curbs 21 applied to it and fastened by the system just cited.
- SUBSTITUTE SHEET system of fastening can also be applied either onto barriers already placed in use, and on barrier elements in the manufacturing process.
- a further embodiment of the invention is indicated in which the longitudinal elastic curbs, no matter whether it is a barrier made of sheet metal or is one made of concrete, are made with a type of rubber whose mixture contains elements suitable to conferring it with an effect of fluorescence.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Refuge Islands, Traffic Blockers, Or Guard Fence (AREA)
- Road Paving Structures (AREA)
Abstract
One or more curbs (1) made of hard rubber, can be applied longitudinally in the contoured casing (2) and also in barriers of normal production. Said curbs make it possible to absorb the force of shock, by avoiding the direct impact between the metal parts of the motor vehicle and the barriers, which are made of steel band or of concrete. Said curbs can also be made of rubber or of a similar material whose mixture contains elements suitable for conferring on it an effect of fluorescence.
Description
Improved safety road barrier
The present invention relates to a safety road barrier consisting of one or more longitudinal insets made of hard rubber or similar material. Such insets, in the form of a curb, can be applied either within the slots formed by the outlines of the barriers themselves already in use on roads and highways, or else, in the course of manufacturing, on the contoured steel band intended for the construction of the barriers themselves.
Said insets, even in the case of concrete barriers of various shapes, can be applied onto the barriers, longitudinally, by means of suitable attachment systems that range from riveting to simple application of an adhesive substance suited to the purpose.
The same applicant has already filed Italian patent application no. MI91A 002635 which contains part of the concepts relating to the object of the present application, which is intended to provide some further innovations for the improvement of the invention.
By this point it is known that almost all roads and highways, as well as turn-offs and access roads, are equipped with horizontal barriers formed either by contoured steel bands suitably supported by vertical posts or by concrete casings, barriers that have the task of absorbing eventual collisions of motor vehicles and of
SUBSTITUTE SHEET
keeping them within the roadway.
Said horizontal barriers have evolved in the last years until they have attained well defined contours, according to predetermined deformation and absorption loads, and they exhibit easy assembly and restoration of safety conditions after eventual accidents.
However, said improvements do not include any type of horizontal inset, suitable for contributing to the absorption of the shock or else for limiting the damage to the motor vehicle due to the impact between the vehicle and the barriers, with even the possibility of starting a fire because of sparks originating during the friction between them.
Furthermore, reflective horizontal insets have never been provided to continuously indicate the limits of the roadway, dangerous curves, humps, service areas, but single reflective elements are used mostly along with vertical support posts.
The present invention can therefore be considered the right solution for the above, since it is proposed as a technically complete safety barrier, which can even be constructed merely by reworking the barriers already in use. Indeed the invention relates to an improved safety road barrier, characterized by the fact of comprising one or more longitudinal elastic elements, that cover the barrier only partially, and which are applied to the barrier so as to achieve a more gradual absorption of the force of the collision of the motor vehicle in the case of
SUBSTITUTE SHEET
an accident, thus limiting the damage resulting from the impact and the friction between the vehicle and the barrier.
Said elastic elements are composed of one or more horizontal curbs made of rubber or similar material, suitably contoured and applicable to existing safety barriers, either, with various contours, to steel bands that are variously contoured for barriers of new profile, in any case always respecting the usual project parameters including absorption, rupture load and the deformation limit imposed by the regulations in force in the individual states in matters of traffic safety for motor vehicles.
These and other particular characteristics of the invention will be even better clarified in the subsequent detailed description, given only for the purpose of illustration and not to limit the scope of the invention, using various tables of illustrative drawings, in which:
Figure 1 shows a view of the cross section, with respect to a barrier according to the present invention, obtained by applying a longitudinal curb onto a contour sheet metal safety barrier of known type, that is already in use; figure 2 shows a view of the cross section of a new possible horizontal barrier made of sheet metal, equipped with a double longitudinal curb made of rubber, fastened with threaded vertical elements; figure 3 shows a view of the cross section of a barrier similar to that in figure 2, in whose horizontal
SUBSTITUTE SH
casings are fastened the rubber curbs with the impact zone having a tubular section; figure 4 shows a view of the cross section of a further variation to the contouring of the barrier, equipped with a double horizontal curb made of rubber with a swallow-tailed connection; figure 5 shows a view of the cross section of a barrier with contouring similar to that of figure 4, but equipped with a single rubber horizontal curb, still equipped with a swallow-tailed connection but with a large section with respect to the previous case; figure 6 shows, purely as an example, a section of a barrier of a known type, to which a protective elastic horizontal curb has been applied; figure 7 shows, still as an example, a barrier of the new type, equipped with a double horizontal curb, according to the present invention; figure 8, finally, shows a view of the cross section of a barrier made of concrete with two longitudinal curbs applied to it.
Making reference to figure 1, the present invention provides for the execution of horizontal curb 1 with a contour conforming to the profile of barriers 2 of known type, and therefore applicable to those already placed in use, by suitable means, thus obtaining a more functional barrier. With reference to figure 2, the invention provides for the execution of safety barrier 4 with a profile in which two horizontal housing casings 5
SUBSTITUTE SHEET
are made, such as to allow for the application of as many rubber curbs 6, to be suitably fastened with vertical threaded elements 7.
Referring to figure 3, the invention, according to a first variation as referred to in figure 2, provides for the application of horizontal curbs 8 of which the part intended for the dynamic absorption of the shock exhibits tubular contour 9.
Said tubular part allows for an initial deformation upon shock without affecting the actual barrier itself and thus can further limit eventual material damage to the motor vehicle.
Making reference to figure 4, the invention, according to a second variation, provides for the use of barrier 10 with a contour similar to the previous one but with curbs 11 and corresponding casings 12 for a swallow- tailed connection, thus with greater stability of the latter in case of collision.
Referring to figure 5, a further variation of the invention consists in the production of a barrier similar to that which is represented in figure 14 , but which is equipped with single casing 13 and corresponding rubber longitudinal curb 11 with a swallow-tailed attachment, with a larger section in comparison to the previous case. As can be seen from the various figures and in particular from figures 6 and 7, the assembly of barriers 17 mentioned above provides for the use of stanchions 15 in metallic contour and corresponding threaded elements 16, as
SUBSTITUTE SHEET
has already been done for all safety barriers of the known type, widely used on roads and highways.
As already mentioned, onto the above barriers can be applied one or more reflective adhesive or painted strips, phosphorescent or fluorescent for horizontal indication, as stipulated in the traffic code, thus presenting itself as a useful complement for every necessity for such a purpose, which proves particularly useful in the case of night fog or low visibility to indicate the limits of the roadway and/or zones of particular danger. Such strips are illustrated as an example on figure 4 (central strip 18 and edge strip 19) , on figure 6 (strip 19) and on figure 7 (central strip 18) .
Moreover, the rubber protection safeguards the barrier from rust in that it covers a good part of the barrier, thus avoiding the sight of rusted barriers that are anti-aesthetic. The type of rubber used should have good resistance to corrosion from atmospheric agents, acids and salts. According to a further embodiment, both the rubber curbs and the reflective strips are also applied on concrete elements 20, by suitable systems of fastening εuch as expansion bolts, adhesives (not represented) or by a swallow-tailed connection. Figure 8 illustrates precisely one of barriers 20 thus obtained, with two longitudinal curbs 21 applied to it and fastened by the system just cited.
It is obvious that such insets 21, by varying the
SUBSTITUTE SHEET
system of fastening, can also be applied either onto barriers already placed in use, and on barrier elements in the manufacturing process.
A further embodiment of the invention is indicated in which the longitudinal elastic curbs, no matter whether it is a barrier made of sheet metal or is one made of concrete, are made with a type of rubber whose mixture contains elements suitable to conferring it with an effect of fluorescence. By means of this last creation it is obvious that the result of optimum nighttime visibility of the barrier is achieved, which, without having to resort to the application of other elements, can effectively fulfill the function of indicating the direction of the roadway. The fact should be emphasized that the described embodiments do not limit the scope of the invention, but rather it must be understood that numerous modifications, additions, variations or substitutions of elements can be applied to the present invention, without thereby altering either its spirit or its scope, or without going beyond its scope of protection, as defined in the attached claims.
SUBSTITUT
Claims
1. Improved safety road barrier, characterized in that it comprises one or more longitudinal elastic elements that cover the barrier itself only partially, and which are applied to the barrier so as to attain a more gradual absorption of the force of impact of a motor vehicle in the case of an accident, thus limiting the damage resulting from the impact and from the friction between the motor vehicle and the barrier.
2. Barrier according to claim 1, wherein it is comprised of element (2) of contoured sheet metal onto which elastic longitudinal curb (1) is applied and which in turn is contoured so as to be housed between the folds of the contour of said element (2) made of metal sheet.
3. Barrier according to claim 2, wherein it comprises element (5) made of steel plate that is suitably contoured, and which exhibits two housing casings with rectangular section for as many longitudinal elastic protective curbs (6) which are fastened to one another by internal vertical threaded elements (7) .
4. Barrier according to claim 3, wherein said protective elastic curbs (8) exhibit external part (9) with tubular contour, so as to obtain a greater coefficient of absorption of the shock and thus less damage to the motor vehicle in the case of impact.
5. Barrier according to claim 1, wherein it comprises element (10) made of steel plate that has been
SUBSTITUTE suitably contoured, comprising two housing casings (12) with swallow-tailed connection for the insertion of a portion of as many protective elastic curbs (11) that have been suitably contoured.
6. Barrier according to claim 5, wherein it comprises a single protective elastic curb (14) , of greater section, fastened to element (13) again with a swallow- tailed joint.
7. Road barrier according to claim 1, wherein it consists of concrete element (20) onto which one or more longitudinal elastic curbs (21) are applied.
8. Road barrier according to one of claims 1 to 7, wherein said longitudinal curbs are made of rubber, or similar material, of a type that is resistent to corrosion from atmospheric agents, acids and salts.
9. Road barrier according to claim 8, wherein the mixture of the rubber or of the similar material that constitutes said longitudinal curbs contains elements suitable for conferring on it an effect of fluorescence.
10. Barrier according to any of the preceding claims, wherein it also comprises one or more adhesive or painted longitudinal strips that are reflective, phosphorescent or fluorescent (18, 19) to better indicate the limits of the roadway particularly at night, when there is fog or low visibility.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET
Priority Applications (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP6516585A JPH08505673A (en) | 1993-01-20 | 1993-01-20 | Improved safety road barrier |
| AU34503/93A AU3450393A (en) | 1993-01-20 | 1993-01-20 | Improved safety road barrier |
| CA002152800A CA2152800A1 (en) | 1993-01-20 | 1993-01-20 | Improved safety road barrier |
| EP93903205A EP0680534A1 (en) | 1993-01-20 | 1993-01-20 | Improved safety road barrier |
| BR9307783A BR9307783A (en) | 1993-01-20 | 1993-01-20 | Enhanced highway safety fender |
| PCT/EP1993/000120 WO1994017246A1 (en) | 1993-01-20 | 1993-01-20 | Improved safety road barrier |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002152800A CA2152800A1 (en) | 1993-01-20 | 1993-01-20 | Improved safety road barrier |
| PCT/EP1993/000120 WO1994017246A1 (en) | 1993-01-20 | 1993-01-20 | Improved safety road barrier |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO1994017246A1 true WO1994017246A1 (en) | 1994-08-04 |
Family
ID=25678055
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP1993/000120 WO1994017246A1 (en) | 1993-01-20 | 1993-01-20 | Improved safety road barrier |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| BR (1) | BR9307783A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2152800A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1994017246A1 (en) |
Cited By (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1995018890A1 (en) * | 1994-01-10 | 1995-07-13 | Fmk Trafikprodukter Ab | Section bar for safety fence |
| FR2754553A1 (en) * | 1996-10-11 | 1998-04-17 | Vriet Gilles | Shock absorbing strip for metal safety barrier on roads and low concrete walls in central reservations |
| FR2759716A1 (en) * | 1997-02-20 | 1998-08-21 | Colas Sa | Barrier for roads and motorways |
| AU697658B2 (en) * | 1995-06-28 | 1998-10-15 | Guenter Adolf Baatz | Rubber adaptor for highway guardrail |
| ES2125762A1 (en) * | 1995-07-03 | 1999-03-01 | Baatz Guenter Adolf | Solid rubber adapter for road parapet |
| ES2155781A1 (en) * | 1999-05-10 | 2001-05-16 | Urquijo Juan Antonio Alberdi | Improved device for road safety barriers. |
| GB2385899A (en) * | 2002-02-27 | 2003-09-03 | Simon Haywood | A protective rubber buffer strip |
| ES2203298A1 (en) * | 2001-10-24 | 2004-04-01 | Carlos Giménez Sanmarti | Protector for guardrail post, has body mounted on case around post, two complementary halves mounted at positions facing post, and additive incorporated with adherent product |
| AT501657A1 (en) * | 2005-02-24 | 2006-10-15 | Spelitz Knut Dr | SAFETY DEVICE FOR TRAFFIC ROUTES |
| AT500180B1 (en) * | 2003-08-29 | 2006-11-15 | Spelitz Knut Dr | Guardrail |
| ES2345968A1 (en) * | 2008-03-03 | 2010-10-06 | Paulino Barriga Pantaleon | Protective fences for road traffic. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding) |
| US10590616B1 (en) | 2016-10-14 | 2020-03-17 | Jon Kodi | Protective barrier and a corresponding structure |
| US11753783B2 (en) | 2020-03-24 | 2023-09-12 | Jon Kodi | Guard rail barrier from recycled tires |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR1567601A (en) * | 1967-06-01 | 1969-05-16 | ||
| DE2515938A1 (en) * | 1975-04-11 | 1976-10-21 | Josef Dreker | Roadside route-marking reflector system - comprising pref plastic reflecting strips evenly distributed at headlamp level |
| FR2451606A1 (en) * | 1979-03-16 | 1980-10-10 | Wolfson Charline | Crash barrier for motorway - has central channel holding reflections or letters indicating town or hazard |
| FR2460365A1 (en) * | 1979-06-29 | 1981-01-23 | Equip Public Ste Civile | Two rail vehicle impact barrier - has winged trapezoidal channel section rail with troughed traffic face lined with rubber or plastics |
| DE3709911A1 (en) * | 1987-03-26 | 1988-10-13 | Karlheinz Bockisch | Crash barrier for delimiting roadways |
| EP0343091A1 (en) * | 1988-05-20 | 1989-11-23 | Claude Pomero | Method and devices for keeping vehicles on the road |
-
1993
- 1993-01-20 CA CA002152800A patent/CA2152800A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1993-01-20 BR BR9307783A patent/BR9307783A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1993-01-20 WO PCT/EP1993/000120 patent/WO1994017246A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR1567601A (en) * | 1967-06-01 | 1969-05-16 | ||
| DE2515938A1 (en) * | 1975-04-11 | 1976-10-21 | Josef Dreker | Roadside route-marking reflector system - comprising pref plastic reflecting strips evenly distributed at headlamp level |
| FR2451606A1 (en) * | 1979-03-16 | 1980-10-10 | Wolfson Charline | Crash barrier for motorway - has central channel holding reflections or letters indicating town or hazard |
| FR2460365A1 (en) * | 1979-06-29 | 1981-01-23 | Equip Public Ste Civile | Two rail vehicle impact barrier - has winged trapezoidal channel section rail with troughed traffic face lined with rubber or plastics |
| DE3709911A1 (en) * | 1987-03-26 | 1988-10-13 | Karlheinz Bockisch | Crash barrier for delimiting roadways |
| EP0343091A1 (en) * | 1988-05-20 | 1989-11-23 | Claude Pomero | Method and devices for keeping vehicles on the road |
Cited By (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1995018890A1 (en) * | 1994-01-10 | 1995-07-13 | Fmk Trafikprodukter Ab | Section bar for safety fence |
| AU697658B2 (en) * | 1995-06-28 | 1998-10-15 | Guenter Adolf Baatz | Rubber adaptor for highway guardrail |
| ES2125762A1 (en) * | 1995-07-03 | 1999-03-01 | Baatz Guenter Adolf | Solid rubber adapter for road parapet |
| FR2754553A1 (en) * | 1996-10-11 | 1998-04-17 | Vriet Gilles | Shock absorbing strip for metal safety barrier on roads and low concrete walls in central reservations |
| FR2759716A1 (en) * | 1997-02-20 | 1998-08-21 | Colas Sa | Barrier for roads and motorways |
| ES2155781A1 (en) * | 1999-05-10 | 2001-05-16 | Urquijo Juan Antonio Alberdi | Improved device for road safety barriers. |
| ES2203298A1 (en) * | 2001-10-24 | 2004-04-01 | Carlos Giménez Sanmarti | Protector for guardrail post, has body mounted on case around post, two complementary halves mounted at positions facing post, and additive incorporated with adherent product |
| GB2385899A (en) * | 2002-02-27 | 2003-09-03 | Simon Haywood | A protective rubber buffer strip |
| AT500180B1 (en) * | 2003-08-29 | 2006-11-15 | Spelitz Knut Dr | Guardrail |
| AT501657A1 (en) * | 2005-02-24 | 2006-10-15 | Spelitz Knut Dr | SAFETY DEVICE FOR TRAFFIC ROUTES |
| AT501657B1 (en) * | 2005-02-24 | 2008-05-15 | Spelitz Knut Dr | SAFETY DEVICE FOR TRAFFIC ROUTES |
| ES2345968A1 (en) * | 2008-03-03 | 2010-10-06 | Paulino Barriga Pantaleon | Protective fences for road traffic. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding) |
| US10590616B1 (en) | 2016-10-14 | 2020-03-17 | Jon Kodi | Protective barrier and a corresponding structure |
| US11753783B2 (en) | 2020-03-24 | 2023-09-12 | Jon Kodi | Guard rail barrier from recycled tires |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BR9307783A (en) | 1995-11-14 |
| CA2152800A1 (en) | 1994-08-04 |
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