WO1994009111A1 - Process for producing extrudates used as detergents or cleaning agents - Google Patents

Process for producing extrudates used as detergents or cleaning agents Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO1994009111A1
WO1994009111A1 PCT/EP1993/002836 EP9302836W WO9409111A1 WO 1994009111 A1 WO1994009111 A1 WO 1994009111A1 EP 9302836 W EP9302836 W EP 9302836W WO 9409111 A1 WO9409111 A1 WO 9409111A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
weight
throughput
specific work
zeolite
premix
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP1993/002836
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Jochen Jacobs
Bernd Larson
Hubert Pawelczyk
Norbert Kühne
Kathrin Schnepp
Wolfgang Seiter
Rene-Andres Artiga Gonzalez
Original Assignee
Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien filed Critical Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien
Priority to KR1019950701549A priority Critical patent/KR950704471A/en
Priority to EP93923465A priority patent/EP0665879B1/en
Priority to DE59305176T priority patent/DE59305176D1/en
Priority to JP6509634A priority patent/JPH08502312A/en
Publication of WO1994009111A1 publication Critical patent/WO1994009111A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11DDETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D17/00Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
    • C11D17/06Powder; Flakes; Free-flowing mixtures; Sheets
    • C11D17/065High-density particulate detergent compositions
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11DDETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D17/00Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
    • C11D17/06Powder; Flakes; Free-flowing mixtures; Sheets
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11DDETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D11/00Special methods for preparing compositions containing mixtures of detergents ; Methods for using cleaning compositions

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a process for the production of washable or cleaning-active extrudates with a high density, which permits high throughput, the granules obtained by using the process and storage-stable and free-flowing detergent or cleaning agent concentrates containing them.
  • a process for the production of extrudates with high density whereby a homogeneous solid and free-flowing premix is extruded under pressure and the strand is cut to the predetermined granule size by means of a cutting device after exiting the hole shape becomes.
  • the homogeneous solid and free-flowing premix contains a plasticizer and / or lubricant, which has the effect that the solid and free-flowing premix is plastically softened and extrudable under the pressure or under the entry of specific work.
  • Preferred plasticizers and / or lubricants are surfactants and / or polymers, which are preferably used in liquid, pasty or gel-like preparation form.
  • an extruder is known from international patent application WO-A-91/13678 which can be used to carry out this method.
  • the extruded detergent or cleaning agent granules which can be produced by this process can contain high proportions of surfactants, for example up to 35% by weight, and have very good properties in terms of both use and consumption.
  • Structurally viscous behavior affects the lowering of plasticity with increasing shear rate.
  • the opposite behavior is called dilatancy. If there are only structurally viscous constituents in a premix, then it can happen that the premix softens so much under a strong shear gradient that it becomes almost liquid so that it is no longer capable of being cut after exiting the hole shapes. This also applies in particular to mixtures which contain high amounts of surfactants, for example nonionic surfactants or anionic surfactant pastes.
  • the extrudates produced according to WO-A-91/02047 therefore preferably contain not only constituents with a pseudoplastic viscosity, but also constituents with a dilatant action, which have increasing plasticity with increasing shear rate.
  • An increase in the throughput through the extruder initially results in an increase in pressure. Premixes which only contain constituents having a viscous structure soften under these conditions. At the same time, however, an increased throughput also means an increased energy input into the system (the Tool performance must be increased).
  • An increase in the throughput of a given formulation in a given extruder system also means an increase in the shear gradient and thus brings about the described decrease in plasticity in the case of structurally viscous components and an increase in the plasticity in the case of dilatant components.
  • the value of the specific work should be as low as possible for reasons of energy saving, the size of the system and drive of the systems, and the material stress. In view of this, a limited reduction in plasticity with increasing shear rate is even desirable for a given system.
  • the object of the invention was to develop a method for producing extrudates, the pressure (as a measurable parameter) and thus the specific work does not increase significantly when increasing the throughput.
  • another object of the invention was that the pressure and thus the specific work in a given system should not only not increase significantly when increasing the throughput, but should not decrease significantly either. This should ensure a constant cutting behavior of the plasticized strand even with different throughputs.
  • the extrudates obtained by the process should also meet the formulation requirements of modern washing or cleaning agents. It should therefore be possible to produce extrudates with a content of up to about 45% by weight of anionic and nonionic surfactants. It should also be possible to incorporate peroxy bleaching agents, for example perborate, into the extrudates using the process according to the invention.
  • the invention relates in a first embodiment to a process for producing washable or cleaning-active extrudates with high density, a homogeneous, solid and free-flowing premix being extruded under pressure and the strand after exiting the perforated shape by means of a cutting device onto the predetermined extrudate - Dimension is cut and in the premix to be extruded, a self-regulating system of recipe constituents having a structure-viscous effect under the process conditions and dilatant-acting recipe constituents is used, with the result that the value of the specific work does not significantly increase when the throughput is increased increases.
  • the specific work required for the extrusion should be as small as possible.
  • a value of max. 120 kJ / kg therefore represents a preferred upper limit for the specific work.
  • the value of the specific work should not increase significantly as the throughput increases; this means that the value of the specific work in a given system should preferably not increase by more than 10% of the initial value when the throughput is increased by at least 10%. It is preferred that the pressure and thus the value of the specific work should remain almost constant when the throughput is increased or should not decrease so much that the plastic decorated strand softened too much to be able to cut.
  • the deviation of the specific work when increasing the throughput in a given system by at least 10%, preferably by 10 to 50% and in particular up to 40%, not more than ⁇ 10% , preferably not more than ⁇ 5% and in particular not more than ⁇ 3%, in each case based on the initial value.
  • the throughput is increased, a transition to another extruder system, which, for example, has tools that work differently, is required. Regardless of the recipe, this can cause either an increase or a decrease in the specific work, whereby the size of the change cannot be stated as a percentage.
  • the specific work should preferably not increase above a value of 120 kJ / kg, in particular above 100 kJ / kg.
  • the lower limit of the specific work is again determined by the cutting ability of the strand.
  • Preferred throughput quantities are quantities in the range from 400 to 10,000 kg / h. Quantities below are unrenta ⁇ bel for large-scale production. Throughput rates of 600 to 7000 kg / h are particularly preferred.
  • the extrusion process according to WO-A-91/02047 is designed in such a way that widely variable formulations of solid and liquid constituents can be extruded under certain process conditions. Under the influence of the high pressure, the formulations should soften to such an extent that they spontaneously harden again after exiting the hole shapes so that they can be cut.
  • the plasticizers and / or lubricants as well as the selection and the amount of the plasticizers and / or lubricants used, which ensure the extrudability, are therefore a particularly important feature. What is new compared to WO-A-91/02047 is the feature that components which have a dilatant effect are present in the premixes.
  • zeolite and / or sand in particular for the production of detergents zeolite, are preferably used as dilatant active ingredients, whereas particularly preferred structurally viscous components are surfactants and / or polymeric polycarboxylates .
  • the zeolite used with preference is a finely crystalline, synthetic and bound water-containing zeolite, in particular zeolite NaA in detergent quality.
  • zeolite NaX and mixtures of NaA and NaX are also suitable.
  • the zeolite can be used as a spray-dried powder or as an undried stabilized suspension which is still moist from its production.
  • Suitable solid zeolites have an average particle size of less than 10 ⁇ (volume distribution; measurement method: Coulter Counter) and preferably contain 20 to 22% by weight of bound water.
  • the zeolite can contain minor additions of nonionic surfactants as stabilizers, for example 1 to 3% by weight, based on zeolite, of ethoxylated C 2 -C 6 fatty alcohols with 2 to 5 ethylene oxide groups or ethoxylated sotridecanols.
  • the extrusion process is preferably carried out at pressures of up to 260 bar, in particular between 25 and 200 bar.
  • the lower pressure of at least 25 bar disclosed in international applications WO-A-91/02047 and WO-A-93/02176 does not represent an absolutely fixed limit, but instead depends on the The type of extruder and the throughput of, for example, about 7000 kg / h or more can also be undercut. at Such high throughputs obviously play an important role in technical apparatus parameters, which were not foreseeable at lower throughputs, for example between 600 and 2000 kg / h.
  • zeolite preferably zeolite NaA, optionally in combination with zeolite NaX, in particular zeolite NaA in detergent quality in amounts of 10 to 60% by weight, advantageously in amounts of 15 to 55% by weight. % and in particular from 18 to 50% by weight, calculated in each case as an anhydrous active substance and based on the finished granules.
  • the proportion of the components with a pseudoplastic effect is then adjusted so that the difference between the microscopically occurring pressure increase (caused by the increase in throughput and the behavior of the dilating components) and the microscopically occurring pressure reduction (caused by the softening) of the components with a pseudoplastic effect) is so low or almost zero that macroscopically no change in the pressure occurs to the extent that a substantial change in the specific work would be effected.
  • the self-regulating system not only brings about an approximate pressure constant for a given formulation system in a given extruder system, but also enables approximate temperature constancy in a further aspect of the invention due to the approximately constant specific work, since extruders have only a low level Have heat exchange surface and the residence time of the plasticized premix in the extruder is relatively short.
  • the extrusion is carried out in a temperature range between 30 and 70 ° C., in particular between 35 and 65 ° C., which ensures that temperature-sensitive components, for example peroxy bleaching agents such as perborate, can also be processed.
  • temperature-sensitive components for example peroxy bleaching agents such as perborate
  • Lubricant is referred to the disclosure of WO-A-91/02047.
  • the premix is preferably fed continuously to a 2-screw extruder with a co-rotating or counter-rotating screw guide, the housing and the extruder pelletizing head of which can be heated to the predetermined extruded temperature.
  • the premix is compressed, plasticized, extruded in the form of fine strands through the perforated die plate in the extruder head and finally the extrudate is preferably reduced to spherical to cylindrical granules by means of a rotating knives.
  • the hole diameter in the perforated nozzle plate and the strand cut length are matched to the selected granule dimension.
  • granules of a substantially uniformly predeterminable particle size can be produced, the absolute particle sizes in particular being able to be adapted to the intended use.
  • particle diameters up to at most 0.8 cm are preferred.
  • Important embodiments provide for the production of uniform granules with diameters in the millimeter range, for example in the range from 0.5 to 5 mm and in particular in the range from approximately 0.8 to 3 mm.
  • the length / diameter ratio of the chopped-off primary granules is in the range from about 1: 1 to about 3: 1.
  • edges present on the raw granulate are rounded off so that ultimately spherical or at least approximately spherical granules can be obtained.
  • small amounts of dry powder for example zeolite powder such as zeolite NaA powder, fatty acid salts such as calcium stearate, finely divided silicas and mixtures of these, can also be used in this stage.
  • This shaping can be carried out in standard rounding machines, for example in rounders with a rotating base plate.
  • the granules are then preferably fed to a drying step, for example a fluidized bed dryer.
  • extruded Granules which contain peroxy compounds as bleaching agents, for example perborate monohydrate, are dried at supply air temperatures between 80 and 150 ° C. without loss of active oxygen.
  • the free water content of the dried granules is preferably up to about 3% by weight, in particular between 0.1 to 1% by weight.
  • dry powders are again zeolite-NaA powder, but also precipitated or pyrogenic silica, such as are commercially available, for example, as Aerosil (R) or Sipernat (O (products from Degussa), and fatty acid salts such as calcium stearate.
  • zeolite-NaA powder but also precipitated or pyrogenic silica, such as are commercially available, for example, as Aerosil (R) or Sipernat (O (products from Degussa), and fatty acid salts such as calcium stearate.
  • fatty alcohol sulfate powder which consists essentially, that is to say at least 90%, of particles with a particle size of less than 100 ⁇ m.
  • mixtures of zeolite and fatty alcohol sulfate powder, zeolite and silica or zeolite and calcium stearate are preferred.
  • solid washing or cleaning agents are claimed, which are produced by the process according to the invention and have a bulk density of preferably 600 to 1200 g / 1 and in particular 750 to 1000 g / 1.
  • detergents which contain 10 to 45% by weight, preferably 15 to 40% by weight, of surfactants produced by the process according to the invention are preferred.
  • Suitable anionic surfactants are, for example, those of the sulfonate and sulfate type.
  • Suitable surfactants of the sulfonate type come alkyl benzene sulfonates (Cg-Ci5 alkyl), olefin sulfonates, ie mixtures of alkene and hybrid droxyalkansulfonaten and the disulfonates obtained, for example, 'f' from Ci2-CI8 ° M ° no l e 'nen with a double and internal double bond obtained by sulfonation with gaseous sulfur trioxide and subsequent alkaline or acidic hydrolysis of the sulfonation products.
  • dialkane sulfonates which are derived from C ⁇ -Cig-Al anen by sulfochlorination or sulfoxidation and subsequent hydrolysis or neutralization or by bisulfite addition to olefins, and in particular the esters of ⁇ -sulfofatty acids (ester sulfonates), for example the ⁇ -sulfonated methyl esters of hydrogenated coconut, palm kernel or tallow fatty acids. Salts of alkylsulfosuccinic acid can also be used.
  • Suitable surfactants of the sulfate type are the sulfuric acid monoesters from primary alcohols of natural and synthetic origin, that is to say from fatty alcohols, for example coconut fatty alcohols, tallow fatty alcohols, oleyl alcohol, lauryl, myristyl, palmityl or stearyl alcohol, or the CIQ-C20 -0 ⁇ oa l alcohols, and those of secondary alcohols of this chain length.
  • the sulfuric acid monoesters of the alcohols ethoxylated with 1 to 6 mol of ethylene oxide, such as 2-methyl-branched Cg-Cu alcohols with an average of 3.5 mol of ethylene oxide, are also suitable.
  • Sulfated fatty acid monoglycerides are also suitable.
  • Soaps from natural or synthetic, preferably saturated, fatty acids can also be used.
  • Soap mixtures derived from natural fatty acids for example coconut, palm kernel or tallow fatty acids, are particularly suitable.
  • Preferred are those which are composed of 50 to 100% of saturated C 1 -C 6 fatty acid soaps and 0 to 50% of oleic acid soaps.
  • the anionic surfactants can be in the form of their sodium, potassium and ammonium salts and also as soluble salts of organic bases, such as mono-, di- or triethanolamine.
  • the content of anionic surfactants or anionic surfactant mixtures in detergents according to the invention is preferably 5 to 40% by weight, in particular 8 to 35% by weight. It is particularly advantageous if the sulfonate and / or sulfate content of the agents is 10 to 35% by weight, in particular 15 to 30% by weight, and the soap content is up to 8% by weight, in particular 0%. 5 to 5% by weight.
  • the anionic surfactants can be used in solid form, for example in spray-dried or granulated form, or in liquid to pasty form. It is preferred to use the anionic surfactants as plasticizers. and / or lubricants and / or as a solid premix component in the form of a spray-dried, granulated or extruded compound in the
  • the nonionic surfactants used are preferably liquid ethoxylated, in particular primary, alcohols having preferably 9 to 18 carbon atoms and on average 1 to 12 moles of ethylene oxide (EO) per mole of alcohol, in which the alcohol radical is linear or methyl-branched in the 2-position may, or may contain linear and methyl-branched radicals in the mixture, as are usually present in oxo alcohol radicals.
  • EO ethylene oxide
  • linear residues from alcohols of native origin with 12 to 18 carbon atoms e.g. from coconut, tallow or oleyl alcohol, which have an average of 2 to 8 EO, preferred.
  • the content of the agents in ethoxylated alcohols used according to the invention as nonionic surfactants is preferably 1 to 15% by weight and in particular 2 to 10% by weight.
  • the weight ratio of anionic surfactant to ethoxylated fatty alcohols is preferably 1: 2 to 6: 1 and in particular 1: 1.2 to 6: 1.
  • Polyhydroxy fatty acid amides are suitable as further nonionic surfactants. These are known substances which can usually be obtained by reductive amination of a reducing sugar with ammonia, an alkyl in or an alkanolamine and subsequent acylation with a fatty acid, a fatty acid alkyl ester or a fatty acid chloride. With regard to the processes for their production, reference is made to US Pat. Nos. 1,985,424, 2,016,962 and 2,703,798, as well as international patent application WO-A-92/06984.
  • nonionic surfactants can also be alkyl glycosides of the general formula R-0- (G) x , in which R is a primary straight-chain or aliphatic radical with 8 to 22, preferably 12 to 18, C-atoms, methyl-branched, G is a symbol which stands for a glycose unit with 5 or 6 carbon atoms and the degree of oligomerization x is between 1 and 10, preferably between 1 and 2 and is particularly clear is less than 1.4, for example in amounts of 1 to 10% by weight.
  • R is a primary straight-chain or aliphatic radical with 8 to 22, preferably 12 to 18, C-atoms, methyl-branched
  • G is a symbol which stands for a glycose unit with 5 or 6 carbon atoms and the degree of oligomerization x is between 1 and 10, preferably between 1 and 2 and is particularly clear is less than 1.4, for example in amounts of 1 to 10% by weight.
  • Further builder constituents are crystalline, layered sodium silicates of the general formula Na Si x ⁇ 2 + yH2 ⁇ , where M is sodium or hydrogen, x is a number from 1.9 to 4 and y is a number from 0 to 20 and preferred values for x 2, 3 or 4.
  • Such crystalline layered silicates are described, for example, in European patent application EP-A-164514.
  • Preferred crystalline layered silicates are those in which M represents sodium and x assumes the values 2 or 3.
  • both ⁇ - and fr-sodium disilicate Na2Si2 ⁇ 5 * yH2 ⁇ are preferred, wherein ⁇ -sodium disilicate can be obtained, for example, by the method described in international patent application WO-A-91/08171.
  • the crystalline layered silicates are preferably introduced into the process in amounts of 1 to 10% by weight and in particular in amounts of 2 to 8% by weight.
  • bu lder components which can be used in particular as plasticizers and / or lubricants are (co) polymeric polycarboxylates, such as polyacrylates, polyethacrylates and in particular copolymers of acrylic acid with maleic acid, preferably those from 50 % to 10% maleic acid.
  • the relative molecular weight of the homopolymers is generally between 1,000 and 100,000, that of the copolymers between 2,000 and 200,000, preferably 50,000 to 120,000, based on free acid.
  • a particularly preferred acrylic acid-maleic acid copolymer has a relative molecular weight of 50,000 to 100,000. Suitable, albeit less preferred, compounds of this class are copolymers de.
  • Acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with vinyl ethers such as vinyl methyl ethers, in which the proportion of acid is at least 50%.
  • biodegradable terpolymers are preferred.
  • polyacetal carboxylic acids as described for example in the patents US-A-4,144,226 and US-A-4,146,495, and polymeric acids which are obtained by polymerizing acrolein and subsequent disproportionation by means of alkalis and from acrylic acid units and vinyl alcohol units or acrolein units are built up.
  • the (co) polymeric polycarboxylates are in solid form or in liquid form Form, ie in the form of an aqueous solution, preferably in the form of a 30 to 55 wt .-% aqueous solution, introduced into the process.
  • the content of the agents in (co) polymeric polycarboxylates is preferably up to 10% by weight and in particular 2 to 8% by weight.
  • Usable organic builders are, for example, the polycarboxylic acids preferably used in the form of their sodium salts, such as citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, tartaric acid, sugar acids and mixtures of these and nitrilotriacetate (NTA), provided that such use is not objectionable for ecological reasons is.
  • polycarboxylic acids preferably used in the form of their sodium salts, such as citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, tartaric acid, sugar acids and mixtures of these and nitrilotriacetate (NTA), provided that such use is not objectionable for ecological reasons is.
  • Suitable ingredients of the agents are water-soluble inorganic alkalizing agents such as bicarbonates or carbonates, in particular alkali carbonate, especially sodium carbonate, and amorphous silicates are used.
  • the alkalizing agents are preferably introduced into the process in solid form. However, it is also possible to use the alkalizing agents at least partially in the form of an aqueous solution, e.g. in the form of a mixture of solid alkali carbonate and an alkali silicate solution.
  • the sodium carbonate content of the agents is preferably up to 20% by weight, advantageously between 5 and 15% by weight.
  • Preferred alkali silicates have a molar M2 ⁇ : Si ⁇ 2 ratio of 1: 1.9 to 1: 4.5 and in particular of 1: 2 to 1: 3.3, where M is sodium or potassium, and are in amounts of 0 , 5 to 15% by weight, preferably in amounts of 1 to 12% by weight and in particular in amounts of 1 to 10% by weight, in each case based on the finished granules.
  • the other detergent components include graying inhibitors (dirt carriers), foam inhibitors, bleaching agents and bleach activators, optical brighteners, enzymes, fabric softening agents, colorants and fragrances as well as neutral salts.
  • bleaching agents which can be used are, for example, peroxycarbonate, peroxypyophosphates, citrate perhydrates and peracid salts or peracids which provide H2O2, such as perbenzoates, peroxo- phthalates, diperazelaic acid or diperdodecanedioic acid.
  • the bleaching agent content of the agents is preferably 5 to 25% by weight and in particular 10 to 20% by weight, with perborate onohydrate advantageously being used.
  • bleach activators can be incorporated into the preparations.
  • these are N-acyl or O-acyl compounds which form organic peracids with H2O2, preferably N, N'-tetraacylated diamines, such as N, N, N ', N'-tetraacetylethylene diamine, furthermore carboxylic acid anhydrides and esters of polyols such as glucose pentaacetate.
  • the bleach activator content of the bleach-containing agents is in the usual range, preferably between 1 and 10% by weight and in particular between 3 and 8% by weight.
  • Graying inhibitors have the task of keeping the dirt detached from the fiber suspended in the liquor and thus preventing graying.
  • Water-soluble colloids of mostly organic nature are suitable for this, such as, for example, the water-soluble salts of polymeric carboxylic acids, glue, gelatin, salts of ether carboxylic acids or ether sulfonic acids of starch or cellulose or salts of acidic sulfuric acid esters of cellulose or starch.
  • Water-soluble polyamides containing acidic groups are also suitable for this purpose. Soluble starch preparations and starch products other than those mentioned above can also be used, for example degraded starch, aldehyde starches, etc.
  • Polyvinylpyrrolidone can also be used.
  • Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt
  • methyl cellulose methyl cellulose
  • hydroxyalkyl cellulose and mixed ethers such as methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose and mixtures thereof
  • polyvinylpyrrolidone in particular in amounts of 0.5 to 5% by weight, based on the composition, are preferably used.
  • the foaming power of the surfactants can be increased or decreased by combining suitable types of surfactants; a reduction can also be achieved by adding non-surfactant-like organic substances.
  • a reduced foaming power, which is desirable when working in machines, is often achieved by combining different types of surfactants, for Example of sulfates and / or sulfonates with nonionic surfactants and / or with soaps.
  • soaps the foam-suppressing effect increases with the degree of saturation and the C number of the fatty acid ester. Soaps of natural and synthetic origin are suitable as foam-inhibiting soaps which have a high proportion of C 1 -C 24 -fatty acids.
  • Suitable non-surfactant-like foam inhibitors are organopolysiloxanes and their mixtures with microfine, optionally silanized silica, paraffin, waxes, microcrystalline waxes and their mixtures with silanized silica or bistearylethylenediamide. Mixtures of various foam inhibitors are also advantageously used, for example those composed of silicones and paraffins or waxes.
  • the foam inhibitors are preferably bound to a granular, water-soluble or dispersible carrier substance or are admixed with the plasticizer and / or lubricant.
  • the detergents can contain, as optical brighteners, derivatives of diaminostilbenedisulfonic acid or its alkali metal salts. Suitable are, for example, salts of 4,4'-bis (2-anilino-4-morpholino-l, 3,5-triazin-6-yl-amino) -stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid or compounds of the same structure which carry a diethanolamino group, a methylamino group, an anilino group or a 2-methoxyethylamino group instead of the morpholino group.
  • Brighteners of the substituted 4,4'-distyryl-di-phenyl type may also be present; for example the compound 4,4'-bis (4-chloro-3-sulfostyryl) diphenyl. Mixtures of the aforementioned brighteners can also be used.
  • uniformly white granules are obtained if, apart from the customary optical brighteners, the agents are present in customary amounts, for example between 0.1 and 0.5, preferably around 0.1 to 0.3, by weight. %, even small amounts, for example 10 ⁇ 6 to 10 "3 wt .-%, preferably around 10" 5 wt .-%, of a blue dye.
  • a particularly preferred dye is Tinolux ( R ) (product name of Ciba-Geigy).
  • Enzymes from the class of proteases, lipases, cellulases and amylases or mixtures thereof are possible. Particularly well suited net are enzymatic active ingredients obtained from bacterial strains or fungi such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and Strepto yces griseus. Proteases of the subtilisin type and in particular proteases obtained from Bacillus lentus are preferably used.
  • the enzymes can be adsorbed on carriers and / or embedded in shell substances in order to protect them against premature decomposition.
  • the salts of polyphosphonic acids are suitable as stabilizers, in particular for per-compounds and enzymes.
  • the agents can also contain constituents which improve the solubility of the compacted granules. Such constituents and the introduction of these constituents into the premix to be extruded are described, for example, in the international patent application WO-A-93/02176 and the older German patent application P 4203031.5.
  • the preferred ingredients used to improve the solubility of the granules include, in particular, fatty alcohols with 20 to 80 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of fatty alcohol, for example tallow fatty alcohol with 30 E0 and tallow fatty alcohol with 40 E0, and polyethylene glycols with a relative molecular weight. cooling mass between 200 and 2000.
  • the detergents and cleaning agents can be produced uniformly from extrudates which have the above-mentioned ingredients.
  • the agents can also be obtained from a mixture of several different granules, of which the extrudates according to the invention form the main component.
  • the bleach activator, the enzymes, and colorants and fragrances can be subsequently added to the extrudates. It is preferred to use the bleach activator and the enzymes in each case in compacted granular form, for example as extrudates produced separately in each case, which are obtained by means of a kneader of the configuration described above or via a pellet press. Examples
  • a homogeneous solid and free-flowing premix containing anionic surfactants (Cg-Ci3-alkylbenzenesulfonate and Ci6-Ci8-F etta alcohol sulfate with a weight ratio of 2: 1), with 5 EO, zeolite, perborate monohydrate, sodium carbonate, Sokalan ( R ) CP5 (copoly eres of acrylic acid and maleic acid, commercial product from BASF), amorphous sodium silicate (Na2 ⁇ : SiÜ2 1: 3.0) and polyethylene glycol with a relative molecular weight of 400 was extruded in a Werner & Pfleiderer twin-screw extruder (type C120, with co-rotating screws) at throughputs of 600 kg / h, 700 kg, h and 800 kg / h and a pressure of 170 bar.
  • anionic surfactants Cg-Ci3-alkylbenzenesulfonate and Ci6-C
  • the same premix was then extruded in a twin-screw extruder from Lihotzky (type 2000, with counter-rotating screws) at a throughput of 2000 kg / h and a pressure of 32 bar.
  • the temperature of the mixture to be extruded was 60 to 62 ° C. in each case before the hole emerged. The corresponding values of the specific work can be found in the table.
  • the extrudates were then dried in a fluidized bed.
  • Extrudates were obtained with a content of 23% by weight of anionic surfactants, 2.7% by weight of nonionic surfactant, 19% by weight of zeolite (calculated as an anhydrous active substance), 18% by weight of perborate monohydrate, 5% by weight sodium carbonate, 6.0% by weight Sokalan ( R ) cP5, 2.2% by weight amorphous sodium silicate, 2.2% by weight polyethylene glycol and 11.0% by weight Water.
  • the rest consisted of salts derived from the raw materials.
  • the differences in the values of the specific work for throughputs between 600 and 800 kg / h in the same extruder system were less than 1.5%, based on the initial value at 600 kg / h.
  • the relatively large difference to the value of the specific work at a throughput of 2000 kg / h arises from the transition to another extrusion system.
  • the bulk weights of the products were between 840 and 880 g / 1.

Abstract

High-density extrudates are produced under pressure, with a homogenous solid premix being pressed into a strand at these pressures and, following extrusion, the strand being cut up by a cutter to the predetermined granulate size, but with no essential increase in the pressure and thus in the specific work as the throughput is increased. This is accomplished by using in the extrusion premix a self-regulating system consisting of preparation constituents having intrinsically viscous effects and preparation constituents having dilatant effects. Since, in macroscopic terms, there is no change in the pressure in the compound sufficient to effect an essential change in the specific work, the extrusion throughput can be increased in a given system with approximately the same temperature or in the same temperature range as before the increase in throughput (approximate constancy of temperature). As a result, temperature-sensitive constituents, for example peroxy bleaching agents, can also be extruded despite the increase in throughput.

Description

"Verfahren zur Herstellung wasch- oder reiniqunqsaktiver Extrudate" "Process for the production of washable or cleanly active extrudates"
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung wasch- oder reini¬ gungsaktiver Extrudate mit hoher Dichte, das einen hohen Durchsatz er¬ laubt, die durch Anwendung des Verfahrens gewonnenen Granulate sowie diese enthaltende, lagerstabile und rieselfähige Wasch- oder Reinigungsmittel- Konzentrate.The invention relates to a process for the production of washable or cleaning-active extrudates with a high density, which permits high throughput, the granules obtained by using the process and storage-stable and free-flowing detergent or cleaning agent concentrates containing them.
Aus der internationalen Patentanmeldung WO-A-91/02047 ist ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Extrudaten mit hoher Dichte bekannt, wobei ein homogenes festes und rieselfähiges Vorgemisch unter Druck strangförmig verpreßt und der Strang nach Austritt aus der Lochform mittels einer Schneidevorrichtung auf die vorbestimmte Granulatdimension zugeschnitten wird. Das homogene feste und rieselfähige Vorgemisch enthält ein Plastifizier- und/oder Gleitmittel, welches bewirkt, daß das feste und rieselfähige Vorgemisch unter dem Druck bzw. unter dem Eintrag spezifi¬ scher Arbeit plastisch erweicht und extrudierbar wird. Bevorzugte Plasti¬ fizier- und/oder Gleitmittel sind Tenside und/oder Polymere, die vorzugs¬ weise in flüssiger, pastenförmiger oder gelartiger Zubereitungsform einge¬ setzt werden. Nach dem Austritt aus der Lochform wirken auf das System keine Scherkräfte mehr ein und die Viskosität des Systems verringert sich dadurch derart, daß der extrudierte Strang auf vorherbestimmbare Extrudat- dimensionen geschnitten werden kann. Aus der internationalen Patentanmel¬ dung WO-A-91/13678 ist beispielsweise ein Extruder bekannt, der zur Durch¬ führung dieses Verfahrens verwendet werden kann.From the international patent application WO-A-91/02047 a process for the production of extrudates with high density is known, whereby a homogeneous solid and free-flowing premix is extruded under pressure and the strand is cut to the predetermined granule size by means of a cutting device after exiting the hole shape becomes. The homogeneous solid and free-flowing premix contains a plasticizer and / or lubricant, which has the effect that the solid and free-flowing premix is plastically softened and extrudable under the pressure or under the entry of specific work. Preferred plasticizers and / or lubricants are surfactants and / or polymers, which are preferably used in liquid, pasty or gel-like preparation form. After exiting the hole shape, the system is no longer subjected to shear forces and the viscosity of the system is reduced in such a way that the extruded strand can be cut to predeterminable extrudate dimensions. For example, an extruder is known from international patent application WO-A-91/13678 which can be used to carry out this method.
Die nach diesem Verfahren herstellbaren extrudierten Wasch- oder Reini¬ gungsmittelgranulate können hohe Anteile an Tensiden, beispielsweise bis 35 Gew.-%, enthalten und weisen sehr gute sowohl anwendungstechnische als auch verbraucherfreundliche Eigenschaften auf.The extruded detergent or cleaning agent granules which can be produced by this process can contain high proportions of surfactants, for example up to 35% by weight, and have very good properties in terms of both use and consumption.
Ein strukturviskoses Verhalten wirkt sich durch die Erniedrigung der Pla¬ stizität bei steigendem Schergefälle aus. Das entgegengesetzte Verhalten wird Dilatanz genannt. Liegen nur strukturviskos wirkende Bestandteile in einem Vorgemisch vor, dann kann es geschehen, daß das Vorgemisch unter einem starken Schergefälle so stark erweicht, ja nahezu flüssig wird, daß es nach dem Austritt aus den Lochformen nicht mehr schneidfähig ist. Ins¬ besondere gilt dies auch für Mischungen, die hohe Mengen an Tensiden, bei¬ spielsweise Niotenside oder Aniontensidpasten, enthalten. Die nach WO-A-91/02047 hergestellten Extrudate enthalten daher vorzugsweise nicht nur strukturviskos wirkende Bestandteile, sondern auch dilatant wirkende Bestandteile, welche bei steigendem Schergefälle eine steigende Plastizi¬ tät aufweisen.Structurally viscous behavior affects the lowering of plasticity with increasing shear rate. The opposite behavior is called dilatancy. If there are only structurally viscous constituents in a premix, then it can happen that the premix softens so much under a strong shear gradient that it becomes almost liquid so that it is no longer capable of being cut after exiting the hole shapes. This also applies in particular to mixtures which contain high amounts of surfactants, for example nonionic surfactants or anionic surfactant pastes. The extrudates produced according to WO-A-91/02047 therefore preferably contain not only constituents with a pseudoplastic viscosity, but also constituents with a dilatant action, which have increasing plasticity with increasing shear rate.
Eine Erhöhung des Durchsatzes durch den Extruder bewirkt für sich gesehen zunächst eine Erhöhung des Drucks. Vorgemische, die lediglich struktur¬ viskos wirkende Bestandteile enthalten, erweichen unter diesen Bedingun¬ gen. Gleichzeitig bedeutet aber ein erhöhter Durchsatz auch einen erhöhten Energieeintrag in das System (die Leistung der Werkzeuge muß gesteigert werden). Eine Erhöhung des Durchsatzes einer gegebenen Rezeptur in einem gegebenen Extrudersystem bedeutet außerdem eine Erhöhung des Schergefälles und bewirkt somit bei strukturviskosen Bestandteilen die beschriebene Ab¬ nahme der Plastizität und bei dilatant wirkenden Bestandteilen eine Zu¬ nahme der Plastizität. Da jedoch zwischen dem Schergefälle und der Plasti¬ zität keine linear proportionale Verknüpfung besteht, kann nicht davon ausgegangen werden, daß die Plastizitätsabnahme, bewirkt durch die struk¬ turviskosen Bestandteile, durch die Plastizitätszunahme, bewirkt durch die dilatant wirkenden Bestandteile, vollständig kompensiert wird. Überwiegt dabei die Plastizitätsabnahme, so ist die Schneidfähigkeit der Stränge nach dem Austritt aus der Lochform nicht mehr gewährleistet. Überwiegen jedoch die dilatanten Eigenschaften, so ist ein Verpressen durch die Loch¬ platten nur erschwert möglich. Es erfolgt eine starke Druckzunahme, die eine Steigerung der spezifischen Arbeit zur Folge hat.An increase in the throughput through the extruder initially results in an increase in pressure. Premixes which only contain constituents having a viscous structure soften under these conditions. At the same time, however, an increased throughput also means an increased energy input into the system (the Tool performance must be increased). An increase in the throughput of a given formulation in a given extruder system also means an increase in the shear gradient and thus brings about the described decrease in plasticity in the case of structurally viscous components and an increase in the plasticity in the case of dilatant components. However, since there is no linearly proportional link between the shear rate and the plasticity, it cannot be assumed that the decrease in plasticity, caused by the structurally viscous components, by the increase in plasticity, caused by the dilatant components, is completely compensated. If the decrease in plasticity predominates, the cutting ability of the strands after they emerge from the hole shape is no longer guaranteed. However, if the dilatant properties predominate, pressing through the perforated plates is only possible with difficulty. There is a strong increase in pressure, which results in an increase in specific work.
Der Wert der spezifischen Arbeit sollte jedoch aus Gründen der Energie¬ einsparung, der Anlagen- und Antriebsgröße der Systeme sowie der Materi¬ albeanspruchung möglichst gering sein. Im Hinblick darauf ist sogar eine begrenzte Erniedrigung der Plastizität mit steigendem Schergefälle für ein gegebenes System erwünscht.However, the value of the specific work should be as low as possible for reasons of energy saving, the size of the system and drive of the systems, and the material stress. In view of this, a limited reduction in plasticity with increasing shear rate is even desirable for a given system.
Die Aufgabe der Erfindung bestand darin, ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Extrudaten zu entwickeln, wobei der Druck (als meßbarer Parameter) und somit die spezifische Arbeit bei der Erhöhung des Durchsatzes nicht we¬ sentlich ansteigen. Gleichzeitig bestand eine weitere Aufgabe der Erfin¬ dung darin, daß der Druck und somit die spezifische Arbeit in einem gege¬ benen System bei der Erhöhung des Durchsatzes nicht nur nicht wesentlich ansteigen, sondern auch nicht wesentlich abfallen sollte. Damit sollte auch bei unterschiedlichen Durchsätzen ein gleichbleibendes Schneidver¬ halten des plastifizierten Stranges gewährleistet werden. Dabei sollten die nach dem Verfahren erhaltenen Extrudate auch den Rezepturanforderungen der modernen Wasch- oder Reinigungsmittel genügen. Es sollte somit ermög¬ licht werden, Extrudate mit einem Gehalt bis etwa 45 Gew.-% an anionischen und nichtionischen Tensiden herzustellen. Ebenso sollte es auch möglich sein, Peroxy-Bleichmittel, beispielsweise Perborat, mit Hilfe des erfin¬ dungsgemäßen Verfahrens in die Extrudate einzuarbeiten.The object of the invention was to develop a method for producing extrudates, the pressure (as a measurable parameter) and thus the specific work does not increase significantly when increasing the throughput. At the same time, another object of the invention was that the pressure and thus the specific work in a given system should not only not increase significantly when increasing the throughput, but should not decrease significantly either. This should ensure a constant cutting behavior of the plasticized strand even with different throughputs. The extrudates obtained by the process should also meet the formulation requirements of modern washing or cleaning agents. It should therefore be possible to produce extrudates with a content of up to about 45% by weight of anionic and nonionic surfactants. It should also be possible to incorporate peroxy bleaching agents, for example perborate, into the extrudates using the process according to the invention.
Gegenstand der Erfindung ist dementsprechend in einer ersten Ausführungs¬ form ein Verfahren zur Herstellung wasch- oder reinigungsaktiver Extrudate mit hoher Dichte, wobei ein homogenes festes und rieselfähiges Vorgemisch unter Druck strangförmig verpreßt und der Strang nach Austritt aus der Lochform mittels einer Schneidevorrichtung auf die vorbestimmte Extrudat- dimension zugeschnitten wird und in dem zu extrudierenden Vorgemisch ein selbstregulierendes System aus unter den Verfahrensbedingungen struktur¬ viskos wirkenden Rezepturbestandteilen und dilatant wirkenden Rezepturbe¬ standteilen eingesetzt wird, wodurch bewirkt wird, daß der Wert der spezifischen Arbeit bei der Erhöhung des Durchsatzes nicht wesentlich an¬ steigt.Accordingly, the invention relates in a first embodiment to a process for producing washable or cleaning-active extrudates with high density, a homogeneous, solid and free-flowing premix being extruded under pressure and the strand after exiting the perforated shape by means of a cutting device onto the predetermined extrudate - Dimension is cut and in the premix to be extruded, a self-regulating system of recipe constituents having a structure-viscous effect under the process conditions and dilatant-acting recipe constituents is used, with the result that the value of the specific work does not significantly increase when the throughput is increased increases.
Aus den obengenannten Gründen sollte die für die Extrusion erforderliche spezifische Arbeit möglichst gering sein. Daher stellt ein Wert von maxi¬ mal 120 kJ/kg eine bevorzugte Obergrenze für die spezifische Arbeit dar. Der Wert der spezifischen Arbeit soll bei der Erhöhung des Durchsatzes nicht wesentlich ansteigen; dies bedeutet, daß der Wert der spezifischen Arbeit in einem gegebenen System vorzugsweise nicht mehr als 10%, bezogen auf den Anfangswert, bei der Erhöhung des Durchsatzes um mindestens 10 % ansteigen soll. Es wird vorzugsweise angestrebt, daß der Druck und somit der Wert der spezifischen Arbeit bei der Erhöhung des Durchsatzes nahezu konstant bleiben soll bzw. nicht so stark abfallen soll, daß der plastifi- zierte Strang zu stark erweicht, um schneidfähig zu sein. Für ein gegebe¬ nes System ist es daher bevorzugt, daß die Abweichung der spezifischen Arbeit bei Erhöhung des Durchsatzes in einem gegebenen System um min¬ destens 10 %, vorzugsweise um 10 bis 50 % und insbesondere bis 40 %, nicht mehr als ± 10%, vorzugsweise nicht mehr als ± 5% und insbesondere nicht mehr als ± 3%, jeweils bezogen auf den Anfangswert, beträgt.For the reasons mentioned above, the specific work required for the extrusion should be as small as possible. A value of max. 120 kJ / kg therefore represents a preferred upper limit for the specific work. The value of the specific work should not increase significantly as the throughput increases; this means that the value of the specific work in a given system should preferably not increase by more than 10% of the initial value when the throughput is increased by at least 10%. It is preferred that the pressure and thus the value of the specific work should remain almost constant when the throughput is increased or should not decrease so much that the plastic decorated strand softened too much to be able to cut. For a given system it is therefore preferred that the deviation of the specific work when increasing the throughput in a given system by at least 10%, preferably by 10 to 50% and in particular up to 40%, not more than ± 10% , preferably not more than ± 5% and in particular not more than ± 3%, in each case based on the initial value.
Es ist jedoch möglich, daß bei der Steigerung des Durchsatzes ein Übergang in ein anderes Extrudersystem, das beispielsweise anders arbeitende Werk¬ zeuge aufweist, erforderlich ist. Dies kann - unabhängig von der Rezeptur - entweder einen Anstieg oder auch einen Abfall der spezifischen Arbeit bewirken, wobei die Größe der Veränderung nicht in Prozenten angegeben werden kann. Auch hier gilt, daß die spezifische Arbeit vorzugsweise nicht über einen Wert von 120 kJ/kg, insbesondere über 100 kJ/kg ansteigen soll¬ te. Die untere Grenze der spezifischen Arbeit wird in Abhängigkeit dem des Extrudersystems wiederum von der Schneidfähigkeit des Stranges bestimmt.However, it is possible that when the throughput is increased, a transition to another extruder system, which, for example, has tools that work differently, is required. Regardless of the recipe, this can cause either an increase or a decrease in the specific work, whereby the size of the change cannot be stated as a percentage. Here, too, the specific work should preferably not increase above a value of 120 kJ / kg, in particular above 100 kJ / kg. The lower limit of the specific work, depending on that of the extruder system, is again determined by the cutting ability of the strand.
Bevorzugte Durchsatzmengen sind Mengen im Bereich von 400 bis 10000 kg/h. Darunterliegende Mengen sind für die großtechnische Herstellung unrenta¬ bel. Insbesondere sind Durchsatzmengen von 600 bis 7000 kg/h bevorzugt.Preferred throughput quantities are quantities in the range from 400 to 10,000 kg / h. Quantities below are unrenta¬ bel for large-scale production. Throughput rates of 600 to 7000 kg / h are particularly preferred.
Die Erfindung nutzt zwar in einem breiten Umfang die in der internationa¬ len Patentanmeldung W0-A-91/02047 veröffentlichte Lehre, geht jedoch sowohl von einer anderen Ausgangssituation als auch von einer erweiterten Aufgabenstellung aus.Although the invention makes extensive use of the teaching published in international patent application W0-A-91/02047, it is based both on a different starting situation and on an expanded task.
Das Extrusionsverfahren gemäß WO-A-91/02047 ist so ausgelegt, daß weit va¬ riierbare Rezepturen aus festen und flüssigen Bestandteilen unter be¬ stimmten Verfahrensbedingungen extrusionsfähig sind. Dabei sollen die Re¬ zepturen unter dem Einfluß des hohen Druckes gerade so weit erweichen, daß sie nach dem Austritt aus den Lochformen spontan wieder so weit erhärten, daß sie schneidfähig sind. Ein besonders wesentliches Merkmal stellen da¬ her die Plastifizier- und/oder Gleitmittel sowie die Auswahl und die Menge der eingesetzten Plastifizier- und/oder Gleitmittel dar, welche die Extrudierbarkeit sicherstellen. Neu gegenüber der WO-A-91/02047 ist nun das Merkmal, daß zwingend dilatant wirkende Bestandteile in den Vorgemischen enthalten sind. Darüberhinaus wurde nun gefunden, daß nicht die strukturviskosen Piastizier- und/oder Gleitmittel, sondern die dilatant wirkenden Bestandteile den Fixpunkt für die zu extrudierende Mischung darstellen, um den herum die Rezeptur und insbesondere die strukturviskos wirksamen Bestandteile in einem breiten Rahmen und gezielt, das heißt jeweils den anwendungstechnischen Anforde¬ rungen entsprechend, variiert werden können.The extrusion process according to WO-A-91/02047 is designed in such a way that widely variable formulations of solid and liquid constituents can be extruded under certain process conditions. Under the influence of the high pressure, the formulations should soften to such an extent that they spontaneously harden again after exiting the hole shapes so that they can be cut. The plasticizers and / or lubricants as well as the selection and the amount of the plasticizers and / or lubricants used, which ensure the extrudability, are therefore a particularly important feature. What is new compared to WO-A-91/02047 is the feature that components which have a dilatant effect are present in the premixes. In addition, it has now been found that it is not the structurally viscous plasticizers and / or lubricants, but the dilatant components that are the fixed point for the mixture to be extruded, around which the formulation and in particular the structurally viscous components are broad and targeted, i.e. can be varied in each case in accordance with the application-technical requirements.
Die meisten Inhaltsstoffe von Wasch- und Reinigungsmitteln zeigen ein strukturviskoses Verhalten. Ein dilatantes Verhalten stellt eher die Aus¬ nahme dar. Als dilatant wirksame Bestandteile werden vorzugsweise Zeolith, und/oder Sand, insbesondere zur Herstellung von Waschmitteln Zeolith, ein¬ gesetzt, wohingegen besonders bevorzugte strukturviskose Bestandteile Ten- side und/oder poly ere Polycarboxylate sind. Der bevorzugt verwendete Zeolith ist ein feinkristalliner, synthetischer und gebundenes Wasser ent¬ haltender Zeolith, insbesondere Zeolith NaA in Waschmittelqualität. Geeig¬ net sind jedoch auch Zeolith NaX sowie Mischungen aus NaA und NaX. Der Zeolith kann als sprühgetrocknetes Pulver oder auch als ungetrocknete, von ihrer Herstellung noch feuchte, stabilisierte Suspension zum Einsatz kom¬ men. Geeignete feste Zeolithe weisen eine mittlere Teilchengröße von weni¬ ger als 10 μ (VolumenVerteilung; Meßmethode: Coulter Counter) auf und enthalten vorzugsweise 20 bis 22 Gew.-% an gebundenem Wasser. Für den Fall, daß der Zeolith als Suspension eingesetzt wird, kann diese geringe Zusätze an nichtionischen Tensiden als Stabilisatoren enthalten, bei¬ spielsweise 1 bis 3 Gew.-%, bezogen auf Zeolith, an ethoxylierten C\2~ Ciß-Fettalkoholen mit 2 bis 5 Ethylenoxidgruppen oder ethoxylierte Sotridecanole.Most of the ingredients in detergents and cleaning agents show structurally viscous behavior. A dilatant behavior is rather the exception. Zeolite and / or sand, in particular for the production of detergents zeolite, are preferably used as dilatant active ingredients, whereas particularly preferred structurally viscous components are surfactants and / or polymeric polycarboxylates . The zeolite used with preference is a finely crystalline, synthetic and bound water-containing zeolite, in particular zeolite NaA in detergent quality. However, zeolite NaX and mixtures of NaA and NaX are also suitable. The zeolite can be used as a spray-dried powder or as an undried stabilized suspension which is still moist from its production. Suitable solid zeolites have an average particle size of less than 10 μ (volume distribution; measurement method: Coulter Counter) and preferably contain 20 to 22% by weight of bound water. In the event that the zeolite is used as a suspension, it can contain minor additions of nonionic surfactants as stabilizers, for example 1 to 3% by weight, based on zeolite, of ethoxylated C 2 -C 6 fatty alcohols with 2 to 5 ethylene oxide groups or ethoxylated sotridecanols.
Vorzugsweise wird das Extrusionsverfahren bei Drucken bis 260 bar, insbe¬ sondere zwischen 25 und 200 bar durchgeführt. Es hat sich mittlerweile in produktionstechnischen Versuchen gezeigt, daß der in den internationalen Anmeldungen W0-A-91/02047 und WO-A-93/02176 offenbarte untere Druck von mindestens 25 bar keine absolut feste Grenze darstellt, sondern in Ab¬ hängigkeit von der Art des Extruders und des Durchsatzes von beispiels¬ weise etwa 7000 kg/h oder darüber auch unterschritten werden kann. Bei derartig hohen Durchsätzen spielen offensichtlich apparatetechnische Para¬ meter eine große Rolle, die bei kleineren Durchsätzen, beispielsweise zwischen 600 und 2000 kg/h nicht vorhersehbar waren. Es wurde nun gefun¬ den, daß der Druck und damit die spezifische Arbeit bei der Erhöhung des Durchsatzes in einem definierten System keine wesentlichen Veränderungen erfahren, wenn in das zu extrudierende Vorgemisch ein selbstregulierendes System aus dilatant und strukturviskos wirkenden Bestandteilen eingesetzt wird. Zur Herstellung dieser selbstregulierenden Systeme wird dabei von der Art und der Menge der dilatant wirkenden Bestandteile ausgegangen. Dabei ist es bevorzugt, daß Zeolith, vorzugsweise Zeolith NaA gegebenen¬ falls in Kombination mit Zeolith NaX, insbesondere Zeolith NaA in Wasch¬ mittelqualität in Mengen von 10 bis 60 Gew.-%, vorteilhafterweise in Men¬ gen von 15 bis 55 Gew.-% und insbesondere von 18 bis 50 Gew.-%, jeweils berechnet als wasserfreie Aktivsubstanz und bezogen auf die fertigen Gra¬ nulate, eingesetzt wird. Der Anteil der strukturviskos wirkenden Bestand¬ teile wird dann so eingestellt, daß die Differenz zwischen der mikrosko¬ pisch auftretenden Druckerhöhung (hervorgerufen durch die Erhöhung des Durchsatzes und das Verhalten der dilatant wirkenden Bestandteile) und der mikroskopisch auftretenden Druckerniedrigung (hervorgerufen durch die Er¬ weichung der strukturviskos wirkenden Bestandteile) so gering ist bzw. nahezu null ist, so daß makroskopisch keine Änderung des Druckes in dem Maße auftritt, daß eine wesentliche Änderung der spezifischen Arbeit be¬ wirkt würde.The extrusion process is preferably carried out at pressures of up to 260 bar, in particular between 25 and 200 bar. In the meantime it has been shown in production engineering tests that the lower pressure of at least 25 bar disclosed in international applications WO-A-91/02047 and WO-A-93/02176 does not represent an absolutely fixed limit, but instead depends on the The type of extruder and the throughput of, for example, about 7000 kg / h or more can also be undercut. at Such high throughputs obviously play an important role in technical apparatus parameters, which were not foreseeable at lower throughputs, for example between 600 and 2000 kg / h. It has now been found that the pressure and thus the specific work involved in increasing the throughput in a defined system do not undergo any significant changes if a self-regulating system composed of dilatant and structurally viscous components is used in the premix to be extruded. To produce these self-regulating systems, the type and the amount of the dilatant components are assumed. It is preferred that zeolite, preferably zeolite NaA, optionally in combination with zeolite NaX, in particular zeolite NaA in detergent quality in amounts of 10 to 60% by weight, advantageously in amounts of 15 to 55% by weight. % and in particular from 18 to 50% by weight, calculated in each case as an anhydrous active substance and based on the finished granules. The proportion of the components with a pseudoplastic effect is then adjusted so that the difference between the microscopically occurring pressure increase (caused by the increase in throughput and the behavior of the dilating components) and the microscopically occurring pressure reduction (caused by the softening) of the components with a pseudoplastic effect) is so low or almost zero that macroscopically no change in the pressure occurs to the extent that a substantial change in the specific work would be effected.
Das selbstregulierende System bewirkt aber für ein gegebenes Rezeptursy¬ stem in einem gegebenen Extrudersystem nicht nur eine angenäherte Druck¬ konstanz, sondern ermöglicht in einem weiteren Aspekt der Erfindung auf¬ grund der annähernd konstanten spezifischen Arbeit auch eine angenäherte Temperaturkonstanz, da Extruder nur über eine geringe Wärmeaustauschfläche verfügen und die Verweilzeit des plastifizierten Vorgemisches im Extruder relativ kurz ist. Es ist jedoch bevorzugt, daß die Extrusion in einem Tem¬ peraturbereich zwischen 30 und 70 °C, insbesondere zwischen 35 und 65 °C durchgeführt wird, wodurch eine Mitverarbeitbarkeit temperaturempfindli¬ cher Bestandteile, beispielsweise von Peroxy-Bleichmitteln wie Perborat, sichergestellt ist. Zur ausführlichen Beschreibung der weiteren geeigneten Inhaltsstoffe desHowever, the self-regulating system not only brings about an approximate pressure constant for a given formulation system in a given extruder system, but also enables approximate temperature constancy in a further aspect of the invention due to the approximately constant specific work, since extruders have only a low level Have heat exchange surface and the residence time of the plasticized premix in the extruder is relatively short. However, it is preferred that the extrusion is carried out in a temperature range between 30 and 70 ° C., in particular between 35 and 65 ° C., which ensures that temperature-sensitive components, for example peroxy bleaching agents such as perborate, can also be processed. For a detailed description of the other suitable ingredients of the
Vorgemisches und der geeigneten und bevorzugten Plastifizier- und/oderPremix and the suitable and preferred plasticizing and / or
Gleitmittel wird auf die Offenbarung der W0-A-91/02047 verwiesen.Lubricant is referred to the disclosure of WO-A-91/02047.
In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung wird das Vorgemisch vorzugsweise kontinuierlich einem 2-Schnecken-Extruder mit gleichlaufender oder gegenlaufender Schneckenführung zugeführt, dessen Gehäuse und dessen Extruder-Granulierkopf auf die vorbestimmte Extrudierte peratur aufgeheizt sein können. Unter der Schereinwirkung der Extruder-Schnecken wird das Vorgemisch bei den angegebenen Drucken verdichtet, plastifiziert, in Form feiner Stränge durch die Lochdüsenplatte im Extruderkopf extrudiert und schließlich das Extrudat mittels eines rotierenden Abschlagmessers vor¬ zugsweise zu kugelförmigen bis zylindrischen Granulatkörnern verkleinert. Der Lochdurchmesser in der Lochdüsenplatte und die Strangschnittlänge wer¬ den dabei auf die gewählte Granulatdimension abgestimmt. In dieser Aus¬ führungsform gelingt die Herstellung von Granulaten einer vr wesentlichen gleichmäßig vorherbestimmbaren Teilchengröße, wobei im einzelnen die ab¬ soluten Teilchengrößen dem beabsichtigten Einsatzzweck angepaßt sein können. Im allgemeinen werden Teilchendurchmesser bis höchstens 0,8 cm bevorzugt. Wichtige Ausführungsformen sehen hier die Herstellung von ein¬ heitlichen Granulaten mit Durchmessern im Millimeterbereich, beispiels¬ weise im Bereich von 0,5 bis 5 mm und insbesondere im Bereich von etwa 0,8 bis 3 mm vor. Das Länge/Durchmesser-Verhältnis des abgeschlagenen primären Granulats liegt dabei in einer wichtigen Ausführungsform im Bereich von etwa 1 : 1 bis etwa 3 : 1. Weiterhin ist es bevorzugt, das noch plasti¬ sche, feuchte Primärgranulat einem weiteren formgebenden Verarbeitungs¬ schritt zuzuführen; dabei werden am Rohgranulat vorliegende Kanten abge¬ rundet, so daß letztlich kugelförmige oder wenigstens annähernd kugelför¬ mige Granulatkörner erhalten werden können. Falls gewünscht oder erfor¬ derlich, können in dieser Stufe geringe Mengen an Trockenpulver, bei¬ spielsweise Zeolithpulver wie Zeolith NaA-Pulver, Fettsäuresalzen wie Calciumstearat, feinteiligen Kieselsäuren und Mischungen aus diesen, mit¬ verwendet werden. Diese Formgebung kann in marktgängigen Rondiergeräten, beispielsweise in Rondiergeräten mit rotierender Bodenscheibe, erfolgen. Vorzugsweise werden die Granulate dann einem Trocknungsschritt, beispiels¬ weise einem Wirbelschichttrockner, zugeführt. Dabei können extrudierte Granulate, welche Peroxyverbindungen als Bleichmittel, beispielweise Per¬ borat - Monohydrat, enthalten, bei Zulufttemperaturen zwischen 80 und 150 °C ohne Verlust an Aktivsauerstoff getrocknet werden. Der Gehalt der ge¬ trockneten Granulate an freiem Wasser beträgt vorzugsweise bis etwa 3 Gew.-%, insbesondere zwischen 0,1 bis 1 Gew.-%. Wahlweise ist es auch mög¬ lich, den Trocknungsschritt im direkten Anschluß an die Extrusion des Pri¬ märgranulats und damit zeitlich vor einer gewünschtenfalls vorgenommenen abschließenden Formgebung in einem Rondiergerät durchzuführen.In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the premix is preferably fed continuously to a 2-screw extruder with a co-rotating or counter-rotating screw guide, the housing and the extruder pelletizing head of which can be heated to the predetermined extruded temperature. Under the shear action of the extruder screws, the premix is compressed, plasticized, extruded in the form of fine strands through the perforated die plate in the extruder head and finally the extrudate is preferably reduced to spherical to cylindrical granules by means of a rotating knives. The hole diameter in the perforated nozzle plate and the strand cut length are matched to the selected granule dimension. In this embodiment, granules of a substantially uniformly predeterminable particle size can be produced, the absolute particle sizes in particular being able to be adapted to the intended use. In general, particle diameters up to at most 0.8 cm are preferred. Important embodiments provide for the production of uniform granules with diameters in the millimeter range, for example in the range from 0.5 to 5 mm and in particular in the range from approximately 0.8 to 3 mm. In an important embodiment, the length / diameter ratio of the chopped-off primary granules is in the range from about 1: 1 to about 3: 1. It is also preferred to feed the still plastic, moist primary granules to a further shaping processing step; edges present on the raw granulate are rounded off so that ultimately spherical or at least approximately spherical granules can be obtained. If desired or necessary, small amounts of dry powder, for example zeolite powder such as zeolite NaA powder, fatty acid salts such as calcium stearate, finely divided silicas and mixtures of these, can also be used in this stage. This shaping can be carried out in standard rounding machines, for example in rounders with a rotating base plate. The granules are then preferably fed to a drying step, for example a fluidized bed dryer. It can be extruded Granules which contain peroxy compounds as bleaching agents, for example perborate monohydrate, are dried at supply air temperatures between 80 and 150 ° C. without loss of active oxygen. The free water content of the dried granules is preferably up to about 3% by weight, in particular between 0.1 to 1% by weight. Optionally, it is also possible to carry out the drying step directly after the extrusion of the primary granulate and thus before a final shaping, if desired, in a rounding device.
Zur Erreichung eines erhöhten Schüttgewichts ist es von Vorteil, die ge¬ trockneten Granulate gegebenenfalls noch einmal mit feinteiligen Trocken¬ pulvern abzupudern. Beispiele für derartige Trockenpulver sind wieder Zeolith-NaA-Pulver, aber auch gefällte oder pyrogene Kieselsäure, wie sie beispielsweise als Aerosil (R) oder Sipernat (O (Produkte der Firma Degussa) im Handel erhältlich sind, und Fettsäuresalze wie Calciumstearat. Bevorzugt sind hierbei auch hochkonzentrierte, mindestens 90 Gew.-%ige Fettalkoholsulfat-Pulver, die im wesentlichen, das heißt zu mindestens 90 % aus Teilchen mit einer Teilchengröße kleiner als 100 μm bestehen. Insbe¬ sondere sind Mischungen aus Zeolith und Fettalkoholsulfat-Pulver, Zeolith und Kieselsäure oder Zeolith und Calciumstearat bevorzugt.To achieve an increased bulk density, it is advantageous to powder the dried granules again, if necessary, with finely divided dry powders. Examples of such dry powders are again zeolite-NaA powder, but also precipitated or pyrogenic silica, such as are commercially available, for example, as Aerosil (R) or Sipernat (O (products from Degussa), and fatty acid salts such as calcium stearate. Preferred here also highly concentrated, at least 90% by weight fatty alcohol sulfate powder, which consists essentially, that is to say at least 90%, of particles with a particle size of less than 100 μm. In particular, mixtures of zeolite and fatty alcohol sulfate powder, zeolite and silica or zeolite and calcium stearate are preferred.
In einer weiteren Ausführungsform werden feste Wasch- oder Reinigungsmit¬ tel beansprucht, die nach dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren hergestellt wer¬ den und ein Schüttgewicht von vorzugsweise 600 bis 1200 g/1 und insbeson¬ dere von 750 bis 1000 g/1 aufweisen. Insbesondere werden nach dem erfin¬ dungsgemäßen Verfahren hergestellte Waschmittel bevorzugt, die 10 bis 45 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise 15 bis 40 Gew.-% Tenside enthalten.In a further embodiment, solid washing or cleaning agents are claimed, which are produced by the process according to the invention and have a bulk density of preferably 600 to 1200 g / 1 and in particular 750 to 1000 g / 1. In particular, detergents which contain 10 to 45% by weight, preferably 15 to 40% by weight, of surfactants produced by the process according to the invention are preferred.
Als anionische Tenside eignen sich dabei beispielsweise solche vom Typ der Sulfonate und Sulfate. Als Tenside vom Sulfonattyp kommen Alkylbenzolsul- fonate (Cg-Ci5-Alkyl), Olefinsulfonate, d. h. Gemische aus Alken- und Hy- droxyalkansulfonaten sowie Disulfonaten, wie man sie beispielsweise aus Ci2-Ci8-M°no°le'f''nen mιt end- und innenständiger Doppelbindung durch Sul- fonieren mit gasförmigen Schwefeltrioxid und anschließende alkalische oder saure Hydrolyse der Sulfonierungsprodukte erhält, in Betracht. Geeignet sind auch Dialkansulfonate, die aus C^-Cig-Al anen durch Sulfochlorierung oder Sulfoxidation und anschließende Hydrolyse beziehungsweise Neutrali¬ sation beziehungsweise durch Bisulfitaddition an Olefine erhältlich sind, sowie insbesondere die Ester von α-Sulfofettsäuren (Estersulfonate), zum Beispiel die α-sulfonierten Methylester der hydrierten Kokos-, Palmkern¬ oder Taigfettsäuren. Ebenso können auch Salze der Alkylsulfobernsteinsäure eingesetzt werden.Suitable anionic surfactants are, for example, those of the sulfonate and sulfate type. Suitable surfactants of the sulfonate type come alkyl benzene sulfonates (Cg-Ci5 alkyl), olefin sulfonates, ie mixtures of alkene and hybrid droxyalkansulfonaten and the disulfonates obtained, for example, 'f' from Ci2-CI8 ° M ° no l e 'nen with a double and internal double bond obtained by sulfonation with gaseous sulfur trioxide and subsequent alkaline or acidic hydrolysis of the sulfonation products. Also suitable are dialkane sulfonates, which are derived from C ^ -Cig-Al anen by sulfochlorination or sulfoxidation and subsequent hydrolysis or neutralization or by bisulfite addition to olefins, and in particular the esters of α-sulfofatty acids (ester sulfonates), for example the α-sulfonated methyl esters of hydrogenated coconut, palm kernel or tallow fatty acids. Salts of alkylsulfosuccinic acid can also be used.
Geeignete Tenside vom Sulfattyp sind die Schwefelsäuremonoester aus primä¬ ren Alkoholen natürlichen und synthetischen Ursprungs, das heißt aus Fett¬ alkoholen, zum Beispiel Kokosfettalkoholen, Taigfettalkoholen, Oleylal- kohol, Lauryl-, Myristyl-, Palmityl- oder Stearylalkohol, oder den CIQ- C20-0χoalkoholen, und diejenigen sekundärer Alkohole dieser Kettenlänge. Auch die Schwefelsäuremonoester der mit 1 bis 6 Mol Ethylenoxid ethoxy- lierten Alkohole, wie 2-Methyl-verzweigte Cg-Cu-Alkohole mit im Durch¬ schnitt 3,5 Mol Ethylenoxid sind geeignet. Ebenso eignen sich sulfatierte Fettsäuremonoglyceride.Suitable surfactants of the sulfate type are the sulfuric acid monoesters from primary alcohols of natural and synthetic origin, that is to say from fatty alcohols, for example coconut fatty alcohols, tallow fatty alcohols, oleyl alcohol, lauryl, myristyl, palmityl or stearyl alcohol, or the CIQ-C20 -0 χoa l alcohols, and those of secondary alcohols of this chain length. The sulfuric acid monoesters of the alcohols ethoxylated with 1 to 6 mol of ethylene oxide, such as 2-methyl-branched Cg-Cu alcohols with an average of 3.5 mol of ethylene oxide, are also suitable. Sulfated fatty acid monoglycerides are also suitable.
Ferner sind zum Beispiel Seifen aus natürlichen oder synthetischen, vor¬ zugsweise gesättigten Fettsäuren brauchbar. Geeignet sind insbesondere aus natürlichen Fettsäuren, zum Beispiel Kokos-, Palmkern- oder Taigfettsäuren abgeleitete Seifengemische. Bevorzugt sind solche, die zu 50 bis 100 % aus gesättigten C^-Ciß-Fettsäureseifen und zu 0 bis 50 % aus Ölsäureseifen zusammengesetzt sind.Soaps from natural or synthetic, preferably saturated, fatty acids can also be used. Soap mixtures derived from natural fatty acids, for example coconut, palm kernel or tallow fatty acids, are particularly suitable. Preferred are those which are composed of 50 to 100% of saturated C 1 -C 6 fatty acid soaps and 0 to 50% of oleic acid soaps.
Die anionischen Tenside können in Form ihrer Natrium-, Kalium- und Ammo¬ niumsalze sowie als lösliche Salze organischer Basen, wie Mono-, Di- oder Triethanolamin vorliegen. Der Gehalt erfindungsgemäßer Waschmittel an an¬ ionischen Tensiden beziehungsweise an anionischen Tensidgemischen beträgt vorzugsweise 5 bis 40 Gew.-%, insbesondere 8 bis 35 Gew.-%. Dabei ist es besonders vorteilhaft, wenn der Gehalt der Mittel an Sulfonaten und/oder Sulfaten 10 bis 35 Gew.-%, insbesondere 15 bis 30 Gew.-%, und der Gehalt an Seife bis zu 8 Gew.-%, insbesondere 0,5 bis 5 Gew.-%, beträgt.The anionic surfactants can be in the form of their sodium, potassium and ammonium salts and also as soluble salts of organic bases, such as mono-, di- or triethanolamine. The content of anionic surfactants or anionic surfactant mixtures in detergents according to the invention is preferably 5 to 40% by weight, in particular 8 to 35% by weight. It is particularly advantageous if the sulfonate and / or sulfate content of the agents is 10 to 35% by weight, in particular 15 to 30% by weight, and the soap content is up to 8% by weight, in particular 0%. 5 to 5% by weight.
Die Aniontenside können dabei in fester, beispielsweise in sprühgetrock¬ neter oder granulierter Form, oder in flüssiger bis pastöser Form einge¬ setzt werden. So ist es bevorzugt, die Aniontenside als Plastifizier- und/oder Gleitmittel und/oder als festen Vorgemischbestandteil in Form eines sprühgetrockneten, granulierten oder extrudierten Compounds in dasThe anionic surfactants can be used in solid form, for example in spray-dried or granulated form, or in liquid to pasty form. It is preferred to use the anionic surfactants as plasticizers. and / or lubricants and / or as a solid premix component in the form of a spray-dried, granulated or extruded compound in the
Verfahren einzubringen.To bring proceedings.
Als nichtionische Tenside werden vorzugsweise flüssige ethoxylierte, ins¬ besondere primäre Alkohole mit vorzugsweise 9 bis 18 C-Atomen und durch¬ schnittlich 1 bis 12 Mol Ethylenoxid (EO) pro Mol Alkohol eingesetzt, in denen der Alkoholrest linear oder in 2-Stellung methylverzweigt sein kann, bzw. lineare und methylverzweigte Reste im Gemisch enthalten kann, so wie sie üblicherweise in Oxoalkoholresten vorliegen. Insbesondere sind jeoch lineare Reste aus Alkoholen nativen Ursprungs mit 12 bis 18 C-Atomen, z.B. aus Kokos-, Taigfett- oder Oleylalkohol, die durchschnittlich 2 bis 8 EO aufweisen, bevorzugt.The nonionic surfactants used are preferably liquid ethoxylated, in particular primary, alcohols having preferably 9 to 18 carbon atoms and on average 1 to 12 moles of ethylene oxide (EO) per mole of alcohol, in which the alcohol radical is linear or methyl-branched in the 2-position may, or may contain linear and methyl-branched radicals in the mixture, as are usually present in oxo alcohol radicals. In particular, however, linear residues from alcohols of native origin with 12 to 18 carbon atoms, e.g. from coconut, tallow or oleyl alcohol, which have an average of 2 to 8 EO, preferred.
Der Gehalt der Mittel an erfindungsgemäß als nichtionische Tenside einge¬ setzten ethoxylierten Alkoholen beträgt vorzugsweise 1 bis 15 Gew.-% und insbesondere 2 bis 10 Gew.-%.The content of the agents in ethoxylated alcohols used according to the invention as nonionic surfactants is preferably 1 to 15% by weight and in particular 2 to 10% by weight.
Das Gewichtsverhältnis Aniontensid zu ethoxylierten Fettalkoholen beträgt vorzugsweise 1 : 2 bis 6 : 1 und insbesondere 1 : 1,2 bis 6 : 1.The weight ratio of anionic surfactant to ethoxylated fatty alcohols is preferably 1: 2 to 6: 1 and in particular 1: 1.2 to 6: 1.
Als weitere nichtionische Tenside sind Polyhydroxyfettsäureamide geeignet. Dabei handelt es sich um bekannte Stoffe, die üblicherweise durch reduk- tive Aminierung eines reduzierenden Zuckers mit Ammoniak, einem Alkyla in oder einem Alkanolamin und nachfolgende Acylierung mit einer Fettsäure, einem Fettsäurealkylester oder einem Fettsäurechlorid erhalten werden können. Hinsichtlich der Verfahren zu Ihrer Herstellung sei auf die Pa¬ tentschriften US-A-1 985 424, US-A-2 016 962 und US-A-2 703 798 sowie die Internationale Patentanmeldung W0-A-92/06984 verwiesen.Polyhydroxy fatty acid amides are suitable as further nonionic surfactants. These are known substances which can usually be obtained by reductive amination of a reducing sugar with ammonia, an alkyl in or an alkanolamine and subsequent acylation with a fatty acid, a fatty acid alkyl ester or a fatty acid chloride. With regard to the processes for their production, reference is made to US Pat. Nos. 1,985,424, 2,016,962 and 2,703,798, as well as international patent application WO-A-92/06984.
Zusätzlich können als nichtionische Tenside auch Alkylglykoside der all¬ gemeinen Formel R-0-(G)x, in der R einen primären geradkettigen oder in 2-Stellung methylverzweigten aliphatischen Rest mit 8 bis 22, vorzugsweise 12 bis 18 C-Atomen bedeutet, G ein Symbol ist, das für eine Glykose-Ein- heit mit 5 oder 6 C-Atomen steht, und der Oligomerisierungsgrad x zwischen 1 und 10, vorzugsweise zwischen 1 und 2 liegt und insbesondere deutlich kleiner als 1,4 ist, beispielsweise in Mengen von 1 bis 10 Gew.-%, einge¬ setzt werden.In addition, nonionic surfactants can also be alkyl glycosides of the general formula R-0- (G) x , in which R is a primary straight-chain or aliphatic radical with 8 to 22, preferably 12 to 18, C-atoms, methyl-branched, G is a symbol which stands for a glycose unit with 5 or 6 carbon atoms and the degree of oligomerization x is between 1 and 10, preferably between 1 and 2 and is particularly clear is less than 1.4, for example in amounts of 1 to 10% by weight.
Als weitere Builderbestandteile sind kristalline, schichtförmige Natrium¬ silikate der allgemeinen Formel Na Sixθ2χ+ yH2θ, wobei M Natrium oder Wasserstoff bedeutet, x eine Zahl von 1,9 bis 4 und y eine Zahl von 0 bis 20 ist und bevorzugte Werte für x 2, 3 oder 4 sind. Derartige kristalline Schichtsilikate werden beispielsweise in der europäischen Patentanmeldung EP-A-164514 beschrieben. Bevorzugte kristalline Schichtsilikate sind sol¬ che, in denen M für Natrium steht und x die Werte 2 oder 3 annimmt. Insbe¬ sondere sind sowohl ß- als auch fr-Natriumdisilikate Na2Si2θ5*yH2θ bevor¬ zugt, wobei ß-Natriumdisilikat beispielsweise nach dem Verfahren erhalten werden kann, das in der internationalen Patentanmeldung W0-A-91/08171 be¬ schrieben ist. Die kristallinen Schichtsilikate werden vorzugsweise in Mengen von 1 bis 10 Gew.-% und insbesondere in Mengen von 2 bis 8 Gew.-% in das Verfahren eingebracht.Further builder constituents are crystalline, layered sodium silicates of the general formula Na Si x θ2 + yH2θ, where M is sodium or hydrogen, x is a number from 1.9 to 4 and y is a number from 0 to 20 and preferred values for x 2, 3 or 4. Such crystalline layered silicates are described, for example, in European patent application EP-A-164514. Preferred crystalline layered silicates are those in which M represents sodium and x assumes the values 2 or 3. In particular, both β- and fr-sodium disilicate Na2Si2θ5 * yH2θ are preferred, wherein β-sodium disilicate can be obtained, for example, by the method described in international patent application WO-A-91/08171. The crystalline layered silicates are preferably introduced into the process in amounts of 1 to 10% by weight and in particular in amounts of 2 to 8% by weight.
Als weitere Bu lderbestandteile, die insbesondere als Plastifizier- und/oder Gleitmittel eingesetzt werden können, kommen (co-)poly ere Poly¬ carboxylate in Betracht, wie Polyacrylate, Poly ethacrylate und insbeson¬ dere Copolymere der Acrylsäure mit Maleinsäure, vorzugsweise solche aus 50 % bis 10 % Maleinsäure. Die relative Molekülmasse der Homopolymeren liegt im allgemeinen zwischen 1 000 und 100 000, die der Copolymeren zwi¬ schen 2 000 und 200 000, vorzugsweise 50 000 bis 120 000, bezogen auf freie Säure. Ein besonders bevorzugtes Acrylsäure-Maleinsäure-Copolymer weist eine relative Molekülmasse von 50 000 bis 100 000 auf. Geeignete, wenn auch weniger bevorzugte Verbindungen dieser Klasse sind Copolymere de. Acrylsäure oder Methacrylsäure mit Vinylethern, wie Vinylmethylethern, in denen der Anteil der Säure mindestens 50 % beträgt. Insbesondere sind auch biologisch abbaubare Terpolymere bevorzugt. Brauchbar sind ferner Polyacetalcarbonsäuren, wie sie beispielsweise in den Patentschriften US-A-4,144,226 und US-A-4,146,495 beschrieben sind, sowie polymere Säuren, die durch Polymerisation von Acrolein und anschließende Disproportionie- rung mittels Alkalien erhalten werden und aus Acrylsäureeinheiten und Vinylalkoholeinheiten beziehungsweise Acroleineinheiten aufgebaut sind. Die (co-)polymeren Polycarboxylate werden in fester Form oder in flüssiger Form, d.h. in Form einer wäßrigen Lösung, vorzugsweise in Form einer 30 bis 55 Gew.-%igen wäßrigen Lösung, in das Verfahren eingebracht. Der Ge¬ halt der Mittel an (co-)polymeren Polycarboxylaten beträgt vorzugsweise bis zu 10 Gew.-% und insbesondere 2 bis 8 Gew.-%.Other bu lder components which can be used in particular as plasticizers and / or lubricants are (co) polymeric polycarboxylates, such as polyacrylates, polyethacrylates and in particular copolymers of acrylic acid with maleic acid, preferably those from 50 % to 10% maleic acid. The relative molecular weight of the homopolymers is generally between 1,000 and 100,000, that of the copolymers between 2,000 and 200,000, preferably 50,000 to 120,000, based on free acid. A particularly preferred acrylic acid-maleic acid copolymer has a relative molecular weight of 50,000 to 100,000. Suitable, albeit less preferred, compounds of this class are copolymers de. Acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with vinyl ethers, such as vinyl methyl ethers, in which the proportion of acid is at least 50%. In particular, biodegradable terpolymers are preferred. Also useful are polyacetal carboxylic acids, as described for example in the patents US-A-4,144,226 and US-A-4,146,495, and polymeric acids which are obtained by polymerizing acrolein and subsequent disproportionation by means of alkalis and from acrylic acid units and vinyl alcohol units or acrolein units are built up. The (co) polymeric polycarboxylates are in solid form or in liquid form Form, ie in the form of an aqueous solution, preferably in the form of a 30 to 55 wt .-% aqueous solution, introduced into the process. The content of the agents in (co) polymeric polycarboxylates is preferably up to 10% by weight and in particular 2 to 8% by weight.
Brauchbare organische Gerüstsubstanzen sind beispielsweise die bevorzugt in Form ihrer Natriumsalze eingesetzten Polycarbonsäuren, wie Citronen- säure, Adipinsäure, Bernsteinsäure, Glutarsäure, Weinsäure, Zuckersäuren und Mischungen aus diesen sowie Nitrilotriacetat (NTA), sofern ein derar¬ tiger Einsatz aus ökologischen Gründen nicht zu beanstanden ist.Usable organic builders are, for example, the polycarboxylic acids preferably used in the form of their sodium salts, such as citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, tartaric acid, sugar acids and mixtures of these and nitrilotriacetate (NTA), provided that such use is not objectionable for ecological reasons is.
Weitere geeignete Inhaltsstoffe der Mittel sind wasserlösliche anorgani¬ sche Alkalisierungsmittel wie Bicarbonate oder Carbonate, insbesondere werden Alkalicarbonat, vor allem Natriumcarbonat, und amorphe Silikate eingesetzt. Die Alkalisierungsmittel werden vorzugsweise in fester Form in das Verfahren eingebracht. Es ist jedoch auch möglich, die Alkalisierungs¬ mittel wenigstens anteilsweise in Form einer wäßrigen Lösung, z.B. in Form einer Mischung aus festem Alkalicarbonat und einer Alkalisilikatlösung einzusetzen. Der Gehalt der Mittel an Natriumcarbonat beträgt dabei vor¬ zugsweise bis zu 20 Gew.-%, vorteilhafterweise zwischen 5 und 15 Gew.-%. Bevorzugte Alkalisilikate weisen ein molares M2θ:Siθ2-Verhältnis von 1:1,9 bis 1:4,5 und insbesondere von 1:2 bis 1:3,3 auf, wobei M für Natrium oder Kalium steht, und werden in Mengen von 0,5 bis 15 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise in Mengen von 1 bis 12 Gew.-% und insbesondere in Mengen von 1 bis 10 Gew.-%, jeweils bezogen auf die fertigen Granulate, eingesetzt werden.Other suitable ingredients of the agents are water-soluble inorganic alkalizing agents such as bicarbonates or carbonates, in particular alkali carbonate, especially sodium carbonate, and amorphous silicates are used. The alkalizing agents are preferably introduced into the process in solid form. However, it is also possible to use the alkalizing agents at least partially in the form of an aqueous solution, e.g. in the form of a mixture of solid alkali carbonate and an alkali silicate solution. The sodium carbonate content of the agents is preferably up to 20% by weight, advantageously between 5 and 15% by weight. Preferred alkali silicates have a molar M2θ: Siθ2 ratio of 1: 1.9 to 1: 4.5 and in particular of 1: 2 to 1: 3.3, where M is sodium or potassium, and are in amounts of 0 , 5 to 15% by weight, preferably in amounts of 1 to 12% by weight and in particular in amounts of 1 to 10% by weight, in each case based on the finished granules.
Zu den sonstigen Waschmittelbestandteilen zählen Vergrauungsinhibitoren (Schmutzträger), Schauminhibitoren, Bleichmittel und Bleichaktivatoren, optische Aufheller, Enzyme, textilweichmachende Stoffe, Färb- und Duft¬ stoffe sowie Neutralsalze.The other detergent components include graying inhibitors (dirt carriers), foam inhibitors, bleaching agents and bleach activators, optical brighteners, enzymes, fabric softening agents, colorants and fragrances as well as neutral salts.
Unter den als Bleichmittel dienenden, in Wasser H2O2 liefernden Verbin¬ dungen haben das Natriumperborat-tetrahydrat und das Natriumperborat-mono- hydrat besondere Bedeutung. Weitere brauchbare Bleichmittel sind bei¬ spielsweise Peroxycarbonat, Peroxypy ophosphate, Citratperhydrate sowie H2O2 liefernde persaure Salze oder Persäuren, wie Perbenzoate, Peroxo- phthalate, Diperazelainsäure oder Diperdodecandisäure. Der Gehalt der Mit¬ tel an Bleichmitteln beträgt vorzugsweise 5 bis 25 Gew.-% und insbesondere 10 bis 20 Gew.-%, wobei vorteilhafterweise Perborat onohydrat eingesetzt wird.Among the compounds which provide H2O2 in water and which serve as bleaching agents, sodium perborate tetrahydrate and sodium perborate monohydrate are of particular importance. Further bleaching agents which can be used are, for example, peroxycarbonate, peroxypyophosphates, citrate perhydrates and peracid salts or peracids which provide H2O2, such as perbenzoates, peroxo- phthalates, diperazelaic acid or diperdodecanedioic acid. The bleaching agent content of the agents is preferably 5 to 25% by weight and in particular 10 to 20% by weight, with perborate onohydrate advantageously being used.
Um beim Waschen bei Temperaturen von 60 °C und darunter eine verbesserte Bleichwirkung zu erreichen, können Bleichaktivatoren in die Präparate eingearbeitet werden. Beispiele hierfür sind mit H2O2 organische Persäuren bildende N-Acyl- beziehungsweise O-Acyl-Verbindungen, vorzugsweise N,N'- tetraacylierte Diamine, wie N,N,N' ,N'-Tetraacetylethylendiamin, ferner Carbonsäureanhydride und Ester von Polyolen wie Glucosepentaacetat. Der Gehalt der bleichmittelhaltigen Mittel an Bleichaktivator liegt in dem üb¬ lichen Bereich, vorzugsweise zwischen 1 und 10 Gew.-% und insbesondere zwischen 3 und 8 Gew.-%.In order to achieve an improved bleaching effect when washing at temperatures of 60 ° C and below, bleach activators can be incorporated into the preparations. Examples of these are N-acyl or O-acyl compounds which form organic peracids with H2O2, preferably N, N'-tetraacylated diamines, such as N, N, N ', N'-tetraacetylethylene diamine, furthermore carboxylic acid anhydrides and esters of polyols such as glucose pentaacetate. The bleach activator content of the bleach-containing agents is in the usual range, preferably between 1 and 10% by weight and in particular between 3 and 8% by weight.
Vergrauungsinhibitoren haben die Aufgabe, den von der Faser abgelösten Schmutz in der Flotte suspendiert zu halten und so das Vergrauen zu ver¬ hindern. Hierzu sind wasserlösliche Kolloide meist organischer Natur ge¬ eignet, wie beispielsweise die wasserlöslichen Salze polymerer Carbonsäu¬ ren, Leim, Gelatine, Salze von Ethercarbonsäuren oder Ethersulfonsäuren der Stärke oder der Cellulose oder Salze von sauren Schwefelsäureestern der Cellulose oder der Stärke. Auch wasserlösliche, saure Gruppen enthal¬ tende Polyamide sind für diesen Zweck geeignet. Weiterhin lassen sich lös¬ liche Stärkepräparate und andere als die oben genannten Stärkeprodukte verwenden, zum Beispiel abgebaute Stärke, Aldehydstärken usw.. Auch Poly- vinylpyrrolidon ist brauchbar. Vorzugsweise werden Carboxymethylcellulose (Na-Salz), Methylcellulose, Hydroxyalkylcellulose und Mischether wie Methylhydroxyethylcellulose und deren Gemische sowie Polyvinylpyrrolidon, insbesondere in Mengen von 0,5 bis 5 Gew.-%, bezogen auf das Mittel, ein¬ gesetzt.Graying inhibitors have the task of keeping the dirt detached from the fiber suspended in the liquor and thus preventing graying. Water-soluble colloids of mostly organic nature are suitable for this, such as, for example, the water-soluble salts of polymeric carboxylic acids, glue, gelatin, salts of ether carboxylic acids or ether sulfonic acids of starch or cellulose or salts of acidic sulfuric acid esters of cellulose or starch. Water-soluble polyamides containing acidic groups are also suitable for this purpose. Soluble starch preparations and starch products other than those mentioned above can also be used, for example degraded starch, aldehyde starches, etc. Polyvinylpyrrolidone can also be used. Carboxymethyl cellulose (sodium salt), methyl cellulose, hydroxyalkyl cellulose and mixed ethers such as methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose and mixtures thereof, and also polyvinylpyrrolidone, in particular in amounts of 0.5 to 5% by weight, based on the composition, are preferably used.
Das Schäumvermögen der Tenside läßt sich durch Kombination geeigneter Ten¬ sidtypen steigern oder verringern; eine Verringerung läßt sich ebenfalls durch Zusätze nichttensidartiger organischer Substanzen erreichen. Ein verringertes Schäumvermögen, das beim Arbeiten in Maschinen erwünscht ist, erreicht man vielfach durch Kombination verschiedener Tensidtypen, zum Beispiel von Sulfaten und/oder Sulfonaten mit nichtionischen Tensiden und/oder mit Seifen. Bei Seifen steigt die schaumdämpfende Wirkung mit dem Sättigungsgrad und der C-Zahl des Fettsäureesters an. Als schauminhibie¬ rende Seifen eignen sich daher solche Seifen natürlicher und synthetischer Herkunft, die einen hohen Anteil an Cιg-C24-Fettsäuren aufweisen. Geeig¬ nete nichttensidartige Schauminhibitoren sind Organopolysiloxane und deren Gemische mit mikrofeiner, gegebenenfalls silanierter Kieselsäure, Paraf¬ fine, Wachse, Mikrokristallinwachse und deren Gemische mit silanierter Kieselsäure oder Bistearylethylendiamid. Mit Vorteil werden auch Gemische verschie dener Schauminhibitoren verwendet, zum Beispiel solche aus Sili¬ konen und Paraffinen oder Wachsen. Vorzugsweise sind die Schauminhibitoren an eine granuläre, in Wasser lösliche beziehungsweise dispergierbare Trä¬ gersubstanz gebunden oder werden dem Plastifizier- und/oder Gleitmittel zugemischt.The foaming power of the surfactants can be increased or decreased by combining suitable types of surfactants; a reduction can also be achieved by adding non-surfactant-like organic substances. A reduced foaming power, which is desirable when working in machines, is often achieved by combining different types of surfactants, for Example of sulfates and / or sulfonates with nonionic surfactants and / or with soaps. In the case of soaps, the foam-suppressing effect increases with the degree of saturation and the C number of the fatty acid ester. Soaps of natural and synthetic origin are suitable as foam-inhibiting soaps which have a high proportion of C 1 -C 24 -fatty acids. Suitable non-surfactant-like foam inhibitors are organopolysiloxanes and their mixtures with microfine, optionally silanized silica, paraffin, waxes, microcrystalline waxes and their mixtures with silanized silica or bistearylethylenediamide. Mixtures of various foam inhibitors are also advantageously used, for example those composed of silicones and paraffins or waxes. The foam inhibitors are preferably bound to a granular, water-soluble or dispersible carrier substance or are admixed with the plasticizer and / or lubricant.
Die Waschmittel können als optische Aufheller Derivate der Diaminostil- bendisulfonsäure beziehungsweise deren Alkalimetallsalze enthalten. Geeig¬ net sind zum Beispiel Salze der 4,4'-Bis(2-anilino-4-morpholino-l,3,5- triazin-6-yl-amino)-stilben-2,2'-disulfonsäure oder gleichartig aufgebaute Verbindungen, die anstelle der Morpholinogruppe eine Diethanolaminogruppe, eine Methylaminogruppe, eine Anilinogruppe oder eine 2-Methoxyethylamino- gruppe tragen. Weiterhin können Aufheller vom Typ des substituierten 4,4'- Distyryl-di-phenyls anwesend sein; zum Beispiel die Verbindung 4,4'-Bis(4- chlor-3-sulfostyryl)-diphenyl. Auch Gemische der vorgenannten Aufheller können verwendet werden.The detergents can contain, as optical brighteners, derivatives of diaminostilbenedisulfonic acid or its alkali metal salts. Suitable are, for example, salts of 4,4'-bis (2-anilino-4-morpholino-l, 3,5-triazin-6-yl-amino) -stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid or compounds of the same structure which carry a diethanolamino group, a methylamino group, an anilino group or a 2-methoxyethylamino group instead of the morpholino group. Brighteners of the substituted 4,4'-distyryl-di-phenyl type may also be present; for example the compound 4,4'-bis (4-chloro-3-sulfostyryl) diphenyl. Mixtures of the aforementioned brighteners can also be used.
Nach einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung werden ein¬ heitlich weiße Granulate erhalten, wenn die Mittel außer den üblichen op¬ tischen Aufhellern in üblichen Mengen, beispielsweise zwischen 0,1 und 0,5, vorzugsweise um 0,1 bis 0,3 Gew.-%, auch geringe Mengen, beispiels¬ weise 10~6 bis 10"3 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise um 10"5 Gew.-%, eines blauen Färb Stoffs enthält. Ein besonders bevorzugter Farbstoff ist Tinolux (R) (Pro¬ duktname der Ciba-Geigy).According to a further preferred embodiment of the invention, uniformly white granules are obtained if, apart from the customary optical brighteners, the agents are present in customary amounts, for example between 0.1 and 0.5, preferably around 0.1 to 0.3, by weight. %, even small amounts, for example 10 ~ 6 to 10 "3 wt .-%, preferably around 10" 5 wt .-%, of a blue dye. A particularly preferred dye is Tinolux ( R ) (product name of Ciba-Geigy).
Als Enzyme kommen solche aus der Klasse der Proteasen, Lipasen, Cellulasen und Amylasen beziehungsweise deren Gemische in Frage. Besonders gut geeig- net sind aus Bakterienstämmen oder Pilzen, wie Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis und Strepto yces griseus gewonnene enzymatische Wirkstoffe. Vorzugsweise werden Proteasen vom Subtilisin-Typ und insbesondere Protea- sen, die aus Bacillus lentus gewonnen werden, eingesetzt. Die Enzyme kön¬ nen an Trägerstoffen adsorbiert und/oder in Hüllensubstanzen eingebettet sein, um sie gegen vorzeitige Zersetzung zu schützen.Enzymes from the class of proteases, lipases, cellulases and amylases or mixtures thereof are possible. Particularly well suited net are enzymatic active ingredients obtained from bacterial strains or fungi such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and Strepto yces griseus. Proteases of the subtilisin type and in particular proteases obtained from Bacillus lentus are preferably used. The enzymes can be adsorbed on carriers and / or embedded in shell substances in order to protect them against premature decomposition.
Als Stabilisatoren insbesondere für Perverbindungen und Enzyme kommen die Salze von Polyphosphonsäuren, insbesondere l-Hydroxyethan-l,l-diphosphon- säure (HEDP) in Betracht.The salts of polyphosphonic acids, in particular l-hydroxyethane-l, l-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), are suitable as stabilizers, in particular for per-compounds and enzymes.
Die Mittel können außerdem Bestandteile enthalten, welche die Löslichkeit der verdichteten Granulate verbessern. Derartige Bestandteile und das Ein¬ bringen dieser Bestandteile in das zu extrudierende Vorgemisch werden bei¬ spielsweise in der internationalen Patentanmeldung W0-A-93/02176 und der älteren deutschen Patentanmeldung P 4203031.5 beschrieben. Zu den bevor¬ zugt eingesetzten Bestandteilen, welche die Löslichkeit der Granulate ver¬ bessern, gehören insbesondere Fettalkohole mit 20 bis 80 Mol Ethylenoxid pro Mol Fettalkohol, beispielsweise Taigfettalkohol mit 30 E0 und Talg- fettalkohol mit 40 E0, sowie Polyethylenglykole mit einer relativen Mole- külmasse zwischen 200 und 2000.The agents can also contain constituents which improve the solubility of the compacted granules. Such constituents and the introduction of these constituents into the premix to be extruded are described, for example, in the international patent application WO-A-93/02176 and the older German patent application P 4203031.5. The preferred ingredients used to improve the solubility of the granules include, in particular, fatty alcohols with 20 to 80 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of fatty alcohol, for example tallow fatty alcohol with 30 E0 and tallow fatty alcohol with 40 E0, and polyethylene glycols with a relative molecular weight. cooling mass between 200 and 2000.
Die Wasch- und Reinigungsmittel können einheitlich aus Extrudaten herge¬ stellt werden, welche die obengenannten Inhaltsstoffe aufweisen. Die Mit¬ tel können jedoch auch aus einem Gemisch mehrerer verschiedener Granulate erhalten werden, von denen die erfindungsgemäßen Extrudate den Hauptbe¬ standteil bilden. So können beispielsweise der Bleichaktivator, die Enzyme sowie Färb- und Duftstoffe nachträglich zu den Extrudaten zugemischt wer¬ den. Dabei ist es bevorzugt, den Bleichaktivator und die Enzyme jeweils in kompaktierter granulärer Form, beispielsweise als jeweils separat herge¬ stellte Extrudate, die mittels eines Kneters der oben beschriebenen Aus¬ gestaltung oder über eine Pelletpresse erhalten werden, einzusetzen. BeispieleThe detergents and cleaning agents can be produced uniformly from extrudates which have the above-mentioned ingredients. However, the agents can also be obtained from a mixture of several different granules, of which the extrudates according to the invention form the main component. For example, the bleach activator, the enzymes, and colorants and fragrances can be subsequently added to the extrudates. It is preferred to use the bleach activator and the enzymes in each case in compacted granular form, for example as extrudates produced separately in each case, which are obtained by means of a kneader of the configuration described above or via a pellet press. Examples
Ein homogenes festes und rieselfähiges Vorgemisch, enthaltend Aniontenside (Cg-Ci3-Alkylbenzolsulfonat und Ci6-Ci8-Fettalkoholsulfat m Gewichtsver¬ hältnis 2:1),
Figure imgf000018_0001
mit 5 EO, Zeolith, Perboratmonohydrat, Natriumcarbonat, Sokalan(R)CP5 (Copoly eres der Acrylsäure und der Malein¬ säure, Handelsprodukt der BASF), amorphes Natriumsilikat (Na2θ:SiÜ2 1:3,0) und Polyethylenglykol mit einer relativen Molekülmasse von 400, wurde in einem DoppelSchneckenextruder der Fa. Werner & Pfleiderer (Typ C120, mit gleichlaufenden Schnecken) bei Durchsatzmengen von 600 kg/h, 700 kg,h und 800 kg/h und einem Druck von 170 bar extrudiert. Dasselbe Vorgemisch wurde anschließend in einem DoppelSchneckenextruder der Fa. Lihotzky (Typ 2000, mit gegenlaufenden Schnecken) bei einem Durchsatz von 2000 kg/h und einem Druck von 32 bar extrudiert. Die Temperatur der zu extrudierenden Mischung betrug vor dem Lochaustritt jeweils 60 bis 62 °C. Die entsprechenden Werte der spezifischen Arbeit können der Tabelle entnommen werden. Anschließend wurden die Extrudate in einer Wirbelschicht getrocknet. Es wurden Extruda¬ te erhalten mit einem Gehalt von 23 Gew.-% Aniontensiden, 2,7 Gew.-% Nio- tensid, 19 Gew.-% Zeolith (berechnet als wasserfreie Aktivsubstanz), 18 Gew.-% Perboratmonohydrat, 12,5 Gew.-% Natriumcarbonat, 6,0 Gew.-% Soka- lan(R)cP5, 2,2 Gew.-% amorphem Natriumsilikat, 2,2 Gew.-% Polyethylengly¬ kol und 11,0 Gew.-% Wasser. Der Rest bestand aus Salzen, die aus den Roh¬ stoffen stammten. Die Unterschiede der Werte der spezifischen Arbeit für Durchsätze zwischen 600 und 800 kg/h in demselben Extrudersystem lagen unter 1,5%, bezogen auf den Anfangswert bei 600 kg/h. Der relativ große Unterschied zu dem Wert der spezifischen Arbeit bei einem Durchsatz von 2000 kg/h entsteht durch den Übergang zu einem anderen Extrudέrsystem. Die Schüttgewichte der Produkte lagen zwischen 840 und 880 g/1.
A homogeneous solid and free-flowing premix containing anionic surfactants (Cg-Ci3-alkylbenzenesulfonate and Ci6-Ci8-F etta alcohol sulfate with a weight ratio of 2: 1),
Figure imgf000018_0001
with 5 EO, zeolite, perborate monohydrate, sodium carbonate, Sokalan ( R ) CP5 (copoly eres of acrylic acid and maleic acid, commercial product from BASF), amorphous sodium silicate (Na2θ: SiÜ2 1: 3.0) and polyethylene glycol with a relative molecular weight of 400 was extruded in a Werner & Pfleiderer twin-screw extruder (type C120, with co-rotating screws) at throughputs of 600 kg / h, 700 kg, h and 800 kg / h and a pressure of 170 bar. The same premix was then extruded in a twin-screw extruder from Lihotzky (type 2000, with counter-rotating screws) at a throughput of 2000 kg / h and a pressure of 32 bar. The temperature of the mixture to be extruded was 60 to 62 ° C. in each case before the hole emerged. The corresponding values of the specific work can be found in the table. The extrudates were then dried in a fluidized bed. Extrudates were obtained with a content of 23% by weight of anionic surfactants, 2.7% by weight of nonionic surfactant, 19% by weight of zeolite (calculated as an anhydrous active substance), 18% by weight of perborate monohydrate, 5% by weight sodium carbonate, 6.0% by weight Sokalan ( R ) cP5, 2.2% by weight amorphous sodium silicate, 2.2% by weight polyethylene glycol and 11.0% by weight Water. The rest consisted of salts derived from the raw materials. The differences in the values of the specific work for throughputs between 600 and 800 kg / h in the same extruder system were less than 1.5%, based on the initial value at 600 kg / h. The relatively large difference to the value of the specific work at a throughput of 2000 kg / h arises from the transition to another extrusion system. The bulk weights of the products were between 840 and 880 g / 1.
Durchsatz Leistung spezifische Arbeit in kg/h in kW (kJs-1) in kJ/kgThroughput power specific work in kg / h in kW (kJs-1) in kJ / kg
Figure imgf000018_0002
Figure imgf000018_0002

Claims

Patentansprüche Claims
1. Verfahren zur Herstellung wasch- oder reinigungsaktiver Extrudate mit hoher Dichte, wobei ein homogenes festes und rieselfähiges Vorgemisch unter Druck strangförmig verpreßt und der Strang nach Austritt aus der Lochform mittels einer Schneidevorrichtung auf die vorbestimmte Granu¬ latdimension zugeschnitten wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß in dem zu extrudierenden Vorgemisch ein selbstregulierendes System aus unter den Verfahrensbedingungen strukturviskos wirkenden Rezepturbestandteilen und dilatant wirkenden Rezepturbestandteilen eingesetzt wird, welches bewirkt, daß der Wert der spezifischen Arbeit bei der Erhöhung des Durchsatzes nicht wesentlich ansteigt.1. Process for the production of washable or cleaning-active extrudates with high density, a homogeneous, solid and free-flowing premix being extruded under pressure and the strand being cut out of the hole mold by means of a cutting device to the predetermined granule size, characterized in that in the premix to be extruded is used a self-regulating system consisting of formulation constituents which are structurally viscous under the process conditions and formulation constituents which have a dilating effect, which has the effect that the value of the specific work does not increase significantly when the throughput is increased.
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Wert der spezifischen Arbeit maximal 120 kO/kg beträgt und die Abweichung der spezifischen Arbeit bei Erhöhung des Durchsatzes um mindestens 10 %, vorzugsweise um 10 bis 50 % und insbesondere bis 40 %, in einem gege¬ benen System nicht mehr als i 10%, vorzugsweise nicht mehr als i 5% und insbesondere nicht mehr als ± 3%, jeweils bezogen auf den Anfangs¬ wert, beträgt.2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the value of the specific work is a maximum of 120 kO / kg and the deviation of the specific work when increasing the throughput by at least 10%, preferably by 10 to 50% and in particular up to 40%, in a given system is not more than i 10%, preferably not more than i 5% and in particular not more than ± 3%, in each case based on the initial value.
3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Wert der spezifischen Arbeit nicht über 100 kJ/kg hinausgeht.3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the value of the specific work does not exceed 100 kJ / kg.
4. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Durchsatz 400 bis 10000 kg/h, vorzugsweise von 600 bis 7000 kg/h beträgt.4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the throughput is 400 to 10000 kg / h, preferably from 600 to 7000 kg / h.
5. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Extrusionsverfahren bei Drucken bis 260 bar, vorzugsweise zwischen 25 und 200 bar durchgeführt wird.5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the extrusion process is carried out at pressures up to 260 bar, preferably between 25 and 200 bar.
6. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß in dem zu extrudierenden Vorgemisch als dilatant wirkende Bestand¬ teile Zeolith und/oder Sand, insbesondere zur Herstellung von Wasch¬ mitteln Zeolith NaA eingesetzt wird. 6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that zeolite and / or sand, in particular for the production of detergents, zeolite NaA is used in the premix to be extruded as dilatant components.
7. Verfahren nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß Zeolith in Men¬ gen von 10 bis 60 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise in Mengen von 15 bis 55 Gew.-% und insbesondere von 18 bis 50 Gew.-%, jeweils berechnet als wasser¬ freie Aktivsubstanz und bezogen auf die fertigen Granulate, eingesetzt wird.7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that zeolite in quantities of 10 to 60 wt .-%, preferably in amounts of 15 to 55 wt .-% and in particular from 18 to 50 wt .-%, each calculated as anhydrous active substance and based on the finished granules, is used.
8. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Extrusion in einem Temperaturbereich zwischen 30 und 70 °C, vorzugsweise zwischen 35 und 65 °C, durchgeführt wird.8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the extrusion is carried out in a temperature range between 30 and 70 ° C, preferably between 35 and 65 ° C.
9. Extrudat, hergestellt nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch ge¬ kennzeichnet, daß es 10 bis 45 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise 15 bis 40 Gew.-% Tenside, 5 bis 25 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise 10 bis 20 Gew.-% Peroxy-Bleich- mittel und 15 bis 60 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise 18 bis 55 Gew.-% und insbe¬ sondere 20 bis 50 Gew.-%, jeweils berechnet als wasserfreie Aktivsub¬ stanz, Zeolith enthält.9. extrudate, prepared according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized ge indicates that it 10 to 45 wt .-%, preferably 15 to 40 wt .-% surfactants, 5 to 25 wt .-%, preferably 10 to 20 % By weight of peroxy bleaching agent and 15 to 60% by weight, preferably 18 to 55% by weight and in particular 20 to 50% by weight, each calculated as anhydrous active substance, contains zeolite.
10. Extrudat nach Anspruch 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß es 5 bis 40 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise 8 bis 35 Gew.-% Aniontenside und 1 bis 15 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise 2 bis 10 Gew.-% ethoxylierte Fettalkohole, wobei das Ge¬ wichtsverhältnis Aniontensid : ethoxyliertem Fettalkohol 1:2 bis 6:1 und insbesondere 1:1,2 bis 6:1 beträgt, und gegebenenfalls weitere nichtionische Tenside vom Typ der Polyhydroxyfettsäureamide und/oder der Alkylglykoside enthält.10. Extrudate according to claim 9, characterized in that it contains 5 to 40% by weight, preferably 8 to 35% by weight, of anionic surfactants and 1 to 15% by weight, preferably 2 to 10% by weight, of ethoxylated fatty alcohols, where the weight ratio of anionic surfactant: ethoxylated fatty alcohol is 1: 2 to 6: 1 and in particular 1: 1.2 to 6: 1, and optionally contains further nonionic surfactants of the polyhydroxy fatty acid amide and / or alkyl glycoside type.
11. Extrudat nach Anspruch 9 oder 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß es die Löslichkeit der verdichteten Granulate verbessernde Bestandteile, vor¬ zugsweise Fettalkohole mit 20 bis 80 Mol Ethylenoxid pro Mol Fettal¬ kohol, insbesondere Taigfettalkohol mit 30 E0 oder Taigfettalkohol mit 40 E0, und/oder Polyethylenglykole mit einer relativen Molekülmasse zwischen 200 und 2000.11. Extrudate according to claim 9 or 10, characterized in that it improves the solubility of the compacted granules constituents, preferably fatty alcohols with 20 to 80 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of fatty alcohol, in particular taig fatty alcohol with 30 E0 or taig fatty alcohol with 40 E0, and / or polyethylene glycols with a molecular weight between 200 and 2000.
12. Extrudat nach einem der Ansprüche 9 bis 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß es ein Schüttgewicht von 600 bis 1200 g/1, vorzugsweise von 750 bis 1000 g/1 aufweist. 12. Extrudate according to one of claims 9 to 11, characterized in that it has a bulk density of 600 to 1200 g / 1, preferably from 750 to 1000 g / 1.
PCT/EP1993/002836 1992-10-22 1993-10-14 Process for producing extrudates used as detergents or cleaning agents WO1994009111A1 (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
KR1019950701549A KR950704471A (en) 1992-10-22 1993-10-14 [PROCESS FOR PRODUCING EXTRUDATES USED AS DETERGENTS OR CLEANING AGENTS]
EP93923465A EP0665879B1 (en) 1992-10-22 1993-10-14 Process for producing extrudates used as detergents or cleaning agents
DE59305176T DE59305176D1 (en) 1992-10-22 1993-10-14 METHOD FOR PRODUCING WASHING OR CLEANING ACTIVE EXTRUDATES
JP6509634A JPH08502312A (en) 1992-10-22 1993-10-14 Process for producing washed or clean active extrudates

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DEP4235646.6 1992-10-22
DE4235646A DE4235646A1 (en) 1992-10-22 1992-10-22 Process for the production of extrudates that are active in washing and cleaning

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1994009111A1 true WO1994009111A1 (en) 1994-04-28

Family

ID=6471076

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/EP1993/002836 WO1994009111A1 (en) 1992-10-22 1993-10-14 Process for producing extrudates used as detergents or cleaning agents

Country Status (8)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0665879B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH08502312A (en)
KR (1) KR950704471A (en)
AT (1) ATE147777T1 (en)
CA (1) CA2147744A1 (en)
DE (2) DE4235646A1 (en)
ES (1) ES2096336T3 (en)
WO (1) WO1994009111A1 (en)

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1996020269A1 (en) * 1994-12-23 1996-07-04 Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien Impregnated amorphous alkaline silicate
WO1996038530A1 (en) * 1995-05-30 1996-12-05 Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien Granular washing or cleaning agent with high bulk density
US5668100A (en) * 1993-09-23 1997-09-16 Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien Detergent mixtures and detergents or cleaning formulations with improved dissolving properties
US5683377A (en) * 1995-06-30 1997-11-04 Uni-Charm Corporation Individually wrapped sanitary napkin
WO1999021955A1 (en) * 1997-10-23 1999-05-06 Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien Method for producing scent intensifying washing and cleaning detergents
US6034050A (en) * 1995-07-12 2000-03-07 Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien Amorphous alkali metal silicate compound
US6191096B1 (en) 1995-01-18 2001-02-20 Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien Spray-dried amorphous alkali metal silicate compound and its use in detergent compositions
US6479452B2 (en) 2000-06-29 2002-11-12 Cognis Deutschland Gmbh & Co. Kg Surfactant granules with an improved dissolving rate comprising alky and alkenyl sulfates
US6616705B2 (en) 2000-09-08 2003-09-09 Cognis Deutschland Gmbh & Co. Kg Laundry detergent compositions
US6620209B2 (en) 2000-09-08 2003-09-16 Cognis Deutschland Gmbh & Co. Kg Laundry detergent compositions
US6797687B2 (en) 2001-08-07 2004-09-28 Cognis Deutschland Gmbh & Co. Kg Gemini surfactant compositions
US6977239B1 (en) 1999-11-25 2005-12-20 Cognis Deutschland Gmbh & Co. Kg Detergent tablets
US7087570B2 (en) 1999-12-24 2006-08-08 Cognis Deutschland Gmbh & Co. Kg Detergent tablets
US7199096B1 (en) 1999-11-09 2007-04-03 Cognis Deutschland Gmbh & Co. Kg Detergent tablets
DE102015002877A1 (en) 2015-03-09 2016-09-15 Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa Granular detergent or cleaner with improved dissolution rate

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4434500A1 (en) * 1994-09-27 1996-03-28 Henkel Kgaa Improved extrusion process for the production of detergents
DE4435742A1 (en) * 1994-10-06 1996-04-11 Henkel Kgaa Process for the production of extrudates that are active in washing or cleaning
DE4442977A1 (en) * 1994-12-02 1996-06-05 Henkel Kgaa Detergent or cleaning agent with water-soluble builder substances
DE10009819A1 (en) * 2000-03-01 2001-09-06 Trw Airbag Sys Gmbh & Co Kg A sealed fuel-molded article (sic) useful for gas generators and automobile safety devices prepared by extrusion of a paste contains added thickening agent and required a decreased amount of solvent for paste formation
DE10012949A1 (en) 2000-03-16 2001-09-27 Henkel Kgaa Mixtures of cyclic and linear silicic esters of lower alcohols and fragrance and/or biocide alcohols are used as fragrance and/or biocide in liquid or solid laundry and other detergents and in skin and hair cosmetics
DE102015206547A1 (en) 2015-04-13 2016-10-13 Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa Liquid washing or cleaning agent with suspended particles

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3824189A (en) * 1972-05-11 1974-07-16 G Borello Detergent compositions and methods for making same
EP0328880A1 (en) * 1988-01-19 1989-08-23 Colgate-Palmolive Company Built synthetic organic detergent composition extrudate in particulate and patty forms, and processes for manufacture and uses thereof
WO1991002047A1 (en) * 1989-08-09 1991-02-21 Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien Manufacture of compacted granules for washing agents

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3824189A (en) * 1972-05-11 1974-07-16 G Borello Detergent compositions and methods for making same
EP0328880A1 (en) * 1988-01-19 1989-08-23 Colgate-Palmolive Company Built synthetic organic detergent composition extrudate in particulate and patty forms, and processes for manufacture and uses thereof
WO1991002047A1 (en) * 1989-08-09 1991-02-21 Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien Manufacture of compacted granules for washing agents

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5668100A (en) * 1993-09-23 1997-09-16 Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien Detergent mixtures and detergents or cleaning formulations with improved dissolving properties
WO1996020269A1 (en) * 1994-12-23 1996-07-04 Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien Impregnated amorphous alkaline silicate
US6458755B2 (en) 1995-01-18 2002-10-01 Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien Amorphous alkali metal silicate compound
US6191096B1 (en) 1995-01-18 2001-02-20 Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien Spray-dried amorphous alkali metal silicate compound and its use in detergent compositions
WO1996038530A1 (en) * 1995-05-30 1996-12-05 Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien Granular washing or cleaning agent with high bulk density
US5683377A (en) * 1995-06-30 1997-11-04 Uni-Charm Corporation Individually wrapped sanitary napkin
US6034050A (en) * 1995-07-12 2000-03-07 Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien Amorphous alkali metal silicate compound
WO1999021955A1 (en) * 1997-10-23 1999-05-06 Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien Method for producing scent intensifying washing and cleaning detergents
US6228833B1 (en) * 1997-10-23 2001-05-08 Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien Method for producing scent intensifying washing and cleaning detergents
US7199096B1 (en) 1999-11-09 2007-04-03 Cognis Deutschland Gmbh & Co. Kg Detergent tablets
US6977239B1 (en) 1999-11-25 2005-12-20 Cognis Deutschland Gmbh & Co. Kg Detergent tablets
US7087570B2 (en) 1999-12-24 2006-08-08 Cognis Deutschland Gmbh & Co. Kg Detergent tablets
US6479452B2 (en) 2000-06-29 2002-11-12 Cognis Deutschland Gmbh & Co. Kg Surfactant granules with an improved dissolving rate comprising alky and alkenyl sulfates
US6616705B2 (en) 2000-09-08 2003-09-09 Cognis Deutschland Gmbh & Co. Kg Laundry detergent compositions
US6620209B2 (en) 2000-09-08 2003-09-16 Cognis Deutschland Gmbh & Co. Kg Laundry detergent compositions
US6797687B2 (en) 2001-08-07 2004-09-28 Cognis Deutschland Gmbh & Co. Kg Gemini surfactant compositions
DE102015002877A1 (en) 2015-03-09 2016-09-15 Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa Granular detergent or cleaner with improved dissolution rate

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE59305176D1 (en) 1997-02-27
CA2147744A1 (en) 1994-04-28
DE4235646A1 (en) 1994-04-28
ATE147777T1 (en) 1997-02-15
JPH08502312A (en) 1996-03-12
EP0665879B1 (en) 1997-01-15
ES2096336T3 (en) 1997-03-01
EP0665879A1 (en) 1995-08-09
KR950704471A (en) 1995-11-20

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP0665879B1 (en) Process for producing extrudates used as detergents or cleaning agents
EP0523099B1 (en) Process for the manufacture of washing and cleansing agents
EP0595946B1 (en) Method of producing high-bulk-density washing agents with improved dissolving speed
DE4203031A1 (en) METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SOLID DETERGENT AND CLEANING AGENT WITH HIGH SHOCK WEIGHT AND IMPROVED SOLUTION SPEED
DE19956803A1 (en) Surfactant granules with an improved dissolution rate
DE19953793A1 (en) Surfactant granules with an improved dissolution rate
DE19501269A1 (en) Amorphous alkali silicate compound
WO1994013771A1 (en) Granulated washing and cleaning agents with a high surfactant content
EP0814152A2 (en) Process for making solid detergent compositions
EP1167509B1 (en) Detergent granules with an improved dissolution rate
EP0724620B1 (en) Process for producing washing or cleaning extrudates with improved redispersibility
EP0793708B1 (en) Process for the preparation of extruded washing or cleaning agents containing water-soluble builders
EP0840780B1 (en) High bulk density granulated washing or cleaning product
WO1992012229A1 (en) Readily soluble dry concentrate containing washing-agent ingredients
EP0705330A1 (en) Method of producing extrudates with washing or cleaning properties
EP0711338A1 (en) Process for preparing washing or detergent extrudates
EP0674703B1 (en) Proces for preparing a granulated washing and cleaning agent
WO1996011254A1 (en) Process for producing extrudates with a washing or cleaning action
DE4304475A1 (en) Granulated detergent and cleaning agent
DE19546465A1 (en) Process for the production of granular washing or cleaning agents or components therefor
EP0876469A1 (en) Process for the production of granules of washing and cleaning agents or components therefor

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): CA JP KR US

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE DK ES FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE

DFPE Request for preliminary examination filed prior to expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed before 20040101)
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application
WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 1993923465

Country of ref document: EP

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2147744

Country of ref document: CA

ENP Entry into the national phase

Ref document number: 1995 416837

Country of ref document: US

Date of ref document: 19950519

Kind code of ref document: A

WWP Wipo information: published in national office

Ref document number: 1993923465

Country of ref document: EP

WWG Wipo information: grant in national office

Ref document number: 1993923465

Country of ref document: EP