WO1993018377A1 - Uv dosimeter for visual checking - Google Patents

Uv dosimeter for visual checking Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1993018377A1
WO1993018377A1 PCT/HU1993/000012 HU9300012W WO9318377A1 WO 1993018377 A1 WO1993018377 A1 WO 1993018377A1 HU 9300012 W HU9300012 W HU 9300012W WO 9318377 A1 WO9318377 A1 WO 9318377A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
mercury
oxalate
silver
mol
dosimeter
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/HU1993/000012
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Tibor Szalay
György BAZSA
Mihály BECK
Irén HORKAY
Zoltán NAGY
József PATKÓ
Original Assignee
Kossuth Lajos Tudományegyetem
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Kossuth Lajos Tudományegyetem filed Critical Kossuth Lajos Tudományegyetem
Publication of WO1993018377A1 publication Critical patent/WO1993018377A1/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
    • G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
    • G01T1/02—Dosimeters
    • G01T1/04—Chemical dosimeters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
    • G01J1/48—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using chemical effects
    • G01J1/50—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using chemical effects using change in colour of an indicator, e.g. actinometer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
    • G01J1/42—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors
    • G01J1/429—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors applied to measurement of ultraviolet light

Definitions

  • the invention relates particularly to a photosensitive layer consisting of a mercury(I) + silver(I) oxalate sol dispersed in a high molecular weight polymer ready to gel formation which is applied by a standard photographic method preferably on a paper or plastic carrier.
  • the UV dosimeter is sensitive to the UV radiation of the sun such that above 360 nm it does not react at all.
  • the use of the dosimeter makes possible the determination of the limit value of light emitted by the sun or other UV light sources which is not harmful to the human body.
  • UV radiation 200-400 nm
  • UV radi- ation has both favourable and unfavourable effects on the human body, and even harmful effects which may be felt either immediately or only decades after the occurrence of the actual irradiation. Since the biological effect is heavily dependent on the wavelength, the full UV spectrum is usually divided into three regions: UV A, UV B and UV C spectra. For most of the related biological effects the UV B (290-320 nm) region is responsible.
  • the biological effects of UV light influence the skin, eyes and the immune system in humans.
  • Sunbathing, especially if it is overdone, can be followed by- a number of unpleasant consequences.
  • the strength of the sunlight is influenced by various factors, such as the seasons of the year or hours of the day, geographical conditions, the pollution of the air etc. Recently, the protective ozone layer of the atmosphere has been getting thinner and its effect must also be taken into consideration.
  • UV B radiation The simplest way of protecting againts the harmful effect of UV B radiation is to measure the intensity of the radiation and to expose the skin to sunlight (UV radiation) only as long as the light dose obtained is not harmful. Since there have been several decades of research on the development of actinometers, a number of different dosimeters are in existence. Various types of devices (vacuum photodiode, photo ultiplier, photoelement) are available, depending on the thermic or other physical effect their functioning is based on.
  • Chemical actinometers are more simple. They measure the result of photoinduced chemical reaction(s), usually deter ⁇ mined by the quantity of starting material(s) or reaction product(s) (H.J. Khun, S.E. Braslavsky, R. Schmidt: Chemical Actinometry, Pure and Appl.Chem., Vol. 61, No 2, pp. 187- 210, 1989). However, for simple and large-scale use or for application as personal dosimeter, these actinometers are neither suitable nor economical.
  • the object of the present invention is to develop a do ⁇ simeter based on a photochemical reaction, which can be wi ⁇ dely used for determination of the harmless limit dose of light emitted by the sun or other UV-light sources and so can be applied as a personal actinometer by people sunbath- ing or exposed to the effect of UV-light.
  • the photosensitive layer should display suitable sensitivity in the UV B region of sunlight
  • the darkening (discolouration) should be proportional to the dose of light irradiating the photosensitive layer
  • the photoinduced reaction should be irreversible, i.e. the darkening (discolouration) proportional to the quantity of the irradiating light should not change even if later the system is exposed to light of longer wavelength than that indicated.
  • the photosensitive layer of the UV dosimeter consists of a mercury(I) oxalate + silver(I) oxalate sol dispersed in a suitable carrier layer.
  • mercury(I) oxalate In given case a part of mercury(I) oxalate can be sub ⁇ stituted for mercury(II) oxalate.
  • the mercury content of the photosensitive layer can be reduced by the application of mercury(II) oxalate.
  • the photosensitive layer contains altogether 0.44 x 10 - 8.8 x 10 ⁇ 3 mol/m 2 mercury(I) and/or mercury(II) + silver(I) oxalate to achieve the required darkening.
  • the quantity of the mercury(I) and silver(I) oxalate can be varied in this range according to requirements, provided that the quantity of the single components is not less than 0.04 x 10 J mol/m .
  • the photosensitive layer should contain 4.4 x 10 —3 mol/m ⁇ mercury(I) and silver(I) oxalate, more exactly 4.0 x 10 -3 mol/m 2 mercury(I)oxalate and 0.4 x 10 " mol/ ⁇ r 2 sil- ver(I) oxalate.
  • a carrier layer a high molecular polymer ready to gel formation, preferably gelatin, should be used.
  • a water soluble salt of mercury(I) and/or mercury(II) and silver(I) preferably nitrate should be applied.
  • the sol constituting the photosensitive layer is pre ⁇ pared by addition of the aqueous solution of mercury(I) and/or mercury(II) and silver(I) nitrate in a quantity equivalent to 2.2 x 10 ⁇ 3 - 44.0 x 10 ⁇ 3 mol/dm 3 mercury(I) and/or mercury(II) + silver(I) oxalate with regard to the volume of the sol as well as an aqueous oxalic acid solution to the aqueous solution of gelatin at 40-50°C, preferably at 45°C under stirring. Then the emulsion obtained is diluted with water to a suitable concentration. In the sol the sum of the quantity of mercury(I) and silver(I) oxalate cannot be less than 0.2 x 10 ⁇ 3 mol/dm 3 .
  • the sol should contain altogether 22.0 x 10 mol/dm mercury(I) and silver(I) oxalate, more exactly 20.0 x 10 —3 mercury(I) oxalate and 2.0 x 10 silver(I) oxalate.
  • the sol obtained is applied on a paper or plastic sheet in a layer of 100-500 cm 3 /m 2 , preferably 200 cm 3 /m 2 wide at a temperature of 30-40°C.
  • the photosensitive layer in the above-mentioned con- centration range can be used in practical for the indication of irradiation lasting for hours.
  • the time dependent darkening is compared to a calibrated darkening scale made by a typographical method.
  • the sunlight sensitivity of the human skin is determi ⁇ ned by "the skin type.
  • the skin type According to their skin reaction to sunlight humans can be classified into VI groups.
  • Individu ⁇ als of light or white colour belonging to types I and II are very sensitive to dermatosis caused by sunlight. They get easily sunburnt and hardly ever or never become tanned.
  • Humans of type III are less sensitive, their skin gets mode ⁇ rately sunburnt with a gradual and uniform tan, while skin type IV gets only slightly sunburnt with a good and strong tan.
  • For skin type V it is characteristic that it is only slightly sensitive, rarely gets sunburnt and easily tans dark brown; skin type VI is insensitive to UV light.
  • the darkening stages are given according to the above mentioned skin types so the darkening scale can be evaluated according to skin types.
  • One of the possible ways of using the UV dosimeter ac ⁇ cording to the invention is the following: the photosensiti ⁇ ve layer of the indicator is irradiated by a UV source of determined intensity in bands, for an increasing length of time. The n bands in succession are gradually irradiated n times, (n-1) times ..., twice as long as the last band. The darkening stages obtained this way are compared to a calib ⁇ rated darkening scale. In practice the value of n may vary between 4 and 15.
  • the dosimeter with mercury(II) oxalate content can be applied during sunbathing, too; in such a way that we take a stripe with a few c " surface to a bag colored according to the above-mentioned skin types by typographical method.
  • the photosensitive surface can be seen as a spot(s) as long as it obtaines the color of the bag under influence of UV ra ⁇ diation. This indicates that the further sunbathing can be dangerous.
  • the mixture 1 is heated to 45°C and the solution 2 is added under stirring. After 20 seconds the solution 3 is added dropwise and stirring is continued for 10 minutes. Then the solution 4 is dropped into the above mixture and after a few seconds the solution 5 is also added. After 10 minutes stirring at 45°C 16.0 g gelatin is added within 1 minute, and the stirring is continued for an additional 10 minutes.
  • the emulsion is increased to 250 cm 3 with water and applied on a paper or plastic sheet by hand or by machine at 35"C in a 200 cm 3 /m 2 thick layer.
  • the layer is left to dry at room temperature and the air dried indicator is cut according to the required measure, packed light proof and stored.
  • the preparation can be done normal diffuse illumination.
  • a/ A 15x1 cm strip is irradiated by a quarz lamp fitted with HgO K-400 bulb from a distance of 50 cm in bands of 0.5 cm by moving a special cover made for this purpose.
  • the strip is lit gradually, increasing the irradiated field with a further band every minute.
  • b/ A 15x1 cm strip is exposed to sunlight in the way described under a/, but the irradiation time is 5 minutes. In cases a/ and b/ the irradiation is continued as long as the darkening of the indicator can be compared with one more stage of the typographically prepared calibrated scale.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Photometry And Measurement Of Optical Pulse Characteristics (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to an UV dosimeter suitable for visual checking and the use of the indicator to determine the limit value of UV radiation which does not harm the human body. The invention relates particularly to a photosensitive layer consisting of a mercury (I) and/or mercury (II) + silver (I) oxalate sol dispersed in a high molecular weight polymer ready to gel formation which is applied by a standard photographic method on a paper or platic carrier.

Description

UV DOSIMETER FOR VISUAL CHECKING
The present invention relates to an UV dosimeter suitable for visual checking and the use of the indicator to determine the limit value of UV radiation which does not harm the human body.
The invention relates particularly to a photosensitive layer consisting of a mercury(I) + silver(I) oxalate sol dispersed in a high molecular weight polymer ready to gel formation which is applied by a standard photographic method preferably on a paper or plastic carrier.
The UV dosimeter is sensitive to the UV radiation of the sun such that above 360 nm it does not react at all. The use of the dosimeter makes possible the determination of the limit value of light emitted by the sun or other UV light sources which is not harmful to the human body.
Some 5% of the sunlight reaching the earth s surface is made up of ultraviolet (UV) radiation (200-400 nm) . UV radi- ation has both favourable and unfavourable effects on the human body, and even harmful effects which may be felt either immediately or only decades after the occurrence of the actual irradiation. Since the biological effect is heavily dependent on the wavelength, the full UV spectrum is usually divided into three regions: UV A, UV B and UV C spectra. For most of the related biological effects the UV B (290-320 nm) region is responsible.
The biological effects of UV light influence the skin, eyes and the immune system in humans. The early damage in- eludes dermatitis, conjuctivitis and keratitis, the delayed damage includes for example, premature skin aging, skin can¬ cer, exacerbation of skin diseases, cataract, weakening the bodyxs defense mechanism, susceptibility to skin infestation or skin cancer. Sunbathing, especially if it is overdone, can be followed by- a number of unpleasant consequences. The strength of the sunlight is influenced by various factors, such as the seasons of the year or hours of the day, geographical conditions, the pollution of the air etc. Recently, the protective ozone layer of the atmosphere has been getting thinner and its effect must also be taken into consideration. Although clouds reduce the intensity of the UV radiation, such reduction is not significant; therefore cloudy weather represents a relatively high risk of sunburn since the warning effect of the high temperature is missing. Reflection by various surfaces is significant, particularly in the case of sand and snow. Water reflects only 5% UV B, while up to a depth of 2m, 75% can get through, which means that swimming cannot give protection againts harmful effects.
The simplest way of protecting againts the harmful effect of UV B radiation is to measure the intensity of the radiation and to expose the skin to sunlight (UV radiation) only as long as the light dose obtained is not harmful. Since there have been several decades of research on the development of actinometers, a number of different dosimeters are in existence. Various types of devices (vacuum photodiode, photo ultiplier, photoelement) are available, depending on the thermic or other physical effect their functioning is based on.
Chemical actinometers are more simple. They measure the result of photoinduced chemical reaction(s), usually deter¬ mined by the quantity of starting material(s) or reaction product(s) (H.J. Khun, S.E. Braslavsky, R. Schmidt: Chemical Actinometry, Pure and Appl.Chem., Vol. 61, No 2, pp. 187- 210, 1989). However, for simple and large-scale use or for application as personal dosimeter, these actinometers are neither suitable nor economical.
Several reactions are known which are induced by light and result in easily visible change of colour, called "darkening" . Such reactions are for example the photoinduced disproportion of mercury(I) iodide or the redox reaction of Formstecher s mercury(II) iodide silver(I) iodide 'system. However, from several points of view, these reactions are not suitable for the measurement of UV B radiation. On the one hand, they are sensitive also to visible light and so are not selective in the UV B region; on the other hand, the reaction is reversible, the irradiated layer becoming lighter if left in the dark and so impossible to evaluate. The object of the present invention is to develop a do¬ simeter based on a photochemical reaction, which can be wi¬ dely used for determination of the harmless limit dose of light emitted by the sun or other UV-light sources and so can be applied as a personal actinometer by people sunbath- ing or exposed to the effect of UV-light.
Devices suitable for the above.purposes should meet the following requirements:
- the photosensitive layer should display suitable sensitivity in the UV B region of sunlight,
- the darkening (discolouration) should be proportional to the dose of light irradiating the photosensitive layer,
- the darkening should be visually evaluable within a 1 minute to 1-2 hour interval, i.e. the so-called "darkening curve" characterizing the system must have a linear section of specific inclination,
- the photoinduced reaction should be irreversible, i.e. the darkening (discolouration) proportional to the quantity of the irradiating light should not change even if later the system is exposed to light of longer wavelength than that indicated.
It was found that a mercury(I) oxalate + silver(I) oxa¬ late system met the above requirements. This redox system is selective since it displays • suitable sensitivity in the desired (290-320 nm) wavelength region. The reaction is irreversible and in a suitable carrier layer it shows darkening (discolouration) proportional to the intensity of irradiating light, while it remains stable even if later it is exposed to light of longer wavelength. The darkening curve of the system has a linear section of about 1.20 inclination. The darkening induced by the light can be visually well evaluated within 1-100 minutes.
The photosensitive layer of the UV dosimeter consists of a mercury(I) oxalate + silver(I) oxalate sol dispersed in a suitable carrier layer.
In given case a part of mercury(I) oxalate can be sub¬ stituted for mercury(II) oxalate. The mercury content of the photosensitive layer can be reduced by the application of mercury(II) oxalate.
The photosensitive layer contains altogether 0.44 x 10 - 8.8 x 10~3 mol/m2 mercury(I) and/or mercury(II) + silver(I) oxalate to achieve the required darkening. The quantity of the mercury(I) and silver(I) oxalate can be varied in this range according to requirements, provided that the quantity of the single components is not less than 0.04 x 10 J mol/m .
The photosensitive layer should contain 4.4 x 10 —3 mol/m^ mercury(I) and silver(I) oxalate, more exactly 4.0 x 10-3 mol/m2 mercury(I)oxalate and 0.4 x 10" mol/τr2 sil- ver(I) oxalate.
As a carrier layer a high molecular polymer ready to gel formation, preferably gelatin, should be used.
A water soluble salt of mercury(I) and/or mercury(II) and silver(I) preferably nitrate should be applied. The sol constituting the photosensitive layer is pre¬ pared by addition of the aqueous solution of mercury(I) and/or mercury(II) and silver(I) nitrate in a quantity equivalent to 2.2 x 10~3 - 44.0 x 10~3 mol/dm3 mercury(I) and/or mercury(II) + silver(I) oxalate with regard to the volume of the sol as well as an aqueous oxalic acid solution to the aqueous solution of gelatin at 40-50°C, preferably at 45°C under stirring. Then the emulsion obtained is diluted with water to a suitable concentration. In the sol the sum of the quantity of mercury(I) and silver(I) oxalate cannot be less than 0.2 x 10~3 mol/dm3.
_ _•__>
The sol should contain altogether 22.0 x 10 mol/dm mercury(I) and silver(I) oxalate, more exactly 20.0 x 10 —3 mercury(I) oxalate and 2.0 x 10 silver(I) oxalate. The sol obtained is applied on a paper or plastic sheet in a layer of 100-500 cm3/m2, preferably 200 cm3/m2 wide at a temperature of 30-40°C.
The photosensitive layer in the above-mentioned con- centration range can be used in practical for the indication of irradiation lasting for hours. The time dependent darkening is compared to a calibrated darkening scale made by a typographical method.
The sunlight sensitivity of the human skin is determi¬ ned by "the skin type. According to their skin reaction to sunlight humans can be classified into VI groups. Individu¬ als of light or white colour belonging to types I and II are very sensitive to dermatosis caused by sunlight. They get easily sunburnt and hardly ever or never become tanned. Humans of type III are less sensitive, their skin gets mode¬ rately sunburnt with a gradual and uniform tan, while skin type IV gets only slightly sunburnt with a good and strong tan. For skin type V it is characteristic that it is only slightly sensitive, rarely gets sunburnt and easily tans dark brown; skin type VI is insensitive to UV light.
The darkening stages are given according to the above mentioned skin types so the darkening scale can be evaluated according to skin types. One of the possible ways of using the UV dosimeter ac¬ cording to the invention is the following: the photosensiti¬ ve layer of the indicator is irradiated by a UV source of determined intensity in bands, for an increasing length of time. The n bands in succession are gradually irradiated n times, (n-1) times ..., twice as long as the last band. The darkening stages obtained this way are compared to a calib¬ rated darkening scale. In practice the value of n may vary between 4 and 15.
The dosimeter with mercury(II) oxalate content can be applied during sunbathing, too; in such a way that we take a stripe with a few c " surface to a bag colored according to the above-mentioned skin types by typographical method. The photosensitive surface can be seen as a spot(s) as long as it obtaines the color of the bag under influence of UV ra¬ diation. This indicates that the further sunbathing can be dangerous.
The following example describes the invention in detail without limiting its scope.
Example 1
The preparation of the indicator (dosimeter) :
1. 5 g gelatin is soaked in 76 c of water for 30 minutes.
2. 0.17 g (0.001 mol) Ag θ3 is dissolved in 20 cm3 of water.
3. 0.1 g oxalic acid is dissolved in 20 cm3 of water.
4. 2.8 g (0.005 mol) Hg2(N03)2.2 H2O is dissolved in 20 •3 cm of water.
-~
5. 1.3 g oxalic acid is dissolved in 20 cm of water.
The mixture 1 is heated to 45°C and the solution 2 is added under stirring. After 20 seconds the solution 3 is added dropwise and stirring is continued for 10 minutes. Then the solution 4 is dropped into the above mixture and after a few seconds the solution 5 is also added. After 10 minutes stirring at 45°C 16.0 g gelatin is added within 1 minute, and the stirring is continued for an additional 10 minutes. The emulsion is increased to 250 cm3 with water and applied on a paper or plastic sheet by hand or by machine at 35"C in a 200 cm3/m2 thick layer.
The layer is left to dry at room temperature and the air dried indicator is cut according to the required measure, packed light proof and stored. The preparation can be done normal diffuse illumination. Application
a/ A 15x1 cm strip is irradiated by a quarz lamp fitted with HgO K-400 bulb from a distance of 50 cm in bands of 0.5 cm by moving a special cover made for this purpose. The strip is lit gradually, increasing the irradiated field with a further band every minute. b/ A 15x1 cm strip is exposed to sunlight in the way described under a/, but the irradiation time is 5 minutes. In cases a/ and b/ the irradiation is continued as long as the darkening of the indicator can be compared with one more stage of the typographically prepared calibrated scale.
The limit value of the irradiation (the period of sun¬ bathing) is determined according to the skin type in the following way (n = 4):
Figure imgf000009_0001

Claims

What is claimed is:
1. An UV dosimeter suitable for visual use characterized by a photosensitive layer containing a mercury(I) and/or mercury(II) + silver(I) oxalate sol dispersed in a high molecular polymer ready gel formation on a standard paper or plastic carrier.
2. The UV dosimeter according to claim 1 characterized by a photosensitive layer containing 0.44 x 10 ° - 8.8 x 10 mol/m2 mercury(I) and/or mercury(II) + silver(I) oxalate, provided that the sum quantity of the mercury(I) or silver(I) oxalate is a minimum 0.04 x 10 J mol/m .
3. The UV dosimeter according to claim 1 characterized by a pphhoottoosseennss:itive layer containing 4.0 x 10 J mol/m sil- ver(I) oxalate.
4. A process for the preparation of a UV dosimeter suitable for visual evaluation characterized by a quantity of water soluble mercury(I) and/or ercury(II) and silver(I) salt corresponding to 2.2 x 10 J - 44.0 x 10 ° mol/dmJ mercury(I) and/or mercury(II) and silver(I) oxalate according to . the volume of the sol dispersed in a high molecular polymer ready to gel formation, provided that the minimum quantity of mercury(I) oxalate or silver(I) oxalate m the sol s 0.2 x 10 J mol/dm , and the sol obtained s applied on a carrier, preferably on a paper or plastic sheet by photographic casting, in a thickness of 100 - 500 cm /m , preferably 200 cπr/m , preferably covered with a gelatin protecting layer, dried in air and packed away from light.
5. A process according to claim 4 characterized by mercury(I) or mercury(II) nitrate and silver(I) nitrate dis- persed m a quantity corresponding to 20.0 x 10 J mol/dm mercury(I) and/or mercury(II) oxalate and 2.0 x 10 mol/dm3 silver(I) oxalate respectively.
6. A process according to claim 4 characterized by the use of gelatin as a polymer of high molecular weight.
7. Use of UV dosimeter according to claim 1 for measur¬ ing UV radiation harmful to the human body.
PCT/HU1993/000012 1992-03-06 1993-03-03 Uv dosimeter for visual checking WO1993018377A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
HU00766/92 1992-03-06
HU9200766A HU208865B (en) 1992-03-06 1992-03-06 Uv dosimetric indicator suitable for visual evaluation and method for making thereof

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1993018377A1 true WO1993018377A1 (en) 1993-09-16

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AU (1) AU3646893A (en)
HU (1) HU208865B (en)
IL (1) IL104913A0 (en)
WO (1) WO1993018377A1 (en)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5589398A (en) * 1993-11-15 1996-12-31 Boehringer Mannheim Gmbh Use of test strips to determine the UV intensity or to pre-determine the duration of stay in the sun without sunburn
DE19535273C1 (en) * 1995-09-22 1997-04-24 Deutsche Forsch Luft Raumfahrt Personal dosimeter to register solar ray exposure
WO1999051951A1 (en) * 1998-04-02 1999-10-14 Oleg Stanislavovich Bazanov Photo-sensitive element for indicating the exposure to ultraviolet radiation and method for producing said photo-sensitive element
WO2000012979A1 (en) * 1998-08-28 2000-03-09 Andrei Vasilievich Demin Sensitive element for an ultraviolet radiation detector and method for making the same
US10088358B1 (en) 2016-08-11 2018-10-02 Verily Life Sciences Llc Implantable systems and methods for UV dose monitoring
US11231506B2 (en) 2018-09-14 2022-01-25 Billion Bottle Project Ultraviolet (UV) dosimetry

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1422631A (en) * 1972-03-10 1976-01-28 Ici Ltd Ultraviolet radiation dosimeter
US4918317A (en) * 1987-07-02 1990-04-17 The Mead Corporation Radiation dosimeter
DE4012984A1 (en) * 1990-04-24 1991-10-31 Edgar Hoehn Personal UV dosimeter - for use by sun-bather to indicate sunburn risk

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1422631A (en) * 1972-03-10 1976-01-28 Ici Ltd Ultraviolet radiation dosimeter
US4918317A (en) * 1987-07-02 1990-04-17 The Mead Corporation Radiation dosimeter
DE4012984A1 (en) * 1990-04-24 1991-10-31 Edgar Hoehn Personal UV dosimeter - for use by sun-bather to indicate sunburn risk

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
H.J. KUHN, S.E. BRASLAVSKY, R. SCHMIDT, "Chemical Actinometry", PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY, Volume 61, No. 2, pages 187-210, issued 1989. *

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5589398A (en) * 1993-11-15 1996-12-31 Boehringer Mannheim Gmbh Use of test strips to determine the UV intensity or to pre-determine the duration of stay in the sun without sunburn
DE19535273C1 (en) * 1995-09-22 1997-04-24 Deutsche Forsch Luft Raumfahrt Personal dosimeter to register solar ray exposure
US5731589A (en) * 1995-09-22 1998-03-24 Deutsche Forschungsanstalt Fur Luft-Und Raumfahrt E.V. Ultraviolet radiation dosimeter
WO1999051951A1 (en) * 1998-04-02 1999-10-14 Oleg Stanislavovich Bazanov Photo-sensitive element for indicating the exposure to ultraviolet radiation and method for producing said photo-sensitive element
WO2000012979A1 (en) * 1998-08-28 2000-03-09 Andrei Vasilievich Demin Sensitive element for an ultraviolet radiation detector and method for making the same
US10088358B1 (en) 2016-08-11 2018-10-02 Verily Life Sciences Llc Implantable systems and methods for UV dose monitoring
US11231506B2 (en) 2018-09-14 2022-01-25 Billion Bottle Project Ultraviolet (UV) dosimetry

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IL104913A0 (en) 1993-07-08
HU9200766D0 (en) 1992-05-28
HU208865B (en) 1994-01-28

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