WO1993005541A1 - Improved energy storage device - Google Patents
Improved energy storage device Download PDFInfo
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- WO1993005541A1 WO1993005541A1 PCT/US1992/001036 US9201036W WO9305541A1 WO 1993005541 A1 WO1993005541 A1 WO 1993005541A1 US 9201036 W US9201036 W US 9201036W WO 9305541 A1 WO9305541 A1 WO 9305541A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
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- Prior art date
Links
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 6
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 abstract description 13
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 14
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 10
- -1 calcium Chemical compound 0.000 description 8
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 description 4
- NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese dioxide Chemical compound O=[Mn]=O NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- AKEJUJNQAAGONA-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur trioxide Chemical compound O=S(=O)=O AKEJUJNQAAGONA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphur dioxide Chemical compound O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 2
- VIEXQFHKRAHTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloroselanyl selenohypochlorite Chemical compound Cl[Se][Se]Cl VIEXQFHKRAHTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl formate Chemical compound COC=O TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- FYSNRJHAOHDILO-UHFFFAOYSA-N thionyl chloride Chemical compound ClS(Cl)=O FYSNRJHAOHDILO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910018075 AgxV2Oy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001200 Ferrotitanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000792 Monel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001508 alkali metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001615 alkaline earth metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003013 cathode binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003985 ceramic capacitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001688 coating polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002322 conducting polymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RCJVRSBWZCNNQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichloridooxygen Chemical compound ClOCl RCJVRSBWZCNNQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003303 ion-exchange polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000554 ionomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(0) Chemical compound [Pb] WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;trifluoromethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical class C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000005486 organic electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000867 polyelectrolyte Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- RAVDHKVWJUPFPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver;oxido(dioxo)vanadium Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-][V](=O)=O RAVDHKVWJUPFPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G4/00—Fixed capacitors; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G4/002—Details
- H01G4/228—Terminals
- H01G4/232—Terminals electrically connecting two or more layers of a stacked or rolled capacitor
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G4/00—Fixed capacitors; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G4/26—Folded capacitors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/04—Construction or manufacture in general
- H01M10/0431—Cells with wound or folded electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
- H01M50/531—Electrode connections inside a battery casing
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
- H01M50/531—Electrode connections inside a battery casing
- H01M50/533—Electrode connections inside a battery casing characterised by the shape of the leads or tabs
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- This invention relates to the art of energy storage devices such as capacitors and batteries including electrolytic capacitors, ceramic capacitors, foil capacitors, super capacitors, double layer capacitors, and aqueous and non-aqueous primary and secondary batteries. Even more particularly it relates to lithium batteries having solid cathodes and liquid organic electrolytes for delivering high current pulses as the preferred form of the invention.
- the improved electrode assembly of the invention can be variously applied to energy storage devices particular for improved operation.
- implantable medical devices such as cardioverter/defibrillators and improved pacemakers of more complicated design have led to a need for batteries to power such devices.
- the ability of an implantable battery to deliver high current pulses and rapidly recover its open circuit voltage has become an important performance characteristic.
- the various new medical devices demand power sources with high capacity, low self - discharge and good pulsing behavior. This invention is particularly applicable to the need.
- one aspect of the invention consists of a single unit ⁇ zed solid conductor or bus strip with individual integrated electrode current collector tabs extending out along its length and folded to form an interleaved electrode assembly.
- electrode arrangements and assemblies are possible utilizing the basic concepts of the invention and can be better understood by considering the drawings and detailed description of the invention. It should be noted however, that this invention has broad general application to electrochemical cells of batteries which utilize a cathode couple that is capable of providing a useful voltage and/or current when combined with an active anode. It also has broad general applications to capacitors which have the capability to store an electric charge.
- Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a partially assembled electrode assembly according to the invention
- Fig. 2 is a perspective view of the complete assembly shown in Fig. 1 ;
- Fig, 3 is an exploded perspective view of the assembly of Fig. 2 inserted into a battery container preparatory to sealing by a closing cover;
- Fig. 4 is a perspective of a folded one piece anode segment usable in the construction and assembly of the cell of Figs. 1 - 3 and in other configurations as well;
- Fig. 5 is a pictorial view of an alternate cathode folding and assembly configuration;
- Fig. 6 is a pictorial view of another alternate cathode folding and assembly configuration
- Fig. 7 is a plan view of the cathode shown in Fig. 5 before folding and beginning of the assembly operation;
- Fig. 8 is a plan view of the cathode of Fig. 6 before folding and beginning of the assembly operation;
- Fig. 9 is a partial plan view of an alternate anode configuration for use with the cathode shown in Fig. 5.
- Fig. 10 is another alternate anode configuration shown in plan view of yet another alternate anode configuration to be used with the cathode of shown in Fig. 5;
- Fig. 11 is a plan view showing an alternate predetermined cathode configuration shaped to fit a battery container of like configuration
- Fig. 12 is a perspective view of a folded anode and folded cathode in the process of assembly; both electrodes being of alternate configuration according to the invention;
- Fig. 13 is a perspective view of the electrode assembly resulting from the combination of the anode and cathode of Fig. 12;
- Fig. 1 is a pictorial view of another alternate form of the invention comprising folded and partially assembled anode and cathode electrodes being interleaved together;
- Fig. 15 is a perspective view of the assembly resulting from the combination of the anode and cathode of Fig. 14 and,
- Fig. 16 is a plan view of the cathode utilized in Fig. 12.
- the improved electrode assemblies of the invention have broad application to electrochemical cells and batteries of a wide variety in all instances wherein a series of parallel arranged electrode plates are utilized.
- a key feature of the invention lies in the fact that the anode electrode and cathode electrode are both of one - piece construction thereby simplifying and minimizing electrical conduction problems and electrical continuity within the device in which the electrodes are used.
- One of the most preferred types of power sources in which the improved electrode assemblies of the invention are intended for use is a battery or cell having a high rate capability, as has already been indicated.
- Such batteries usually include an active cathode incorporating active cathode material and an anode of active anode material and a liquid electrolyte which fills the battery container surrounding the electrodes.
- an active cathode incorporating active cathode material and an anode of active anode material and a liquid electrolyte which fills the battery container surrounding the electrodes.
- a lithium anode a cathode comprised of manganese dioxide MnO 2 , silver vanadium oxide Ag x V 2 O y ; carbon monofluoride (CF X ); or vanadium oxide such as V 6 O 13 or V 2 O 5 .
- the preferred anode will vary with the specific embodiment.
- a primary cell may utilize a simple lithium foil anode.
- the preferred anode material may be a linear graphite hybrid with lithium or it may include an organic compound such as a conducting polymer (polyacetyiene, polyaniline or the like) or even a reducing metal oxide such as oO 2 or WO 2 , which would incorporate lithium ions into its lattice structure during charge and deintercalate on discharge.
- the liquid electrolyte in such a cell might typically comprise a combination of a lithium salt and an organic solvent such as 1.5 molar a solution of lithium trifluoromethane sulfonate (LiCF 3 SO 3 ) in a 50:50 volume:volume propylene carbonate and dimethoxyethane.
- a lithium salt lithium salt and an organic solvent
- LiCF 3 SO 3 lithium trifluoromethane sulfonate
- other electrolytes such as a lithium perchlorate with polyethyleneoxide polymer electrolyte, an ionically conducting glass, a solid ionomer, an ion exchange polymer, an acrylic polyelectrolyte or other electrolytes known in the art may be utilized as well.
- the anode typically lithium or lithium alloy
- the cathode will typically comprise a continuously elongated element or structure enclosed within separator material.
- the cathode will comprise a thin sheet of metal screen or the like, for example, titanium or stainless steel, and a lead portion in the form of a solid thin tab extending from the screen.
- The. cathode further may comprise a body of cathode mixture including cathode active material and binder.
- the cathode active material may be any of the aforementioned materials as previously described and can include a binder such as polytetrafluorethylene, polyethylene and polypropylene and may also include conductive materials such as graphite powder, carbon black powder and/or acetylene black powder.
- a cell of the type in which the electrode assemblies of the invention may be advantageously used is the cell type which comprises an active or oxidizable metal anode, an inactive cathode and electrolytes of the type containing certain materials capable of acting both as an electrolyte carrier i.e., as the solvent for an electrolyte salt, and as the active cathode material for the battery.
- Such batteries are known in the art and are described by way of example in U.S. Pat. 4,328,289 to Zupancic et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,264,687 to Dey et al; U.S. Pat. 3,998,657 to Auborn et al; and U.S. Pat. 4,666,799 to Runquist et al; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Batteries of this type are desirable in applications such as: fire alarms, watches, calculators, pacemakers and other medical devices etc.
- the most common and well known battery of this type is the lithium/thionyichloride cell.
- the cathode is inactive in the sense that the cathode material per se does not take a chemical part in the oxidation reduction reactions of the cell. Rather, a cathode "current collector" is exposed to the cathode electrolyte along with the oxidizable active anode.
- the active oxidizable anode material for such a cell is lithium or a lithium alloy.
- other oxidizable anode materials are used in these kinds of cells and generally may include the other alkali metals such as sodium and potassium etc., and alkaline earth metals such as calcium and alloys of these metals.
- the anode is typically constructed of the oxidizable metal in contact with a suitable supporting metal grid or screen as described hereinabove with reference to the high rate cells.
- the grid for lithium anode may be made of nickel, nickel alloy such as Monel, stainless steel, tantalum or platinum.
- the cathode - electrolyte solvents known to be useful in this type of cell includes sulfur dioxide and other fluid oxyhalides, non-metallic oxides, halogens, non-metallic halides and mixtures thereof such as phosphorous, oxychloride, (POCI 3 ), selenium chloride (SeCl 2 ), sulfur trioxide (SO 3 ), vanadium oxitrichloride (VOCI 3 ), chromicoxychloride (Cr 2 CI 2 ) and others.
- sulfur dioxide and other fluid oxyhalides, non-metallic oxides, halogens, non-metallic halides and mixtures thereof such as phosphorous, oxychloride, (POCI 3 ), selenium chloride (SeCl 2 ), sulfur trioxide (SO 3 ), vanadium oxitrichloride (VOCI 3 ), chromicoxychloride (Cr 2 CI 2 ) and others.
- non-aqueous solvents may be included along with the aforementioned cathodic active materials such as organic solvents including propylene carbonate, acetonitrile, methylformate, tetrahydrofuran and the like which have been generally used for non- aqueous, high energy density lithium and lithium/SO 2 cells.
- organic solvents including propylene carbonate, acetonitrile, methylformate, tetrahydrofuran and the like which have been generally used for non- aqueous, high energy density lithium and lithium/SO 2 cells.
- Electrolyte salts commonly used in batteries of this second type include alkali and alkaline earth metal halides, tetrohaloaluminates, tetrahaloborates and soluble lithium salts such as LiCl 4 L_iBF 4 and the like.
- This type of cell as already indicated utilizes a cathode current collector which may include a porous element of an inert conductive material in contact with the cathode - electrolyte.
- the porous element of the current collector is a high - surface - area body of any particular predetermined shape and form required for the particular battery design contemplated. Porous carbon cathode elements are preferred.
- Satisfactory carbon cathode current collector elements of this type may be formed by pressing particulate carbons such as carbon black or a acetylene black or graphite to a desired form.
- a suitable binder material may be added to the particulate. Suitable binder materials for this purpose include polytetrafiuorethylene, polychlorothrifluoroethylene, and the like.
- the cathode structure is typically enclosed within a separator material and in accordance with the present invention will ultimately be folded into a desired configuration as is more specifically described hereinbelow.
- cathode and anode electrode structures may vary from being passive to active in the case of cathodes and may vary over a wide range of materials in the case of both the anodes and cathodes.
- lithium and lithium alloys are the most preferred anode material and from a structural standpoint, such an electrode may be pure malleable lithium or alloy material or it may be pressed onto a suitable screen or grid which is subsequently enclosed in separator material if desired and folded to the desired configuration.
- the cathode and anode electrodes described hereinbelow are of a structural and chemical make-up suitable for whatever use intended and that such structure and chemical make-up is already known in the art.
- the electrode structure will be a composite consisting of a grid and pressed material as already described hereinabove whereas in other cases, the electrode structure may consist merely of a malleable material having the requisite shape.
- the enclosing separator material may be of a variety of types. For example, a non-woven and/or microporous polyethylene or polypropylene may be used.
- anode electrode and cathode electrode will be enclosed in such a separator material.
- Fig. 1 - 4 and 8 a first alternate embodiment of the invention will be described.
- the partially assembled electrode assembly generally indicated at 10 in Fig. 1 is made up of an anode 12 as generally indicated in Fig. 4 and a cathode 14 as generally indicated in Fig. 8.
- Anode 12 comprises a continuous elongated element or structure preferably of alkali metal, most preferably lithium or lithium alloy which may be folded as shown in Fig. 4 into a plurality of sections 12a. These sections are ultimately, during assembly, interposed or interleaved between like configured sections 14a of the cathode.
- Cathode means 14 as shown in Fig. 8 in plan view comprises an elongate central core or bus bar 16 from which a plurality of tab-like cathode sections or plates 14a extend along the length thereof.
- Bus 16 terminates in an elongated extending tab 16a which serves as a cathode electrode lead in the cell structure.
- Tabs 14a are connected to bus 16 by means of interconnecting portions 16b by means of which tabs 14a may be folded downwardly during assembly as shown at 14b in Fig. 1. Initially, however, the bus bar is folded at the 16b location as shown in Fig. 8 to result in a cathode folded configuration as shown in Fig. 1. Then, as shown in Fig.
- anode 12 is overlaid on a cathode tab 14b and is sequentially led in a zig-zag fashion downwardly through the stack of cathode tabs 14b on the one side, following which the tabs are bent downwardly as shown at Fig. 14b and the remaining length 12b of anode 12 is then similarly interleaved upwardly around the stack of spaced cathode plates 14a on the other side of the folded bus bar 16 following which those plates are then bent downwardly along with the interleaved anode as well to form the assembly as shown in Fig. 2 in which the outside surfaces thereof comprise anode 12 as shown.
- the cathode structure is. Consequently, when the assembly 10 as shown in Fig. 2 is inserted into a metallic battery container 18 as shown in Fig. 3 the exposed outer portions of anode 12 contact the interior walls of battery container 18 to provide what is known as a case negative battery.
- the extending length 16a of bus bar 16, serving a lead is then bent as shown and a lead wire 20 is appropriately connected thereto by welding or the like and extends through a suitable feedthrough 22 arrangement in a container cover 24. 24 is ultimately also welded to container 18 to provide a suitably sealed arrangement into which an appropriate electrolyte may be poured as through an opening 26 in cover 24.
- Opening 26 is then ultimately sealed with a welded plug or the like.
- a ceil with a cathode lead 20 extending therefrom may then be contacted by another lead attached to container 18 (not shown) to thereby provide exterior anode and cathode electrical connection to the cell.
- both anode 12 and cathode 14 are of single unitized construction to provide a simple, reliable, low resistance cell construction.
- Figs. 5 and 7 an alternate form of cathode folding arrangement is shown utilizing a slightly modified plan configuration as shown in Fig. 7.
- paired and oppositely dispersed cathode sections 14a are alternately folded upwardly and downwardly along the length of bus bar 16 while bus bar 16 is folded in a zig-zag fashion as seen in Fig. 5 whereby paired cathode sections 14a sequentially enclose each other within the folded configuration.
- a one-piece anode means as shown in Fig.
- cathode sections 14a may then be interleaved between cathode sections 14a to provide an electrode assembly which is substantially similar to that shown in Fig. 2, the primary difference being that the folded sections of bus bar 16 extend completely over the top surfaces of the cathode tabs 14a, rather than partially as shown in Fig. 2.
- FIG. 6 and Fig. 8 specifically, if the partial extension of bus bar section 16 across the upper part of the assembly is desired as shown in Fig. 2 an alternate folding arrangement of the cathode of Fig. 8 may be utilized as shown in Fig. 6.
- the cathode tabs 14a are all folded downwardly i.e., in the same direction along the length of bus bar 16a and then bus bar 16 is folded in a zig-zag fashion to allow paired tabs 14a to sequentially enclose successive tabs as shown in Fig. 6.
- the assembly is then completed as before by means of an elongated anode of the type shown in Fig. 4 to provide an electrode assembly substantially like the one shown in Fig. 2.
- anode having a configuration similar to the cathode configurations as already discussed hereinabove, i.e.. one in which the various anode sections 12c (Figs. 9 and 10) are oppositely disposed along the length of a bus bar 28 which is essentially similar to bus bar 16a of the preceding Figures.
- Such an anode when folded similarly to the cathodes in Figs. 5 and 6, may then be interleaved in a manner similar to that shown in Fig. 14 to provide a completed electrode assembly having separate anode and cathode leads extending therefrom.
- the anode will include a terminal single anode section 12b which would be inserted in between the center paired cathode sections 14a of the subassembly.
- FIG. 11 a plan view of a cathode of different configuration is shown in which the various cathode sections 14a have rounded ends specifically shaped and adapted to fit a battery container having a rounded bottom.
- the anode would be similarly configured.
- anode generally indicated at 12 comprises a generally rectangular planar body which may be folded as shown in Fig. 12 and includes a pair of upwardly projecting lead portions 30 as shown.
- a cathode generally indicated at 14 and shown in the plan view of Fig. 16 includes the bus 16 with bus leads 16a and generally rectangular cathode tabs or sections 14a which may be folded as shown in Fig. 12 and interleaved with anode sections 12a to provide the subassembly as shown in Fig. 13.
- This subassembly may be inserted into a battery container as previously described with appropriate feedthrough leads connected to the integrated bus leads 16 and 30 for appropriate electrical connection to the sealed cell.
- FIG. 14 and 15 another embodiment of the invention is shown which comprises an anode generally indicated at 12 and a cathode indicated at 14 which are of substantially of the types shown in Figs. 9 and 10 for anode 12 and Fig. 8 for cathode 14 whereby appropriate folding as indicated and interleaving of anode and cathode sections will provide the resultant structure shown in Fig. 15 - an electrode assembly.
- the outer surface of the subassembly is comprised of an anode.
- the outer surface could be comprised of the cathode so as to provide a case positive cell structure, or . as shown, both electrodes would be enclosed in separator material so as to insulate both from each other and the interior of the cell container whereby lead 16 and 28 would be utilized for eventually making electrical contact to the cell.
- Another embodiment of this invention may take the form of a capacitor, such as one that is capable of both rapid charge and discharge.
- electrodes as shown in Figures 8 and 9 are prepared by coating polymer bonded activated carbon onto metallic grids as has already been described herein.
- the electrodes are moisturized with diluted sulfuric acid and separated with an ion permeable separator as shown in Figure 15 to form a capacitor unit cell.
- Packaged unit cells can be combined in series to give the capacitor a specific operating voltage.
- Still another embodiment of this invention may take the form of an electrolytic capacitor, in which the electrodes consist of aluminum foil formed to the shape shown in Figure 8 and Figure 10 and anodized. Electrode 10 is enclosed in a dielectric material and folded with Electrode 8 to form the electrode assembly as shown in Figure 15. The electrode assembly is then packaged and impregnated with an electrolyte solution and sealed.
- the electrode structures could be cut from an activated carbon felt that has a large surface area (over 1500 m 2 /g) to form a battery or capacitor as described in the article entitled Lightweight, Stable, and Rechargeable Battery and Capacitor with Activated Carbon Fiber Electrode, by T. Nogami et al., which appeared in Journal De Physique, Colloque C3, supplement au n°6. Tome 44, Juln 1983, the content of which is incorporated by reference. While this invention may be embodied in many different forms, there are shown in the drawings and described in detail herein specific preferred embodiments of the invention. The present disclosure is an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the particular embodiments illustrated. This completes the description of the preferred and alternate embodiments of the invention. Those skilled in the art may recognize other equivalents to the specific embodiment described herein which equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the claims attached hereto.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE69211322T DE69211322T2 (en) | 1991-09-04 | 1992-02-07 | IMPROVED ENERGY STORAGE DEVICE |
EP92913691A EP0555422B1 (en) | 1991-09-04 | 1992-02-07 | Improved energy storage device |
JP5505145A JPH06502741A (en) | 1991-09-04 | 1992-02-07 | Energy storage improvements |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US754,866 | 1991-09-04 | ||
US07/754,866 US5154989A (en) | 1991-09-04 | 1991-09-04 | Energy storage device |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1993005541A1 true WO1993005541A1 (en) | 1993-03-18 |
Family
ID=25036708
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1992/001036 WO1993005541A1 (en) | 1991-09-04 | 1992-02-07 | Improved energy storage device |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5154989A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0555422B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH06502741A (en) |
AU (1) | AU3384393A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2087024A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE69211322T2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1993005541A1 (en) |
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- 1992-02-07 JP JP5505145A patent/JPH06502741A/en active Pending
- 1992-02-07 EP EP92913691A patent/EP0555422B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-02-07 DE DE69211322T patent/DE69211322T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US7923151B2 (en) | 2003-09-18 | 2011-04-12 | Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation | High performance energy storage devices |
US8232006B2 (en) | 2003-09-18 | 2012-07-31 | Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation | High performance energy storage devices |
WO2006050393A2 (en) * | 2004-10-29 | 2006-05-11 | Medtronic, Inc. | Folded plate electrode assemblies for battery cathodes |
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US9203116B2 (en) | 2006-12-12 | 2015-12-01 | Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation | Energy storage device |
US9666860B2 (en) | 2007-03-20 | 2017-05-30 | Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation | Optimised energy storage device having capacitor material on lead based negative electrode |
US9450232B2 (en) | 2009-04-23 | 2016-09-20 | Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation | Process for producing negative plate for lead storage battery, and lead storage battery |
US9401508B2 (en) | 2009-08-27 | 2016-07-26 | Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation | Electrical storage device and electrode thereof |
US9508493B2 (en) | 2009-08-27 | 2016-11-29 | The Furukawa Battery Co., Ltd. | Hybrid negative plate for lead-acid storage battery and lead-acid storage battery |
US9524831B2 (en) | 2009-08-27 | 2016-12-20 | The Furukawa Battery Co., Ltd. | Method for producing hybrid negative plate for lead-acid storage battery and lead-acid storage battery |
US9812703B2 (en) | 2010-12-21 | 2017-11-07 | Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation | Electrode and electrical storage device for lead-acid system |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPH06502741A (en) | 1994-03-24 |
DE69211322T2 (en) | 1997-01-23 |
CA2087024A1 (en) | 1993-03-05 |
AU3384393A (en) | 1994-04-21 |
DE69211322D1 (en) | 1996-07-11 |
EP0555422B1 (en) | 1996-06-05 |
EP0555422A1 (en) | 1993-08-18 |
US5154989A (en) | 1992-10-13 |
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