WO1993002534A1 - Halbwellenaustastvorrichtung für elektrische glühlampen - Google Patents
Halbwellenaustastvorrichtung für elektrische glühlampen Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1993002534A1 WO1993002534A1 PCT/DE1992/000595 DE9200595W WO9302534A1 WO 1993002534 A1 WO1993002534 A1 WO 1993002534A1 DE 9200595 W DE9200595 W DE 9200595W WO 9302534 A1 WO9302534 A1 WO 9302534A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- wave
- signal
- lamp
- blanking
- blanking device
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M5/00—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases
- H02M5/02—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc
- H02M5/04—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters
- H02M5/22—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M5/25—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a thyratron or thyristor type requiring extinguishing means
- H02M5/257—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a thyratron or thyristor type requiring extinguishing means using semiconductor devices only
- H02M5/2573—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a thyratron or thyristor type requiring extinguishing means using semiconductor devices only with control circuit
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B39/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for operating incandescent light sources
- H05B39/04—Controlling
- H05B39/08—Controlling by shifting phase of trigger voltage applied to gas-filled controlling tubes also in controlled semiconductor devices
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M5/00—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases
- H02M5/02—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc
- H02M5/04—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters
- H02M5/22—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M5/275—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M5/293—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M5/2932—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage, current or power
- H02M5/2937—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage, current or power using whole cycle control, i.e. switching an integer number of whole or half cycles of the AC input voltage
Definitions
- the invention relates to an electrical blanking device for the periodic suppression of substantially entire half-wave trains of an alternating current according to claim 1, wherein non-suppressed wave trains are left in their entirety, as a result of which the average total power consumption of the consumer supplied with an alternating current is reduced.
- the device described can in particular also reduce the tungsten evaporation rate of incandescent lamps and can therefore be very effective and in the desired manner to improve the product:
- Electromigration is understood here to mean the migration of the tungsten atoms of the hot filament in the electric field, which, because of the anisotropy of the crystal axes in the tungsten lattice and the sawtooth-like material constrictions or "direct current etching" that form, lead to cross-sectional tapering which reduces life and thus to areas of increased temperature and field strength which can cause the filament to break prematurely.
- Electromigration is understood here to mean the migration of the tungsten atoms of the hot filament in the electric field, which, because of the anisotropy of the crystal axes in the tungsten lattice and the sawtooth-like material constrictions or "direct current etching" that form, lead to cross-sectional tapering which reduces life and thus to areas of increased temperature and field strength which can cause the filament to break prematurely.
- Ballasts for reducing electromigration in DC-operated incandescent lamps are known from patent application DE 3920847 and methods for the gentle and micro-crack-free processing of tungsten filaments according to DE 2002087.
- Prior art are also every half-wave brightness controls that have the same effect, but do not reduce the color temperature Contrast increase can implement, and are usually not enough lamp conserving.
- the desired freedom from DC voltage is obtained if at least the number of half-waves keyed in or the number of keyed-out half-waves are even according to claims 3 or 4.
- the respective complementary part may then remain unevenly according to claim 5 or 6.
- Figure 1 shows various "allowed" rhythms or burst sequences for illustration.
- Figures 1A to IC show examples of simple sequences according to claim 1 with duty cycles of 2, 3 and 4 half-waves and phases out of one half-wave each, partly also characterized in that, according to claim 7, the consumer already averages to the next Blanking phase is operated without DC voltage.
- Illuminated advertising which can possibly be secured by suitable legal recalls according to claim 58.
- the modulation also increases the psychological effect of light signaling systems operated according to the invention.
- the invention can also serve as a prewarning indicator and perhaps even to save a signal lamp (claims 46 and 47).
- Different traffic light phases in particular red and also green in accordance with claim 10
- the device according to the invention is particularly recommended for the most safety-relevant red signal lights.
- the recognizability of a modulation is of course, in addition to the inertia, also a function of the filament heat capacity, so that, in particular in signal systems equipped with low-voltage lamps, an extension of the Burst signals compared to the examples shown in Figure 1 for single and multiple sequential half-wave patterns can be recommended.
- the following table shows the change of a signal lamp operated according to the invention in the on / off rhythm of 4r4 half-waves (corresponding to 12.5 Hz) compared to conventional operation when the 54-watt Sig lamp is replaced by a 75-watt type: brightness - 25 %
- the present invention works in a high-voltage signal system equipped with low-voltage lamps, in which the (cost-intensive) hurdles of lead resistance and connection security that are usually present in low-voltage signal systems are solved by providing each individual lamp in its immediate vicinity with its own transformer , which is controlled on the primary side using high-voltage technology.
- the bursts must of course be DC-free on average for the correct operation of the transformers, which are preferably provided with thermal fuses. All in all, the achievable life extension also enables the inexpensive use of complex bulbs, eg. B. of high-voltage xenon lamps with their own recycling cycle or of lamps with an integrated ring mirror.
- suitable dimensioning of the lamp operating voltage can also achieve a high color temperature or even an increase in the peak color temperature according to claims 14 and 15 with a long service life, which greatly improves the yield.
- the overvoltage operation of an incandescent lamp according to claim 59 is also very advantageous with a half-wave blanking device, for example supplying a 130 volt lamp on the 230 volt network or a 65 volt lamp on the 110 volt network.
- a suitable safety device is recommended in both cases.
- Inrush current peaks easily one only statistically Predictable, premature destruction due to magnetically induced resonance, too high magnetostriction and too rapid thermal extinction, which is disadvantageous, especially given the high switching frequency of road traffic signal systems, and even turns an ordinary lamp on into something "unofficial".
- the improvement consists of a signal system that only switches in the network at the zero crossing or in a separate delay of all main switch-on phases until the next zero crossing, which can be achieved, for example, with a zero detector as a comparator, which only switches a D flip-flop during the AC zero crossings (also referred to as a data latch), which then transfers the "on" information at its data input for the lamp in question into its output buffer and only then switches the lamp.
- FIGs 2A-2C schematically show the looping in of a half-wave blanking device according to the invention to an AC consumer circuit, here to a lamp switchgear, containing a lamp array L1..L3 or ..Ln with the associated switches S1..S3 or ..Sn.
- Figure 2A shows the use of half-wave blanking H in general.
- the lamp L3 is provided with the transformer TR as a low-voltage lamp.
- the mixed configuration with high and low voltage lamps is indicated here.
- the representation of each lamp can, of course, in practice also represent a parallel connection of a plurality of signal lamps which are to be clocked or have the same meaning.
- FIG 2B there is the specific embodiment of the half-wave blanking device according to the invention with 3 connection points, that is to say as a three-point arrangement H (3), as can be provided again for a light signaling system Ll ... Ln with its control system Sl ... Sn.
- the length of the blanking and keying-in pulses can be determined, for example, by a counter arrangement for the number of zero crossings N or by suitable timing elements.
- the arrangement can be provided with its own circuit breaker or its digital blanking signals can be added to the lamp control signals to save an additional circuit breaker (with its unavoidable voltage drop) and thereby ignite its life-prolonging effect via sufficiently fast circuit breakers that are used twice.
- Figure 2C shows a two-point arrangement of the half-wave blanking device H (2) according to the invention, which is particularly easy to insert as a module into a supply line of any AC circuit.
- the circuit which is primarily designed in low-power technology, now has to feed exclusively via its "off” phases, because otherwise it will short-circuit itself. Obtaining the zero crossing information during the "on” phases is now also difficult for the same reason, so that the number of "on” phases is preferably determined here by a timing element.
- This can, for example, be constructed with conventional RC elements and thereby obtain the necessary temperature stability by means of suitable circuit technology, or else a digital timer circuit, which is also available in an integrated manner and consists of approximately one. Quartz oscillator with subsequent counter circuit and sequence control - included.
- a digital timer circuit which is also available in an integrated manner and consists of approximately one. Quartz oscillator with subsequent counter circuit and sequence control - included.
- an increase in the time constant always leads to a sudden increase in the respective half-wave mode number from a certain threshold value, if the blanking device according to the invention is consistently equipped with a continuously adjustable timing element. If one wanted to do without a timer solution, one would have to use a current monitor or a phase locked loop for the zero crossings.
- FIG. 3A again shows a simple "screw sequence" as can be achieved with such a blanking device according to the invention.
- Figure 3B shows a suitable target curve for controlling a suitable thyristor or triac switch. Because such a switch only resets after a power interruption, the control signal does not necessarily have to be on until the next zero crossing, but can go out again beforehand.
- Figure 3C schematically shows the digital zero detector signals, here in inverted form, as can be obtained with a suitable comparator circuit. These signals are shown as broad for illustration only. In practice, they will be chosen narrower in order to limit the zero crossing more precisely.
- the pulses contained in the diagram plane 3D have the rising edges at the same point as the zero detector signals, but are wider. These are those widened with a time constant element or with a so-called monoflop
- diagram level 3E shows the output signal of such a fully digital half-wave blanking device, as it can then finally control a suitable power switch, for example a triac or a power field-effect transistor.
- Figure 4 shows a simple embodiment of an arrangement corresponding to the diagrams.
- the circuit is fed via a transformer with a subsequent rectifier bridge, from which the zero detector signals are also taken.
- the return flow valve D5 before which the zero detector signals are also taken, feeds the charging capacitor
- the zero comparator here is formed by the NPN transistor T with its series resistor RB and a zero resistor RN. It switches the suppression monoflop consisting of three gates and the time constant element CT and RT, as already discussed in Figure 3.
- the monoflop output clocks via connection 1 the integrated, negative-edge-triggered counter circuit "CD 4024", via the reset line “RESET” the half-wave number of an entire period can be programmed in binary form with a diode array.
- the number of successive "off" periods can also be kept selectable via a further switch arrangement. This is only indicated here with the switch S5, which here allows a further diode decoder to be used to choose between 1 or 2 half-wavelengths of the "off" phase.
- Interrupts S5 namely not only the counter reading "zero” sets the output to "off", but also the immediately following counter reading "one".
- the output signal can be buffered with a current-amplifying transistor before being fed to the triac shown, or, as discussed, the general control of the
- Light signaling system can be added. Transients or “spikes” that occur during switching may have to be suppressed by an additional microsecond filter. However, there are also programmable, finished counter ICs that are free of bit noise.
- the circuit described is intended to be only one embodiment. In total, a switch-saving fixed program, for example with the two options "low voltage - high voltage", can be selected via the matrix consisting of 2 x 4 diodes. By controlling the three-point blanking device by means of a — preferably non-retriggerable — timer arrangement, the sensitivity to interference against very dirty AC mains current can be reduced even further.
- FIG. 5 schematically shows a complex and professional designed zero detector circuit.
- the transformer secondary winding with center tap again provides the (here symmetrical) supply voltage and feeds the low-pass filter F1.
- the notch filter F2 which is set to 700 Hz, for example, suppresses switching signals. All phase shifts caused by the transformer, F1 and F2 are compensated with the compensable correction element. If the correction takes place at this point, an all-pass filter indicated in C can be used. After the comparator, however, this phase adjustment can be carried out using a changeable time constant element with a digital output.
- the particularly overdrive-proof amplifier V1 then increases the signal by a decent factor before it is then fed to the zero detector circuit Z via the bridge rectifier arrangement consisting of the inverter V2 and 2 diodes.
- this zero comparator is followed once again by a monoflop M, which is able to lengthen the hull signal by a clear but not precisely determinable factor and forms the output of this trigger arrangement.
- the "Output" connection then leads again to the programmable half-wave blanking device.
- this entire circuit can also be galvanically coupled to the network and then operate the circuit breaker via an optocoupler, for example.
- radio interference is naturally very low, especially if the switching operation is still exactly zeroed by an adjustable edge delay.
- Residual interference can be reduced even further with suitable radio interference suppression means.
- a thyristor TH serves as a circuit breaker which, according to claim 27, lies in the polar branch of a bridge rectifier D1-D4 of a single-wire arrangement designed according to claim 29.
- the schematically indicated detector and time constant circuit is fed here via the charging capacitor CL, the series resistor Rv and a Zener diode ZD. Blanking and blanking times are selected here independently of one another by means of P1 and P2, the respective number of modes then changing abruptly when a certain setting limit is reached, from which the setting can then be withdrawn again for reasons of tolerance.
- a power field effect transistor with its static gate control could also be used as a switching element. The desired reduction in residual radio interference can then also be achieved by slowing down this gate control.
- the time constants of signal security devices and lamp failure detectors must be dimensioned accordingly, so that the desired tone empty phases do not lead to error messages. (Of course, blanking of the lamp failure detectors is also possible, but this route will not be used for safety reasons.)
- FIG. 7 again shows a coinciding pulse diagram for a two-point blanking device for explanation. While FIG. 7A again shows the output signal to be achieved, FIG. 7B shows the inverted zero detector signal. As the circuit - as already mentioned - short-circuits by itself, it is set to "logical 1" over the entire engagement time.
- Figure 7C shows the switching edges obtained from this, for example with a small RC combination as a differentiating element, which trigger an adjustable monoflop serving as a timing element with the output signal shown in FIG. 7D, which in turn can operate a triac as a self-holding circuit breaker.
- a small module in the immediate vicinity of the lamp or even in the lamp base that is to say altogether in an arrangement between the switch and the consumer, can effect half-wave operation according to the invention or at least an exclusive keying in at zero crossing.
- a zero-crossing switch arrangement for incandescent lamps which are placed very frequently behind the switch can then, according to claim 57, still provide bounce protection via a switch-on delay or a synchronized oscillator. Because the bouncing is characterized only by a unidirectional signal, the desired zero voltage switch can also be realized by controlling the triac from an edge reversal detector. This is a circuit arrangement that determines exactly whether a positive voltage increase occurs was more negative or vice versa, or maybe not.
- Figure 8 shows the power consumption of an incandescent lamp at 50% duty cycle depending on the frequency, measured on a 100-watt halogen lamp. Because at higher frequency more power is used for the thermal "pumping up" of the thread, the deviation from the basic 50 watt mark is greater here than at low frequency, at which, however, the thread is colder.
- Figure 9 shows a fully galvanically coupled blanking device with window or low-power technology.
- Absolute value comparator in which the duration of the triac control current according to claim 43 for keying in at the zero crossing and also for energy saving is reduced by the monoflop M again provided with the time constant CT x RT.
- the one-way rectifiers D1 and D2 form here with the high-voltage charging capacitors CL1 and CL2 and the Zener diodes ZD1 and ZD2 the symmetrical supply for the operational amplifier operating here as a comparator of the symmetrical zero detector K designed according to claim 39, from whose output 'only the positive one Care is needed.
- Switch S here symbolically switches the signal lamp Sig.
- Main phase according to claim 19 and is switched on from the next zero crossing.
- the fine adjustment of the switching point with the aid of the adjustment element C should, as is generally the case according to claim 37, be carried out before the release and, of course, not only in situ.
- the counter Z is indicated symbolically here and its execution is precisely
- a potential-separating means can be used to achieve freedom from DC voltage at the consumer.
- Figure 10 shows a double half-wave diagram for the different-sequential supply of different signal lamps according to claim 41. The two sequences are correlated with one another for the purpose of load balancing according to claim 23 in such a way that an unloaded state never occurs.
- the green phase which is more sensitive to red shifts, receives the longer keying-in period.
- the red lamp according to claim 21 can be replaced by a 4/3 times stronger type and have 4 times the service life, while the less safety-relevant green lamp receives normal power and 3 times the service life, so that the replacement cycle as a whole can be extended three times.
- a light signal system is operated in a stationary manner with the half-wave blanking device, the increase in contrast achieved thereby supports the conventional phantom protection with suitable dimensioning.
- this operation can be combined with a digital brightness setting for day-night operation, as shown schematically in FIG. 11, for example in that the mode counter is kept electrically controllable via further gates, thereby making it possible to extend the service life further and save energy .
- the resulting one-key modes can be both even-numbered according to claim 3 and odd-numbered according to claim 5, the number of blanked half-waves in Figure 11 is chosen according to claim 4, so that a direct current-free feed signal can also be used here
- Claim 2 receives.
- FIG. 12 shows an implementation option.
- a single-phase rectified current appears on the Z-diode ZD, which is used both for feeding and for zero detection.
- the two same monoflops M1 and M2 are controlled here by the gate and Schmitt trigger.
- Figure 14 shows a concrete embodiment of the schematic representation from Figure 13 to claim 49.
- the actual zero detection takes place here at the base-emitter path of the transistor T, which signals via the base resistor RB and the supply resistor RV leading to the Zener diode ZD receives.
- the operating voltage of the circuit is connected to the charging capacitor CL.
- the time constant elements R1xC1 and R2xC2 of the two monoflops are the same, the first also serving as an inverter for the second, because the zero detector signals for both half-waves are to be obtained from the single-phase rectified alternating current.
- the small, still remaining asymmetry is compensated here according to claim 50 with the delay element R3xC3, whereby the actually somewhat asymmetrical arrangement has the highest symmetry receives.
- the decoder "Decode” and counter “: N” are shown schematically here.
- no undesired intermediate states can take effect, because the monoflop controlling the triac is negatively triggered with R4xC4.
- the inverting decoder can already be formed from diodes. If necessary, a multi-stage delay element can also be placed in the separate reset line if deletion problems due to runtime are to be expected.
- the Darlington triac arrangement shown with the triacs TC1 and TC 2 according to claim 55 enables a high current holding range and the highest switching currents with the lowest control currents.
- CF capacity shown should in most cases offer sufficient radio protection.
- Half-wave blanking can also be used to activate lamps with operating voltages which are too low for continuous operation, which is particularly advantageous, because this results in an even better durability of the lamps.
- a suitable overvoltage protection according to claim 60 can be implemented by full-wave rectification of the lamp voltage with subsequent smoothing. Because the inrush currents then become even greater, a powerful double triac arrangement is recommended here, for example in a Darlington triac housing, which is also to be referred to here as a DRIAC, particularly as a switching path.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Circuit Arrangement For Electric Light Sources In General (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE4124442 | 1991-07-21 | ||
DEP4124442.7 | 1991-07-21 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1993002534A1 true WO1993002534A1 (de) | 1993-02-04 |
Family
ID=6436851
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/DE1992/000595 WO1993002534A1 (de) | 1991-07-21 | 1992-07-17 | Halbwellenaustastvorrichtung für elektrische glühlampen |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
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AU (1) | AU2319692A (de) |
WO (1) | WO1993002534A1 (de) |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4287468A (en) * | 1978-08-28 | 1981-09-01 | Robert Sherman | Dimmer control system |
GB2213659A (en) * | 1987-12-12 | 1989-08-16 | Insta Elektro Gmbh & Co Kg | Brightness control circuit for incandescent lamps |
US4868460A (en) * | 1988-01-04 | 1989-09-19 | Papanicolaou E S | Transformer dimmer circuit |
WO1990007855A1 (en) * | 1989-01-06 | 1990-07-12 | Lee Colortran, Inc. | Improved dimming control circuit |
GB2237942A (en) * | 1987-01-05 | 1991-05-15 | Gen Electric | Electrically heated cooktop appliance |
-
1992
- 1992-07-17 WO PCT/DE1992/000595 patent/WO1993002534A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1992-07-17 AU AU23196/92A patent/AU2319692A/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4287468A (en) * | 1978-08-28 | 1981-09-01 | Robert Sherman | Dimmer control system |
GB2237942A (en) * | 1987-01-05 | 1991-05-15 | Gen Electric | Electrically heated cooktop appliance |
GB2213659A (en) * | 1987-12-12 | 1989-08-16 | Insta Elektro Gmbh & Co Kg | Brightness control circuit for incandescent lamps |
US4868460A (en) * | 1988-01-04 | 1989-09-19 | Papanicolaou E S | Transformer dimmer circuit |
WO1990007855A1 (en) * | 1989-01-06 | 1990-07-12 | Lee Colortran, Inc. | Improved dimming control circuit |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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AU2319692A (en) | 1993-02-23 |
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