WO1992020801A1 - Novel antipathogenic peptides and compositions containing same - Google Patents
Novel antipathogenic peptides and compositions containing same Download PDFInfo
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- WO1992020801A1 WO1992020801A1 PCT/EP1992/001130 EP9201130W WO9220801A1 WO 1992020801 A1 WO1992020801 A1 WO 1992020801A1 EP 9201130 W EP9201130 W EP 9201130W WO 9220801 A1 WO9220801 A1 WO 9220801A1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
- A01N65/40—Liliopsida [monocotyledons]
- A01N65/44—Poaceae or Gramineae [Grass family], e.g. bamboo, lemon grass or citronella grass
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
- A01N37/44—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing at least one carboxylic group or a thio analogue, or a derivative thereof, and a nitrogen atom attached to the same carbon skeleton by a single or double bond, this nitrogen atom not being a member of a derivative or of a thio analogue of a carboxylic group, e.g. amino-carboxylic acids
- A01N37/46—N-acyl derivatives
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/415—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from plants
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
- C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
- C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
- C12N15/8261—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield
- C12N15/8271—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance
- C12N15/8279—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for biotic stress resistance, pathogen resistance, disease resistance
Definitions
- the present invention relates to novel antipathogenic peptides, to DNA sequences encoding said peptides, to vectors comprising said DNA sequences, to transgenic plants comprising a DNA sequence encoding said peptides, to compositions containing anti ⁇ pathogenic peptides and to the use of said peptides and compositions for controlling plant pathogens. Also comprised are methods of preparing antipathogenic peptides or compositions containing same and transgenic plants able to synthesize anti-pathogenically effective amounts of said peptides.
- lytic peptides Peptides showing antipathogenic and especially antimicrobial activity are already known in the art Specifically of importance are the so-called lytic peptides, some of which are known to be active against a broad range of organisms while others produce little or no effect
- lytic peptides from animal, plant, insect and microbial sources including the mammalian defensins, cecropins, thionins, mellitins, insect defensins, magainins, attacins, dipteiins, sapecins, caerulins, xenopsins, or hybrids thereof.
- the amino acid sequence of several lytic peptides with antimicrobial activity are disclosed in WO 89/04371.
- hydrolytic enzymes such as chitinase and ⁇ -l,3-glucanase, which are known to inhibit fungal growth (Schlumbaum et al., 1986; Mauch et al., 1988).
- the present invention provides a further class of peptides which were found to be active against a broad range of pathogens affecting plants.
- This class of peptides embraces known as well as novel representatives. These peptides are especially suited for use in an antipathogenic composition for controlling plant pathogens.
- an antipathogenic composition fe controlling plant pathogens comprising together with a suitable carrier customarily used in agricultural peptide formulations an antipathogenically effective amount of a peptide according to the present invention.
- the peptides of the present invention can be obtained from many sources, including but not limited to microbes, fungi, plants and even higher animals. They can be obtained from the cell wall, the cell membrane and the cytosolic fraction. Peptides which possess an amino acid sequence at their N-terminal end that is substantial ⁇ ly homologous to t_ « N-terminal sequences disclosed above and thus may be used according to the invention, include, for example, phospholipid transfer proteins, for example, phospho ⁇ pid transfer proteins from maize (Tchang et aL, 1988; Sossountzov et al., 1991), spinach (Bomlion et al., 1987; Bernhard et al., 1991), tomato (Torres-Schumann etaL r 1992), plants and microorganisms (Yamada, 1992), carrot (Sterk et aL, 1991), ragi (Campos and Richardson, 1984), and Ricinus (Takishima et al
- a further example would be a small polypeptide isolated from the aleurone cells of barley and millet, which have been previously identified as putative amylase/protease inhibitors (Mundy and Rogers, 1986; Svensson et al., 1986; Bernhard et al., 1989).
- peptides which can be preferably obtained from leaves of etiolated barley plants and are characterized by the following features:
- the peptides of the present invention can be obtained from further sources, for example, also from the cytosolic fraction and not only from leaves of etiolated plants.
- peptides of the present invention are synthetic peptides, which may be functional derivatives of one of the peptides above or functional hybrids thereof.
- peptide having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:5.
- the peptides described above have for practical pur- poses a very advantageous microbicidal spectrum, especially against phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi.
- said peptides have very advantageous curative, preven ⁇ tive and systemic phytotherapeutic properties and can be used for protecting cultivated plants. With these peptides it is possible to inhibit or kill the plant pathogens which occur in or on plants, or parts of plants.
- compositions comprising as an active component one or more of the peptides described above, containing at their N-terminal end a hydrophobic region which preferably comprises one of the following amino acid sequences:
- composition comprising as an active component a peptide having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:5.
- An antipathogenic composition according to the invention comprises in addition to the active component an agriculturally acceptable carrier and or an adjuvant referring to those substances, or a combination of substances, that are known in the art of agricultural com ⁇ positions, and may include, where appropriate, one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of solid or liquid adjuvants, solvents, surfactants and other compounds normally used in agricultural formulations.
- compositions comprising together with a suitable carrier customarily used in agricultural peptide formulations, an anti-pathogenically effective amount of an active ingredient; wherein the active ingredient comprises a peptide according to the invention and a-lytic peptide.
- suitable carrier customarily used in agricultural peptide formulations
- the active ingredient comprises a peptide according to the invention and a-lytic peptide.
- compositions wherein the components of the active ingredient are present in a synergistically effective amount
- compositions comprising together with a suitable carrier customarily used in agricultural peptide formulations, an anti-pathogenically effective amount of an active ingredient; wherein the active ingredient comprises a phospholipotransfer protein and a lytic peptide.
- suitable carrier customarily used in agricultural peptide formulations
- the active ingredient comprises a phospholipotransfer protein and a lytic peptide.
- compositions wherein the components of the active ingredient are present in a synergistically effective amount
- a preferred lytic peptide is a thionin.
- an "anti-pathogenically effective amount" of a substance or composition means an amount which will kill or inhibit the growth of the target plant pathogen when applied to a plant or when expressed in a transgenic plant
- plant pathogen includes fungi, bacteria, nematodes and insects.
- the preferred target pathogens according to the present invention are bacteria and fungi. Especially preferred as target pathogens are bacteria.
- substantial sequence homology means close structural relationship between sequences of nucleotides or amino acids.
- substantially homologous DNA sequences may be 60 % homologous, preferably 80 and most preferably 90 % or 95 % homologous, or more
- substantially homologous amino acid sequences may preferably be 35 %, more preferably 50 %, most preferably more than 50 % homologous.
- Homology also includes a relationship wherein one or several subsequences of nucleotides or amino acids are missing, or subsequences with additional nucleotides or amino acids are interdispersed.
- the term “constitutive” refers to a peptide that is present at all times in a plant cell.
- inducible refers to a peptide that is present in the plant cell only when the plant is subjected to some stress condition or external stimulus and the production or presence of the peptide is thereby activated or increased.
- Induction may be by chemical means, for example, chemicals known to act as inducers of pathogen related proteins in plants include ethylene, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, poly- acrylic acid and substituted derivatives thereof. Induction may also be by other physio- logical and physical means, such as by high or low temperatures, physical wounding or by any other known inductive means.
- the peptides according to the present invention can be prepared from suitable plant parts, for example from parts of etiolated plants, especially of etiolated barley plants.
- suitable plant parts for example from parts of etiolated plants, especially of etiolated barley plants.
- ⁇ mnimi7_- damage or loss of protein working at low temperature, preferably at 4°C, and avoiding excess exposure to oxygen is recommended.
- certain chemicals can be added to the various buffer solutions used in the purification procedure. These include, for example, protein stabilizers such as glycerol, a sulfhydryl reagent such as dithiothreitol to minimize oxidation of cystein residues, and a metal chelater such as EDTA to prevent exposure of the protein to heavy metal ions that might inactivate the protein.
- protein stabilizers such as glycerol
- a sulfhydryl reagent such as dithiothreitol to minimize oxidation of cystein residue
- the preparation of the peptides according to the invention can be accomplished by separation methods that are well known in the ait, including precipitation, phase parti ⁇ tioning, chromatography, electrophoresis, centrifugation and ultrafiltration.
- the precipitation step may include, for example, ammonium sulfate precipitation, acetone precipitation, polyethyleneimine jPolymin P] precipitation and isoelectric precipitation.
- the phase partitioning may include, for example, use of polyethylene glycoL When appro ⁇ priate mixtures of polyethylene glycol [PEG], salt and water are mixed, a two-phase system occurs.
- the partitioning of a given protein between the two phases can be influenced by the salt and polymer concentrations, temperature, and the pH used.
- the columns used in the purification process are preferably decreased or mini ⁇ mized by the presence of mild nonionic detergents, such as NP40, in the buffer solutions, to avoid losses of protein due to nonspecific adsorption to the column material.
- coleoptiles or shoots of etiolated barley plants are removed and used as source material for the subsequent protein extrac ⁇ tion.
- the plant material removed is first ground to powder with liquid nitrogen and then homogenized and extracted in a suitable buffer solution.
- One or more further extraction steps are followed by an extraction with a solution of high salt concentration for extracting cell wall and membrane proteins.
- the solid particles are spun down and the supernatant is retained and dialyzed against distilled water. Alternatively, the supernatant can be desalted by column chromatography or precipitated by ammonium sulfate.
- the final purification is achieved by HPLC.
- the determination of the relative proportion of the amino acids in the amino acid com ⁇ position of the peptides according to the invention can be carried out by using methods well know in the art such as, for example, post-column O-phtaldialdehyd derivatization (Benzon and Hare, 1975) or alternatively pre-column phenylisothiocyanat derivatization according to Bidlingmeyer et aL (1984) after total hydrolysis.
- N-terminal amino acid sequencing can be achieved by standard procedures such as, for example, automated Edman degradation.
- oligonucleotide probes can easily be prepared that can be used for the identification and isolation of the corresponding gene encoding the peptide.
- the present invention also relates to a DNA sequence coding for a peptide or a fragment or part of a peptide according to the invention and to vectors comprising said DNA sequence.
- the DNA sequence may be a synthetic DNA sequence prepared by methods well-known in the art
- the present invention also relates to transgenic plants that contain DNA sequences coding for at least one of the inventive peptides.
- the present invention also relates to a method of preparing a transgenic plant which is able to synthesize anti-pathogenically effective amounts of one or more peptides wherein the method comprises a) preparing a transgemc plant comprising recombinant DNA sequences encoding one or more peptides; or b) preparing two or more transgenic plants comprising recombinant DNA sequences encoding one or more peptides, and crossing said plants using conventional breeding techniques.
- the method comprises preparing a first homozygous transgenic plant comprising a recombinant DNA sequence encoding a first peptide, preparing a second homozygous transgenic plant comprising a recombinant DNA sequence encoding a second peptide, preparing a third homozygous transgenic plant comprising a recombinant DNA sequence encoding a third peptide, and crossing the three homozygous plants using conventional breeding techniques.
- the synthesis of the peptides may be induced by use of an inducible expression system comprising an inducible gene and an inducing regulator.
- the DNA sequence is preferably cloned into a suitable vector for plant transformation which preferably comprise one or more promoter or regulatory DNA sequences to promote expression of the coding DNA sequence in the transformed plant cell.
- a suitable vector for plant transformation which preferably comprise one or more promoter or regulatory DNA sequences to promote expression of the coding DNA sequence in the transformed plant cell.
- Promoterless constructs can also be introduced into the plants.
- Suitable control sequences are those comprising promoter and 5' and 3' untranslated regulatory sequences that are functional in plants. These sequences may, independently, be derived from any source, such as, for example, virus, plant or bacterial genes. These promoters or regulatory sequences can be constimtive in nature or can be regulated in their patterns of expression. Such regulation may be temporal or spatial and include developmentally regulated promoters and inducible promoters. Proteins may be optionally expressed in the vacuole or extracellularly using methods well-known in the art (EP 462,065). Preferred promoters include promoters from the cauliflower mosaic virus, including the 35S and 19S promoters. Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) has been characterized and described by Hohn et al. (1982). This description is incorporated herein by reference. Also preferred are the nopaline synthase, octopine synthase and mannopine synthase promoters.
- CaMV Cauliflower mosaic virus
- virus promoters and 5' and 3' untranslated sequences suitable for use are functional in plants and include, for example, plant viruses such as cauliflower mosaic virus.
- CaMV is an unusual plant virus in that it contains double-stranded DNA. At least two CaMV transcriptional promoters are functional in plants, namely the 19S promoter, which results in transcription of gene VI of CaMV, and the 35S promoter. The 19S promoter and the 35S promoter are the preferred plant virus promoters for use in the present invention.
- plant gene promoters and 5' and 3' untranslated regions suitable for use in the present invention also include those of the gene coding for the small subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase, phosphoenol pyruvatecarboxylase, actin, pathogenesis-related proteins and chlorophyll a/b-binding protein.
- plant gene regions may be isolated from plant cells in ways comparable to those described above for isolating the corresponding regions from CaMV (Morelli et al., 1985).
- Suitable promoters and 5' and 3' untranslated regions from bacterial genes include those present in the T-DNA region of Agrobacterium plasmids.
- suitable Agrobacteriwn plasmids include the Ti plasmid of A. twnefaciens and the Ri plasmid of A. rhizogenes.
- the Agrobacterium promoters and 5' and 3' untranslated regions useful in the present invention are, in particular, those prcsent in the genes coding for octopine, mannopine and nopaline synthases. These sequences may be obtained by methods similar to those described above for isolating CaMV and plant promoters and untranslated sequences (Bevan et al., 1983).
- the chimeric genes of the present invention may preferably include further untranslated sequences at the 5' end, termed a leader sequence.
- Suitable leader sequences include leader sequences of various lengths isolated from the 35S CaMV gene (Pierce et al., 1987).
- the preferred leader sequences are those isolated from the 35S CaMV gene, having a length from about 50 to about 130 nucleotides.
- the expressible DNA but especially the structural gene that is to be inserted, to comprise a sequence that codes for an N-terminal signal peptide capable of functioning in the plant cell, or to be linked in the 5 '-terminal region to such a sequence.
- That signal peptide is a transport signal that is found at the N-terminal end of proteins transported via the endomembrane system.
- This signal sequence ensures that said proteins first pass into the endoplasmic reticulum, where the signal peptide is split off proteolytically from the precursor protein as soon as it has fulfilled its function.
- this type of signal peptide sequence has been conserved to a high degree during evoluton in all living cells, irrespective of whether they are bacteria, yeasts, fungi, animals or plants.
- the DNA molecule may comprise further sections of sequence that code for peptide fragments which as a whole contribute towards improving the competence for admission into the vacuole, for example the propeptide fragment discovered by Matsuoka and Nakamura (1991) in the N-terminal extension of sporamine.
- the recombinant DNA comprising the peptide-encoding DNA sequence can be introduced into the plant cell in a number of ways that are well known to those of skill in the art
- methods of transforming plant cells include sonication (Joesbo and Brunstedt, 1990), microinjection (Crossway et al., 1986; Neuhaus, 1987), electroporation (Riggs et al., 1986), electroporation of intact cells (Molina et al., 1992), Agrobacterium mediated transformation (Hinchee et aL, 1988), silicon caibide fiber-mediated delivery (Kaeppler et al., 1990), direct gene transfer (Paszkowski et al., 1984), and ballistic particle acceleration using, for example, devices available from Agracetus, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin and Dupont Inc., Wilmington, Delaware [US 4,945,050; McCabe et al., 1988; Weissinger et al., 1988; Sanf ⁇
- One possible method for introducing genetic material into plant cells comprises, for example, bringing plant cells into contact with viruses or with Agrobacterium comprising the DNA to be introduced. This may be achieved by infecting sensitive plant cells or by co-cultivating protoplasts derived from plant cells.
- Cauliflower Mosaic Virus may be used as a vector for the insertion of the peptide-encoding DNA sequence according to the invention into a plant
- Another method of inserting the peptide-encoding DNA sequence into a cell makes use of the infection of the plant cell with Agrobacterium tumefaciens and/or Agrobacterium rhizogenes, which has previously been transformed with said gene construction.
- the transgenic plant cells are then cultured under suitable culture conditions known to the person skilled in the ait, so that they form shoots and roots, and whole plants are finally formed.
- a further possible method of transforming plant material comprises mixed infection using both Agrobacterium rhizogenes and transformed Agrobacterium tumefaciens, as described by Petit et al. (1986) for the transformation of carrots.
- the peptide-encoding DNA sequence according to the invention can therefore be transferred into suitable plant cells by means of, for example, the Ti-plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens or the Ri-plasmid of Agrobacterium rhizogenes.
- the Ti-plasmid or Ri-plasmid is transferred to the plant in the course of infection by Agrobacterium and integrated in stable manner into the plant genome.
- Both Ti-plasmids and Ri-plasmids have two regions that are essential for the production of transformed cells.
- One of those regions is transferred to the plant and leads to the induction of tumours.
- the other region is essential only for the formation of -the tumours, not for their maintenance.
- the dimensions of the transfer-DNA region can be enlarged by incorporation of the peptide-encoding DNA sequence without the transferability being impaired.
- the modified Ti- or Ri-plasmid can be used as a vector for the transfer of the gene construction according to the invention into a suitable plant cell.
- the vir region brings about the transfer of the T-DNA region of Agrobacterium to the genome of the plant cell irrespective of whether the T-DNA region and the vir region are present on the same vector or on different vectors within the same Agrobacterium cell.
- a vir region on a chromosome also induces the transfer of the T-DNA from a vector into a planted!.
- a system for transferring the peptide-encoding DNA into plant cells a system can be used, in which the vir region and the T-DNA region are located on different vectors.
- a system is known as a "binary vector system", and the vector containing the T-DNA is accordingly designated a "binary vector”.
- T-DNA-containing vector that can be transferred into plant cells and permits selection of the transformed cells is suitable for use within the scope of this invention such as, for example, a shuttle vector that comprises the peptide-encoding DNA sequence according to the invention cloned in between the left border sequence (LB) and the right border sequence (RB) and that is capable of stable replication both in E. coli and in A. tumefaciens.
- a shuttle vector that comprises the peptide-encoding DNA sequence according to the invention cloned in between the left border sequence (LB) and the right border sequence (RB) and that is capable of stable replication both in E. coli and in A. tumefaciens.
- One of the preferred methods for introducing DNA into a plant cell by means of Agro ⁇ bacterium is the so-called leaf disk transformation using Agrobacterium (Horsch et al., 1985). Sterile leaf disks from a suitable target plant are incubated with Agrobacterium cells comprising one of the peptide-encoding DNA sequences according to the invention, and are then transferred into or onto a suitable nutrient medium.
- LS media that have been solidi ⁇ fied by the addition of agar and enriched with one or more of the plant growth regulators customarily used.
- the leaf disks are transferred to a suitable medium for the purpose of shoot induction.
- a suitable medium for the purpose of shoot induction is an LS medium that does not contain auxin but contains cytokinin instead, and to which a selective substance has been added dependent on the marker gene used.
- the cultures are kept in the light and are transferred to fresh medium at suitable intervals, but preferably at intervals of one week. Developing green shoots are cut out and cultured further in a medium that induces the shoots to form roots.
- an LS medium that does not contain auxin or cytokinin but to which a selective substance has been added for the selection of the transformants.
- Possible methods for the direct transfer of genetic material into a plant cell comprise, for example, the treatment of protoplasts using procedures that modify the plasma membrane, for example polyethylene glycol treatment heat shock treatment sonication or electroporation, or a combination of those procedures (Shillito et aL, 1985).
- plant protoplasts or cells together with plasmids that comprise the peptide-encoding DNA sequence are subjected to electrical pulses of high field strength. This results in a reversible increase in the permeability of biomembranes and thus allows the insertion of the plasmids. Electrop ⁇ rated plant protoplasts renew their cell wall, divide and form callus tissue. Selection of the transformed plant cells can take place with the aid of the above-described phenotypic markers.
- Further means for inserting genetic material contained in a vector directly into a plant cell comprise using purely physical procedures, for example by microinjection using finely drawn micropipettes (Neuhaus et al., 1987) or by bombarding the cells with microprojectiles that are coated with the transforming DNA ["Microprojectile Bombardment” (Wang et al., 1988)] or are accelerated through a DNA containing soluting in the direction of the cells to be transformed by a pressure impact thereby being finly atomized into a fog with the solution as a result of the pressure impact (EP 434,616).
- Transformation of the plant cells includes separating transformed cells from those that have not been transformed.
- One convenient method for such separation or selection is to incorporate into the material to be inserted into the transformed cell a gene for a selection marker.
- the translation product of the marker gene will then confer a phenotypic trait that will make selection possible.
- the phenotypic trait is the ability to survive in the presence of some chemical agent such as an antibiotic, e.g., kanamycin, G418, paromomycin, etc., which is placed in a selection media.
- genes that confer antibiotic resistance include, for example, those coding for neomycin phosphotransferase [kanamycin resistance, Velten et al. (1984)]; hygromycin phosphotransferase [hygromycin resistance, van den Elzen et al. (1985)], the kanamycin resistance (NPT H) gene derived from Tn5 [Bevan et al. (1983); McBride et al. (1990)], the PAT gene described in Thompson et al. (1987), and chloramephenicol acetyltransferase.
- GUS ⁇ -glucuronidase
- surviving cells are selected for further study and manipulation. Selection methods and materials are well known to those of skill in the art, allowing one to choose surviving cells with a high degree of predictability that the chosen cells will have been successfully transformed with exogenous DNA.
- those plant cells or plants transformed by the Ti plasmid so that the enzyme is expressed can be selected by an appropriate phenotypic maiker.
- phenotypical markers include, but are not limited to, antibiotic resistance.
- Other phenotypic markers arc known in the art and may be used in this invention.
- Positive clones are regenerated following procedures well-known in the art
- Subsequently transformed plants are evaluated for the presence of the desired properties and/or the extent to which the desired properties are expressed.
- a first evaluation may include, for example, the level of bacterial/fungal resistance of the transformed plants, stable heritability of the desired properties, field trials and the like.
- Plant pathogens which may be the targets of the present invention include for example members of the following classes: bacteria (for example Cqrynebacterium, Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas and Erwinia); fungi, such as Fungi imperfecti (for example, Botrytis, Fusarium, Septoria); Ascomycetes (for example, Erysiphe, Monilia); Oomycetes (far example, Peronospora, Phytophthora, Plasmopara, Colletotrichum and Pythium); Basidiomycetes (for example, Rhizoctonia and Puccinia); as well as to insects and nema- todes (for example species of Meloidogyne, Caenorhabditis, Globora, Heterodera and Pratylenchus).
- bacteria for example Cqrynebacterium, Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas and Erwinia
- fungi such as Fung
- the fungal pathogens may include the species Botrytis cinerea; Colletotrichum lagenarium; Erysiphe graminir, Monilia fructicola; Peronospora tabacina; Phytophthora parasitica; Plasmopara viticola; Pythium ultimum; Rhizoctonia solani; and Septoria nodorum.
- Target crops to be protected within the scope of the present invention include for example the following species of plants: maize, cereals (e.g., wheat barley, rye, oats, rice, sorghum and related crops), beet (e.g., sugar beet and fodder beet), drupes, pomes and soft fruit (e.g., apples, pears, plums, peaches, almonds, cherries, strawberries, raspberries and black ⁇ berries), leguminous plants (e.g., beans, lentils, peas, soybeans), oil plants (e.g., rape, mustard, poppy, olives, sunflowers, coconuts, caster oil plants, cocoa beans, groundnuts), cucumber plants (e.g., cucumber, marrows, melons), fibre plants (e.g., cotton, flax, hemp, jute), citrus fruit (e.g., oranges, lemons, grapefruit mandarins), vegetables (e.g., spinach, lettuce, asparagus, cabbages
- the present invention further embraces the preparation of anti-pathogenic compositions comprising homogeneously mixing a peptide according to the invention with one or more suitable carriers and or adjuvants customarily used in agricultural peptide formulations.
- the active component is homogeneously mixed with one or more compounds or groups of compounds described herein.
- the present invention also relates to methods of protecting plants from the attack of plant pathogens, which comprise application of the active component or anti-pathogenic compositions containing the active component to the plant or to the plant pathogen's habitat
- the peptides of the present invention are applied prophylactically or curatively in the form of compositions together with one or more agriculturally acceptable carriers, and can be applied to the crop area or plant to be treated, simultaneously or in succession, with further compounds.
- These compounds can be both fertilizers or micro- nutrient donors or other preparations that influence plant growth. They can also be selec ⁇ tive herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, bactericides, nematicides, molluscicides or mix ⁇ tures of several of these preparations, if desired together with further carriers, surfactants or application-promoting adjuvants customarily employed in the art of formulation.
- Suit ⁇ able carriers and adjuvants can be solid or liquid and correspond to the substances ordi ⁇ narily employed in formulation technology, e.g. natural or regenerated mineral substances, solvents, dispersants, wetting agents, tackifiers, binders or fertilizers.
- a preferred method of applying active components of the present invention or an agroche- mical composition which contains at least one of the active components is leaf application.
- the number of applications and the rate of application depend on the intensity of infesta ⁇ tion by the corresponding pathogen.
- the active components can also penetrate the plant through the roots via the soil (systemic action) by impregnating the locus of the plant with a liquid composition, or by applying the compounds in solid form to the soil, e.g. in granular form (soil application).
- the active components may also be applied to seeds (coating) by impregnating the seeds either with a liquid formulation containing ac ⁇ tive components, or coating them with a solid formulation. In special cases, further types of application are also possible, for example, selective treatment of the plant stems or buds.
- the active components are used in unmodified form or, preferably, together with the adju ⁇ vants conventionally employed in the art of formulation, and are therefore formulated in known manner to emulsifiable concentrates, coatable pastes, directly sprayable or dilut- able solutions, dilute emulsions, wettable powders, soluble powders, dusts, granulates, and also encapsulations, for example, in polymer substances.
- the methods of application such as spraying, atomizing, dusting, scattering or pouring, are chosen in accordance with the intended objectives and the prevailing circum ⁇ stances.
- Advantageous rates of application are normally from 50 g to 5 kg of active component (a.i.) per hectare (ha), preferably from 100 g a.iJha to 2 kg a.iJha, most preferably from 200 g a.i./ha to 500 g a. /ha.
- compositions or preparations containing the active component and, where appropriate, a solid or liquid adjuvant are prepared in known manner, for example by homogeneously mixing and/or grinding the active component with extenders, for example solvents, solid carriers and, where appropriate, surface-active compounds (surfac ⁇ tants).
- Suitable solvents include aromatic hydrocarbons, preferably the fractions having 8 to 12 carbon atoms, for example, xylene mixtures or substituted naphthalenes, phthalates such as dibutyl phthalate or dioctyl phthalate, aliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane or paraffins, alcohols and glycols and their ethers and esters, such as ethanol, ethylene glycol monomethyl or monoethyl ether, ketones such as cyclohexanone, strongly polar solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide or dimethyl formamide, as well as epoxidized vegetable oils such as epoxidized coconut oil or soybean oil; or water.
- aromatic hydrocarbons preferably the fractions having 8 to 12 carbon atoms, for example, xylene mixtures or substituted naphthalenes, phthalates such as dibutyl phthalate or dioctyl phthalate
- the solid carriers used e.g. for dusts and dispersible powders are normally natural mineral fillers such as calcite, talcum, kaolin, montmorillonite or attapulgite.
- Suitable granulated adsorptive carriers are porous types, for example pumice, broken brick, sepiolite or bentonite; and suitable nonsorbent carriers are materials such as calcite or sand.
- a great number of pregranulated materials of inorganic or organic nature can be used, e.g. especially dolomite or pulverized plant residues.
- suitable surface-active compounds are nonionic, cationic and/or anionic surfactants having good emulsifying, dispersing and wetting properties.
- surfactants will also be under ⁇ stood as comprising mixtures of surfactants.
- Suitable anionic surfactants can be both water-soluble soaps and water-soluble synthetic surface-active compounds.
- Suitable soaps are the alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts or unsubstituted or sub ⁇ stituted ammonium salts of higher fatty acids (chains of 10 to 22 carbon atoms), for example the sodium or potassium salts of oleic or stearic acid, or of natural fatty acid mix- tures which can be obtained for example from coconut oil or tallow oil.
- the fatty acid methyltaurin salts may also be used.
- so-called synthetic surfactants are used, especially fatty sulfo- nates, fatty sulfates, sulfonated benzimidazole derivatives or alkylarylsulfonates.
- the fatty sulfonates or sulfates are usually in the form of alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts or unsubstituted or substituted ammoniums salts and have a 8 to 22 carbon alkyl radical which also includes the alkyl moiety of alkyl radicals, for example, the sodium or calcium salt of lignosulfonic acid, of dodecylsulfate or of a mixture of fatty alcohol sulfates obtained from natural fatty acids.
- These compounds also comprise the salts of sulfuric acid esters and sulfonic acids of fatty alcohol/ethylene oxide adducts.
- the sulfonated benzimidazole derivatives preferably contain 2 sulfonic acid groups and one fatty acid radical containing 8 to 22 carbon atoms.
- alkylarylsulfonates are the sodium, calcium or triethanolamine salts of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, dibutyl- napthalenesulfonic acid, or of a naphthalenesulfonic add/formaldehyde condensation product
- corresponding phosphates e.g. salts of the phosphoric acid ester of an adduct of p-nonylphenol with 4 to 14 moles of ethylene oxide.
- Non-ionic surfactants are preferably polyglycol ether derivatives of aliphatic or cycloali- phatic alcohols, or saturated or unsaturated fatty acids and alkylphenols, said derivatives containing 3 to 30 glycol ether groups and 8 to 20 carbon atoms in the (aliphatic) hydro ⁇ carbon moiety and 6 to 18 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety of the alkylphenols.
- non-ionic surfactants are the water-soluble adducts of polyethylene oxide with polypropylene glycol, ethylenediamine propylene glycol and alkylpolypropylene glycol containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, which adducts contain 20 to 250 ethylene glycol ether groups and 10 to 100 propylene glycol ether groups. These com ⁇ pounds usually contain 1 to 5 ethylene glycol units per propylene glycol unit
- non-ionic surfactants are nonylphenolpolyethoxyethanols, castor oil polyglycol ethers, polypropylene/polyethylene oxide adducts, tributylphenoxy- polyethoxyethanol, polyethylene glycol and octylphenoxyethoxyethanoL Fatty acid esters of polyoxyethylene sorbitan andpolyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate are also suitable non- ionic surfactants.
- Cationic surfactants are preferably quaternary ammonium salts which have, as N-substi- tuent at least one Cg-C ⁇ alkyl radical and, as further substituents, lower unsubstituted or halogenated alkyl, benzyl or lower hydroxyalkyl radicals.
- the salts are preferably in the form of halides, methylsulfates or ethylsulfates, e.g. steaiyltrimethylammonium chloride or benzyldi(2-chloroethyl)ethylammonium bromide.
- Hie agrochemical compositions usually contain from about 0.1 % to about 99 %, prefer ⁇ ably about 0.1 % to about 95 %, and most preferably from about 3 % to about 90 % of the active component from about 1 % to about 99.9 %, preferably from about 1 % to about 99 %, and most preferably from about 5 % to about 95 % of a solid or liquid adjuvant and from about 0 % to about 25 %, preferably about 0.1 % to about 25 %, and most preferably from about 0.1 % to about 20 % of a surfactant
- a further object of the present invention is the use of a phospholipid transfer protein as an active ingredient in an antipathogenically effective composition according to the invention.
- a further object of the present invention is the use of the peptide according to the invention as an active ingredient in an antipathogenically effective composition according to the invention.
- Preferred is the use of a peptide containing at its N-terminal end a hydrophobic region which preferably comprises one of the following amino acid sequences:
- It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method of controlling plant pathogens comprising the steps of: a) preparing a transgenic plant comprising recombinant DNA sequences encoding one or more phospholipid transfer protein; b) causing the transgenic plant to synthesize one or more phospholipid transfer protein.
- Also comprised is a method of controlling plant pathogens comprising the steps of: a) preparing a transgenic plant comprising recombinant DNA sequences encoding one or more peptides as shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 to 5 including peptides that have substantial sequence homology thereto, b) causing the transgenic plant to synthesize one or more peptides as shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 to 5 including peptides that have substantial sequence homology thereto.
- a method of controlling plant pathogens comprising the steps of: a) preparing a transgenic plant comprising recombinant DNA sequences encoding an anti-pathogenically effective amount of an active ingredient; wherein the active ingredient comprises a peptide as shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 to 5 including peptides that have substantial sequence homology thereto and a lytic peptide, b) causing the transgenic plant to synthesize an anti-pathogenically effective amount of an active ingredient; wherein the active ingredient comprises a peptide as shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 to 5 including peptides that have substantial sequence homology thereto and a lytic peptide.
- the present invention also relates to a method of controlling plant pathogens comprising the steps of: a) preparing a transgenic plant comprising recombinant DNA sequences encoding one or more phospholipid transfer protein; b) causing the transgenic plant to synthesize one or more phospholipid transfer protein.
- a method of preparing a transgenic plant which is able to synthesize anti-pathogenically effective amounts of an active ingredient compring a) preparing a transgenic plant comprising recombinant DNA sequences encoding a phospholipidtransfer protein and optionally a lytic peptide; or b) preparing two or more transgenic plants comprising recombinant DNA sequences encoding a phospholipidtransfer protein and optionally a lytic peptide and crossing said plants using conventional breeding techniques.
- It is also an object of the present invention to provide a method of preparing a transgenic plant which is able to synthesize anti-pathogenically effective amounts of an active ingredient comprising a) preparing a transgenic plant comprising recombinant DNA sequences encoding a peptide as shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 to 5 including peptides that have substantial sequence homology thereto and optionally a lytic peptide; or b) preparing two or more transgenic plants comprising recombinant DNA sequences encoding a peptide as shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 to 5 including peptides that have substantial sequence homology thereto and optionally a lytic peptide and crossing said plants using conventional breeding techniques.
- Barley c.v. Betzes and barley c.v. Bomi is sown in vermiculite in shallow trays [15. x 30 cm x 8 cm].
- the trays are watered with sterile water and kept in the dark in a cabinet for 7 days.
- the coleoptiles and or shoots are removed, immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -70°C.
- the combined extract is centrifuged at 5000 x g for 10 minutes at 4°C.
- the supernatant is discarded and the pellet extracted twice with distilled H 2 O [80 ml each time].
- the pellet is extracted with 50 ml of a high salt solution comprising 1.5 M IiCl made up in H 2 O.
- the extraction mixture is kept at 4°C for 1 hour.
- the extraction mixture is then centrifuged at 5000 x g for 10 minutes at 4°C.
- step (c) precipitated with solid ammonium sulfate [43.7 g per 100 ml of supernatant] . If step (a) or (b) above is used the desalted supernatant is concentrated by freeze drying.
- the extract being concentrated as described above [freeze dried or ammonium sulfate precipitate], is redissolved in 1 ml H 2 O containing 0.1 % [w/v] trifluoracetic acid [TFA] and then subjected to HPLC fractionation.
- the chromatography system used consists of a Ultrapore C-4 column [Beckman], a 126-System Gold Beckman pump and a Beckman UV 166-System Gold detector. UV detection is performed at a wavelength of 214 nm.
- the above 1 ml fraction is injected into the C-4 column. Initially, the mobile phase is 100 % distilled water containing 0.1% [w/v] TFA.
- the flow rate is set to 0.5 ml/min at room tem ⁇ perature.
- Protein is determined according to the method of Folin and Lowry (Lowry et al., 1951) or using the BCA Protein Assay Reagent (PIERCE, Rockf ⁇ rd, Illinois, USA). Peaks corresponding to CW18, CW 20, CW 21 and CW22 are collected by hand as single fractions, discarding the initial 20 sec and the last 20 sec of the "uphill” and the "down-hill” portions of the peaks. The resulting protein fractions appear homogenous by three types of electrophoresis (acid, basic and SDS-PAGE) and by N-terminal sequencing.
- the molecular weight of peptides CW18 and CW21 is 8.78 kD and 8.66 kD, respectively, as determined by mass spectroscopy.
- the relative proportion of the amino acids in the amino acid composition of peptides CW18, CW21, CW20 and CW22 is determined using pre-column phenylisothiocyanat derivatization according to Bidlingmeyer et al. (1984) after 24 h total hydrolysis.
- Table 1 The results given in Table 1 are to be understood as % (measured) of each of the designated amino acids with respect to all of the amino acids which gave rise to similar measurement.
- Table 1 .Amino acid composition of peptides CW18, CW21, CW20 and CW22 (residues/100)
- PTH amino acids are identified using an Applied Biosystems 120A PTH analyzer.
- the amino acid sequence for peptide CW21 is SEQ ID NO:4.
- the amino acid sequence forpeptide CW18 is SEQ ID NO:3 (Bomi) and SEQ ID NO:5 (Betzes), respectively.
- the N-terminal amino acid sequences (12 amino acids) of CW20 and CW22 are identical to the N-terminal sequence of CW21.
- Example 3 Formulations of anti-pathogenically effective liquid compositions
- test substances [5 ⁇ g] are dissolved in water and added to 1/3 concentrated N-l medium [pH 7.2 to 7.4: Difco Beef Extract 1.0 g; Difco Yeast Extract 2.0 g; Difco Bactopeptone 5.0 g; NaCl 5.0 g; add H 2 0 to 1000 ml] which has been previously inocu ⁇ lated with bacteria of the strain C. sepedonicum in a concentration of about 10 4 bacteria/ml to give a final volume of 150 ⁇ l.
- the final concentrations of the test sub ⁇ stances in the media range from 10 "8 M to 10 '5 M (assuming an apparent molecular weight of approximately 5 kD).
- the growth of the bacteria is evaluated after 48 hours incubation at 25°C by measuring the absorbance of the medium at 492 nm.
- Soluble leaf thionins are prepared as described by Reimann-Phillipp et al. (1989) and further purified following the RP-HPLC programm described above for CW18 and CW21.
- the homogenous LT26 is sequenced up to residue no. 28 and found to be identical to the sequence deduced from cDNA clone DG3 (Bohlmann and Apel, 1987).
- Endosperm thionins are obtained by precipitation from petroleum-ether extract as described by Garcia-Olmedo et al. (1968) and further purified by RP-HPLC as described above.
- CW18, CW21, CW20 and CW22 are dissolved in water as required.
- C. sepedonicum (syn. Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus) and Pseudomonas solanacearum are each inoculated at a final concentration of 10 4 cfu/ml in sterile microtiter plates at final volumes of 150 ⁇ l (100 ⁇ l peptide + 50 ⁇ l nutrient broth, Oxoid). After 16 to 24 hours of incubation at 28°C growth is recorded by measuring absorbance at 492 nm in an ELIS A plate reader.
- Table 2 Activity of CW18, CW21, CW20, CW22 and thionin against C. sepedonicum and P. solanacearum (EC-50 inhibition " )
- + EC-50 amount of peptide required to inhibit by 50 % the growth of the bacteria compared to the control
- the bacteria are cultured in microtiter plates.
- the peptides are added to the growth media. Growth as an increase in optical density is measured 2 and 3 days after inoculation.
- the start inoculum is of 10 5 bacteria ml.
- the concentration of the peptides is 100 ppm.
- Table 3 Inhibition of the growth of Xanthomonas oryzae (% of control)
- the antifungal assay can be performed in analogy to the antibacterial assay described above. Instead of the Nl medium a pea medium is used that has been previously inocu ⁇ lated with about 10 4 to 10 6 spores of the fungi to be tested. The final concentrations of the test substances in the media range from 2000 or 200 to 0.2 ppm according to the test organism. The plates are evaluated after incubation in a wet chamber at 23°C on a shaker in the dark for 48 hours. The different test solutions are tested in duplicate/triplicate samples.
- the growth of the pathogen is recorded by measuring the absorbance of the medium at 595 nm.
- Table 5 Activity of a composition containing CW21 and thionin against
- Binary vectors are transformed into A. tumefaciens strain LB4404 by the following method.
- the Agrobacterium strain is grown at 30°C overnight in 5 ml of LBMG medium (50 % L broth, 50 % mannitol-glutamate broth (Garfinkel and Nester, 1980).
- the cells are then collected by centrifugation at 8000 X g and resuspended in 5 ml of LBMG.200 ⁇ l of cells are added to 0.2 to 1 ⁇ g of binary plasmid DNA in LBMG and the mix is frozen immediately in a dry ice/ethanol bath. After 5 minutes the tube is placed in a 37°C water bath for 5 minutes and then 2 ml of LBMG is added. The suspension is kept in a 30°C water bath for 2 to 3 hours and then the cells are collected by centrifugation. The cells are resuspended in a minimal volume of LBMG and then plated on selective media (LBMG plates with 100 ⁇ g ml gentamycin). Colonies appear after 2 to 3 days at 30°C.
- Positive colonies are selected and verified by Southern blot analysis and used for plant transformation experiments.
- Plant tissue is transformed with the vectors described above by any technique known in the art
- methods used for transfer of DNA into plant cells include, for example, the direct infection of or co-cultivation of plants, plant tissue or cells with A. tumefaciens (Horsch et al., 1985; Marton, 1984), treatment of protoplasts with exogenous DNA by methods such as those described in Paszkowski et al. (1984); EP 164575; Shillito et al. (1985); Potrykus et al. (1985); Lorz et al. (1985); Fromm et al. (1987); GB 2,140,822; and Negrutiu et al.
- Agrobacterium are grown 18 to 24 hours in glutamate salts media adjusted to pH 5.6 and supplemented with 0.15 % mannitol, 50 ⁇ g ml kanamycin, 50 ⁇ g ml spectinomycin and 1 mg ml streptomycin before they are diluted to an OD600 of 0.2 in the same media with ⁇ out the antibiotics.
- the bacteria are then grown for three to five hours before dilution to an OD600 of 0_2 to 0.4 for inoculation of discs of 5 to 7 mm punched from leaves of Nicotiana tabacum cv. xanthi that have been grown aseptically in GA7 containers, following a modification of the method of Horsch et al. (1985).
- the leaf disks are maintained on 0.7 % agar containing Murashige and Skoogs major and minor salts (MS), 1 mg/1 benzyladenine and 1 mg ml -naphthaleneacetic acid for two days before transfer to the same media containing 50 ⁇ g/ml kanamycin, 100 ⁇ g/ml carbenic ⁇ lin and 100 ⁇ g/ml mefoxin.
- MS Murashige and Skoogs major and minor salts
- plandets are rooted on medium containing no hormones and 50 ⁇ g/ml kanamycin, transferre to soil and hardened in a phytotron before transfer to the greenhouse for induction treatment with chemical regulators. At flowering time flowers are induced to selfpollinate. Seeds are harvested following maturation.
- Agrobacterium is used to transform callus forming from the leaf disks (A).
- Callus forming on kanamycin-containing MSBN selection medium is maintained on a callus growth medium comprised of MS major, minor salts and Fe-EDTA (Gibco # 500-1117; 4.3 g/1), MS vitamins, 100 mg/1 myo-inositoL 20 g 1 sucrose, 2 mg1 naphthaleneacetic acid and 0.3 mg lkinetin.
- the callus can be used to regenerate transgenic plants by transferring callus pieces to MSBN medium and following methods described in A.
- Agrobacterium are grown as described in A. The bacteria, diluted to an OD600 of 0.2 to 0.4, are then used for inoculation of discs cut from surface sterilized carrots.
- the carrots are peeled and then soaked 20 minutes in a 10 % solution of chlorox.
- the carrots are rinsed with sterile water, sliced into 5 mm pieces and placed basal side up onto water agar. 20 to 50 ⁇ l of bacteria are then applied to the upper surface of the discs.
- Agrobacterium are grown as described in A.
- the bacteria diluted to an OD600 of 0.2 to 0.4, are then used for inoculation of stems of sunflower plants prepared as follows:
- Sunflower seeds are soaked 10 min in 10 % captan followed by 10 min in 10 % chlorox and rinsing with sterile water.
- the seed coats are removed and the seeds are germinated on 0.7 % water agar in the dark for three days, after which they are placed into a labline incubator set at 23°C with a 12 hour day and night
- the seedlings are grown for one week before decapitation and inoculation of the bacteria onto the cut stem surface.
- Agrobacterium are grown as described in A.
- the bacteria diluted to an OD600 of 0.2 to 0.4, are then used for inoculation of stems of tomato seedlings prepared as follows: Tomato seeds are soaked 20 min in 10 % chlorox and rinsed with sterile water. The seeds are germinated on 0.7 % water agar in the dark for three days, after which they are placed into a labline incubator set at 23°C with a 12 hour day and night The seedlings are grown for one week before decapitation and inoculation of the bacteria onto the cut stem surface.
- Agrobacterium are grown as described in A.
- the bacteria diluted to an OD600 of 0.2 to 0.4, are then used for inoculation of cotton cotyledons prepared as follows:
- the cotton seeds are soaked 20 min in 10 % chlorox and rinsed with sterile water. The seeds are germinated on 0.7 % water agar in the dark. The seedlings are grown for one week before inoculation of the bacteria onto the cotyledon surface.
- the callus developing on the scutellum is removed from the embryo and plated on B5 medium, (Gamborg et al., 1968), containing 0.5 mg12,4-D and solidified with 0.24 % (w/v) Gelrite®.
- B5 medium (Gamborg et al., 1968)
- the callus is subcultured every two weeks to fresh medium.
- the special type of callus is identified by its characteristic morphology. This callus is sub ⁇ cultured further on the same medium.
- the callus is transferred to, and serially subcultured on, N6 medium containing 2 mg 12,4-D and solidi ⁇ fied with Gelrite®.
- the suspension cultures are subcultured weekly by transferring 0.5 ml PCV (packed cell volume: setded cell volume in a pipette) into 25 ml of fresh medium. After four to six weeks of subculture in this fashion, the cultures increase two- to three-fold per weekly subculture. Cultures in which more than 75 % of the cells are of the desired morphology are retained for further sub ⁇ culture. The lines are maintained by always choosing for subculture the flask whose contents exhibit the best morphology. Periodic filtration through 630 ⁇ m pore size stain ⁇ less steel sieves every two weeks is used in some cases to increase the dispersion of the cultures, but is not necessary.
- the protoplasts which are released are collected as follows: The pre ⁇ paration is filtered through a 100 ⁇ m mesh sieve, followed by a 50 ⁇ m mesh sieve. The protoplasts are washed through the sieves with a volume of KMC salt solution equal to the original volume of enzyme solution. 10 ml of the protoplast preparation is placed in each of several disposable plastic centrifuge tubes, and 1.5 to 2 ml of 0.6 M sucrose solution (buffered to pH 5.6 with 0.1 % (w/v) morpholinoethane sulfonic acid (MES and KOH)) layered underneath.
- MES and KOH morpholinoethane sulfonic acid
- the tube is centrifuged at 60 to 100 x g for 10 minutes, and the proto ⁇ plasts banding at the interface collected using a pipette and placed in a fresh tube.
- the protoplast preparation is resuspended in 10 ml of fresh KMC salt solution, and centrifuged for five minutes at 60 to 100 x g.
- the supernatant is removed and discarded, and the protoplasts resuspended gentiy in the drop remaining, and then 10 ml of a 13/14 strength KMC solution gradually added. After centrifuging again for five minutes, the supernatant is again removed and the protoplasts resuspended in a 6/7 strength KMC solution.
- the protoplasts are heat-shocked by immersing the tube containing the sample in a water bath at 45°C for five minutes, followed by cooling to room temperature on ice.
- 4 g of linearized plasmid containing a plant-selectable hygromycin resistance gene such as described by Rothstein et al. (1987), or chimeric gene constructs and 20 ⁇ g of calf thymus carrier DNA are added to aliquots of 0.25 ml of this suspension.
- 0.125 ml of a 24 % (w/v) PEG solution (MW 8000) in 0.5 M mannitol containing 30 mM MgCl 2 are added to the protoplasts.
- the mixture is mixed well but gently, and incubated for 10 minutes.
- the sample is transferred to the chamber of the electroporator and samples pulsed three times at 10 second intervals, at initial voltages of 1500, 1800, 2300 or 2800 Vein "1 , and an exponential decay time of 1 ⁇
- the protoplasts are cultured as follows. The samples are plated in 6 cm petri dishes at room temperature. After a further 5 to 15 minutes, 3 ml of KM-8p medium containing 1.2 % (w/v) SeaPlaque agarose and 1 mg12,4-D are added. The agarose and protoplasts are mixed well and the medium is allowed to gel.
- the resistance of the protoplast preparation is adjusted to 0.5 to 0.7 k ⁇ .
- the PEG used is PEG with a molecular weight of 4000.
- the pulses are applied at intervals of three seconds.
- the protoplasts are plated after the electroporation in dishes placed on a plate cooled to a temperature of 16°C.
- b. a is repeated and the protoplasts are washed after 30 minutes of incubation in the PEG solution of a by adding 0.3 ml of W5 solution five times at two- to three-minute intervals.
- the protoplast suspension is centrifuged, the supernatant removed, and the protoplasts are cultured as for Example J.a.
- the plates containing the protoplasts in agarose are placed in the dark at 26°C. After 14 days, colonies arise from the protoplasts.
- the agarose containing the colonies is trans ⁇ ferred to the surface of a 9 cm diameter petri dish containing 30 ml of N6 medium containing 2 mg 12,4-D, solidified with 0.24 % w/v Gelrite®. This medium is referred to as 2N6.
- the callus is cultured further in the dark at 26°C and callus pieces subcultured every two weeks onto fresh solid 2N6 medium.
- L is repeated with the modification that 100 mg/l or 200 mg/l hygromycin B is added to the 2N6 medium in order to select for transformed cells.
- N. Regeneration of Corn Plants a. Callus is placed on 2N6 medium for maintenance and on ON6 (comprising N6 medium lacking 2,4-D) and N61 medium (comprising N6 medium containing 0.25 mg/l 2,4-D and 10 mg l kinetin) to initiate regeneration. Callus growing on ON6 and N61 media is grown in die light (16 hours/day light of 840 to 8400 lx from white fluorescent lamps). Callus growing on N61 medium is transferred to ON6 medium after two weeks, as prolonged time on N61 medium is detrimental. The callus is subcultured every two weeks even if the callus is to be transferred again on the same medium formulation. Plantlets appear in about four to eight weeks.
- the plantlets are transferred to ON6 medium in GA7 containers. Roots form in two to four weeks, and when die roots look well-formed enough to support growth, the plantlets are transferred to soil in peat pots, under a light shading for the first four to seven days. It is often helpful to invert a clear plastic cup over the transplants for two to three days to assist hardening off.
- the plants Once the plants are established, they are treated as normal corn plants and grown to maturity in the greenhouse. In order to obtain progeny plants are self pollinated or crossed with wild type.
- b. a is repeated with the modification mat 100 mg/l or 200 mg/l hygromycin B is added to die medium used to maintain the callus.
- Genotype designations for transgenic plants are used herein according to the following convention: the initial plant resulting from a transformation event and having grown from tissue culture is designated a Tl plant Plants resulting from self pollination of die natural flowers of the Tl plant are designated T2, having acquired a new genotype during the normal meiotic process. Likewise, seeds borne from self-pollination of die natural flowers of T2 plants (i.e. grown from T2 seed) are designated T3, etc.
- Transgenic plants are grown to maturity. Flowers are allowed to self-pollinate and seed pods are collected after normal dessication. Seeds from each individual plant are collected and stored separately. Each seed lot is tested by genetic segregation analysis to determine the number of Mendelian loci bearing the kanamycin resistance trait T2 seeds are surface-sterilized by multiple washing in 2 % hypochlorite containing 0.02 % (v/v) Tween-20, followed by rinses in sterile water. Approximately 150 of the seeds are placed on filter paper saturated with 0.2 X MS salts (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) containing 150 ⁇ g ml kanamycin.
- the ratio of normal-green (kan-r) versus bleached (kan-s) cotyledons is determined. Only those T2 seed lots exhibiting an approximately 3:1 (kan-rJan-s) ratio are kept for further analysis; this segregation ratio is indicative of a single Mendelian locus bearing the kanamycin marker gene.
- T3 seed collection, seed sterilization, and seed germination are as described above for the T2 seed.
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (5)
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BR9205297A BR9205297A (en) | 1991-05-24 | 1992-05-21 | NEW ANTIPATOGENIC AND COMPOSITE PEPTIDEOS THAT CONTAIN THEM |
CA2083272A CA2083272A1 (en) | 1991-05-24 | 1992-05-21 | Novel antipathogenic peptides and compositions containing same |
AU17500/92A AU655277B2 (en) | 1991-05-24 | 1992-05-21 | Novel antipathogenic peptides and compositions containing same |
HU9300489A HU220115B (en) | 1991-05-24 | 1992-05-21 | Antipathogenic peptides, compositions containing same, method for plant protection, and sequences coding for the peptides |
US08/404,607 US6147281A (en) | 1991-05-24 | 1995-03-15 | Antipathogenic peptides and compositions containing same |
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ESP9101258 | 1991-05-24 |
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Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2699190A1 (en) * | 1992-12-14 | 1994-06-17 | Lvmh Rech | Process for promoting differentiation of cells, protein substances having lipid transfer activity, compositions containing them, DNA sequences and corresponding oligonucleotide probes. |
WO1995004754A1 (en) * | 1993-08-04 | 1995-02-16 | Zeneca Limited | Antimicrobial proteins |
WO1995018859A1 (en) * | 1994-01-10 | 1995-07-13 | Ciba-Geigy Ag | Synergistic antifungal protein and compositions containing same |
EP0712272A1 (en) * | 1993-07-16 | 1996-05-22 | The Salk Institute For Biological Studies | Transgenic plants containing multiple disease resistance genes |
WO1997023617A1 (en) * | 1995-12-21 | 1997-07-03 | Novartis Ag | Antimicrobial proteins |
WO1998051801A1 (en) * | 1997-05-14 | 1998-11-19 | The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc. | Gene encoding for systemic acquired resistance in arabidopsis |
AU718210B2 (en) * | 1997-09-08 | 2000-04-13 | National Institute Of Agrobiological Sciences | Disease resistant plant including thionin gene |
EP1006785A1 (en) * | 1996-12-20 | 2000-06-14 | The University Of Queensland | Antimicrobial proteins |
US6121436A (en) * | 1996-12-13 | 2000-09-19 | Monsanto Company | Antifungal polypeptide and methods for controlling plant pathogenic fungi |
JP2008301827A (en) * | 1993-03-02 | 2008-12-18 | Syngenta Participations Ag | Positive selection based on mannose or xylose |
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CN109180296A (en) * | 2018-08-20 | 2019-01-11 | 惠州市源茵畜牧科技有限公司 | A kind of vegetable growing nutrient solution |
CN117802151B (en) * | 2024-01-05 | 2024-06-14 | 中国农业科学院植物保护研究所 | Application of rice root-knot nematode disease gene OsThil in aspect of regulating and controlling resistance of rice to root-knot nematodes |
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EP0348348A2 (en) * | 1988-06-20 | 1989-12-27 | Ciba-Geigy Ag | Process for controlling plant pests |
WO1990001551A1 (en) * | 1988-07-29 | 1990-02-22 | Washington University School Of Medicine | Producing commercially valuable polypeptides with genetically transformed endosperm tissue |
EP0392225A2 (en) * | 1989-03-24 | 1990-10-17 | Ciba-Geigy Ag | Disease-resistant transgenic plants |
-
1992
- 1992-05-21 JP JP50921392A patent/JP3314209B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-05-21 AU AU17500/92A patent/AU655277B2/en not_active Expired
- 1992-05-21 WO PCT/EP1992/001130 patent/WO1992020801A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1992-05-21 EP EP92910102A patent/EP0540709A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1992-05-21 HU HU9300489A patent/HU220115B/en unknown
- 1992-05-21 BR BR9205297A patent/BR9205297A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1992-05-21 CA CA2083272A patent/CA2083272A1/en not_active Abandoned
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EP0348348A2 (en) * | 1988-06-20 | 1989-12-27 | Ciba-Geigy Ag | Process for controlling plant pests |
WO1990001551A1 (en) * | 1988-07-29 | 1990-02-22 | Washington University School Of Medicine | Producing commercially valuable polypeptides with genetically transformed endosperm tissue |
EP0392225A2 (en) * | 1989-03-24 | 1990-10-17 | Ciba-Geigy Ag | Disease-resistant transgenic plants |
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US5559034A (en) * | 1987-10-02 | 1996-09-24 | Ciba-Geigy Corporation | Synergistic antifungal protein and compositions containing same |
US5981844A (en) * | 1987-10-02 | 1999-11-09 | Novartis Finance Corporation | Synergistic antifungal protein and compositions containing same |
US5703044A (en) * | 1987-10-02 | 1997-12-30 | Novartis Finance Corporation | Synergistic antifungal protein and compositions containing same |
US5914270A (en) * | 1992-12-14 | 1999-06-22 | Lvmh Recherche | Method for promoting the differentiation of plant cells in culture |
WO1994013787A1 (en) * | 1992-12-14 | 1994-06-23 | L.V.M.H. Recherche | Method for enhancing the differentiation of plant cells in culture |
FR2699190A1 (en) * | 1992-12-14 | 1994-06-17 | Lvmh Rech | Process for promoting differentiation of cells, protein substances having lipid transfer activity, compositions containing them, DNA sequences and corresponding oligonucleotide probes. |
JP2008301827A (en) * | 1993-03-02 | 2008-12-18 | Syngenta Participations Ag | Positive selection based on mannose or xylose |
EP0712272A1 (en) * | 1993-07-16 | 1996-05-22 | The Salk Institute For Biological Studies | Transgenic plants containing multiple disease resistance genes |
EP0712272A4 (en) * | 1993-07-16 | 1997-08-20 | Salk Inst For Biological Studi | Transgenic plants containing multiple disease resistance genes |
WO1995004754A1 (en) * | 1993-08-04 | 1995-02-16 | Zeneca Limited | Antimicrobial proteins |
US5773694A (en) * | 1993-08-04 | 1998-06-30 | Zeneca Limited | Antimicrobial proteins from Allium |
WO1995018859A1 (en) * | 1994-01-10 | 1995-07-13 | Ciba-Geigy Ag | Synergistic antifungal protein and compositions containing same |
WO1997023617A1 (en) * | 1995-12-21 | 1997-07-03 | Novartis Ag | Antimicrobial proteins |
US6242574B1 (en) | 1995-12-21 | 2001-06-05 | Syngenta Participations Ag | Antimicrobial proteins |
US6121436A (en) * | 1996-12-13 | 2000-09-19 | Monsanto Company | Antifungal polypeptide and methods for controlling plant pathogenic fungi |
US6316407B1 (en) | 1996-12-13 | 2001-11-13 | Monsanto Company | Antifungal polypeptide from alfalfa and methods for controlling plant pathogenic fungi |
US6916970B2 (en) | 1996-12-13 | 2005-07-12 | Monsanto Technology, Llc | Transgenic plants comprising antifungal polypeptides from alfalfa and methods for controlling plant pathogenic fungi |
EP1006785A1 (en) * | 1996-12-20 | 2000-06-14 | The University Of Queensland | Antimicrobial proteins |
EP1006785A4 (en) * | 1996-12-20 | 2004-05-19 | Univ Queensland | Antimicrobial proteins |
WO1998051801A1 (en) * | 1997-05-14 | 1998-11-19 | The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc. | Gene encoding for systemic acquired resistance in arabidopsis |
US6187995B1 (en) | 1997-09-08 | 2001-02-13 | Director General Of National Institute Of Agrobiological Resources, Ministry Of Agriculture, Forestry And Fisheries | Method for producing disease resistant plant with thionin gene from Avena sativa |
AU718210B2 (en) * | 1997-09-08 | 2000-04-13 | National Institute Of Agrobiological Sciences | Disease resistant plant including thionin gene |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
HU220115B (en) | 2001-11-28 |
JP3314209B2 (en) | 2002-08-12 |
BR9205297A (en) | 1993-07-27 |
CA2083272A1 (en) | 1992-11-26 |
HU9300489D0 (en) | 1993-05-28 |
AU1750092A (en) | 1992-12-30 |
HUT67779A (en) | 1995-04-28 |
AU655277B2 (en) | 1994-12-15 |
EP0540709A1 (en) | 1993-05-12 |
JPH05508423A (en) | 1993-11-25 |
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