WO1992001992A1 - Computing device for determining the mean of analysed digital signals - Google Patents

Computing device for determining the mean of analysed digital signals Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1992001992A1
WO1992001992A1 PCT/EP1991/001280 EP9101280W WO9201992A1 WO 1992001992 A1 WO1992001992 A1 WO 1992001992A1 EP 9101280 W EP9101280 W EP 9101280W WO 9201992 A1 WO9201992 A1 WO 9201992A1
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computers
averaging
signals
mean
inputs
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PCT/EP1991/001280
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Alfred Kraker
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SIEMENS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT öSTERREICH
Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R19/00—Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof
    • G01R19/003—Measuring mean values of current or voltage during a given time interval
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F17/00—Digital computing or data processing equipment or methods, specially adapted for specific functions
    • G06F17/10—Complex mathematical operations
    • G06F17/18—Complex mathematical operations for evaluating statistical data, e.g. average values, frequency distributions, probability functions, regression analysis

Definitions

  • Computing device for averaging sampled digital signals
  • the invention relates to a computing device for the continuous formation of the mean values over a predetermined quantity of successive sampled signals in digital signal representation.
  • An important statistical variable is, for example, the mean square of the amplitude, which represents the power of the signal in the case of stationary signals.
  • mean values consist of the sum of a specified set of values divided by the number (N) of values in this set. So the ari of consecutive 3 ends dig 3 or the mean of the ampl of consecutive dig) 2,
  • these large numbers of values to be temporarily stored also require a correspondingly high storage capacity of the computer.
  • a limited computing speed also proves to be a problem, which either results in a lack of accuracy as a result of the division by N, or which can only be remedied by increased effort by means of double-exact representation of the numbers.
  • SU-PS 618.747 describes a digital-based device for averaging, which works with a counter that receives pulses with different weightings and different. Time delay can be supplied. This device is intended for use in computers and is used to solve a special task that occurs there.
  • the object of the invention is to create a computing device which overcomes the above-mentioned difficulties and achieves this in that the inputs of a plurality of averaging computers cycle in cyclical order to the outputs of one with its input the line carrying the digital signals, which is switched at each sampling time, is connected, and that the outputs of the computers are connected to a summing element providing the respective overall mean value via multiplier elements.
  • the entire computing work is divided into several computers and the difficulty due to the limitation of the computing speed is eliminated.
  • this division can be achieved using two computers, the inputs of which alternate using one
  • digital low-pass filters can be used according to a further feature of the invention, the cut-off frequency of which is equal to the reciprocal of the time period specified for the overall mean value formation and multiplied by the number of low-pass filters provided overall.
  • the basic mode of operation of the circuit according to the invention is explained with reference to FIG. 1 of the drawing, while special circuits are shown in FIGS. 2 and 3.
  • the computing device serves to form the running mean values over a predetermined quantity of successive sampled signals in digital signal representation.
  • the principle of the invention explained below with reference to FIG. 1 consists in the fact that the computing work required for the ongoing averaging is divided over a number of averaging calculators R1 ... R ⁇ . This division takes place in such a way that these computers Rl ... Rn are connected with their inputs at successive sampling times in cyclical order to the line L (data bus) carrying the signals to be scanned.
  • a switch U is symbolically shown for this purpose, which connects the inputs of the computers Rl ... Rn in sequence with the line L.
  • Each individual computer Rl ... Rn thus only has to deal with the nth part of the sample values to be processed for the formation of the overall mean value.
  • Ml ... Mn are multiplication elements connected to the computers Rl ... Rn, which multiply the respective results of the computers Rl ... Rn by a weighting factor which serves to standardize the overall result. In the case of averaging, this weighting factor is equal to -. For the averaging in each of the computers Rl ... Rn (j ⁇ ) samples are used. The output values of the multipliers Ml ... Mn are finally fed to a summing element S which continuously forms the sum of all the individual summands offered and outputs this as the total mean.
  • FIG. 2 A simplified computing device is shown in FIG. 2, namely one with only two averaging computers R1 and R2, the inputs of which alternate by means of an electronic one Changeover switch ul to which the line L carrying the signals are connected.
  • the changeover switch ul is actuated between two scans, • so that the "even” samples are supplied to one computer and the "odd” samples to the other computer R1 or R2.
  • FIG. 3 A further development of the selective switching off of computers to the line L which can be achieved by contact switching is shown in FIG. 3.
  • Four computers R1 ... R4 are provided here, which are arranged in cyclical order by means of a contact pyramid consisting of the switching contacts ul, u2 and u3 can be connected to line L.
  • each of the computers R1 ... Rn can thus be replaced by such a digital low-pass filter.

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Abstract

For the continuous determination of the mean of analysed signals in digital-signal display, the invention calls for a computing device which spreads the calculation of the mean over several computing units. The inputs of a multiplicity of mean-determination computing units (R1...Rn) are connected in a cyclic sequence to the outputs of a switch (U) whose input is connected to the line (L) which feeds in the signals. The outputs of the computing units (R1...Rn) are connected via multipliers (M1...Mn) which determine weighting factors to a summation unit (S) which provides the overall mean.

Description

Recheneinric-htunjg zur Mittelwertbildung abgetasteter DigitalsignaleComputing device for averaging sampled digital signals
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Recheneinrichtuπg zur laufenden Bildung der Mittelwerte über eine vorgegebene Menge aufein¬ anderfolgender abgetasteter Signale in digitaler Signaldar¬ stellung.The invention relates to a computing device for the continuous formation of the mean values over a predetermined quantity of successive sampled signals in digital signal representation.
Für die digitale Signalverarbeitung erlangen statistische Über- legungen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Eine bedeutsame statistische Größe ist beispielsweise das mittlere Amplitudenquadrat, das bei stationären Signalen die Leistung des Signales darstellt.Statistical considerations are becoming increasingly important for digital signal processing. An important statistical variable is, for example, the mean square of the amplitude, which represents the power of the signal in the case of stationary signals.
Mittelwerte bestehen bekanntlich aus der Summe einer vorgege- benen Menge von Werten dividiert durch die Anzahl (N) der Werte dieser Menge. So ist der ari von aufeinanderfolg 3enden Dig3 oder der Mittelwert der Ampl der aufeinanderfolgenden Dig )2,
Figure imgf000003_0001
As is well known, mean values consist of the sum of a specified set of values divided by the number (N) of values in this set. So the ari of consecutive 3 ends dig 3 or the mean of the ampl of consecutive dig) 2,
Figure imgf000003_0001
Die Anzahl (N) der Digitalwerte, über die der jeweils (laufende) Mittelwert zu bilden ist, beträgt in der Praxis bei den üblichen Abtastfrequenzen von 8 kHz, 32 kHz oder 48 kHz jeweils z.B.: N = 160, N = 640 bzw. N = 960 Abtastschritte. Bei der Verwen- düng eines einzigen Rechners zur Mittelwertbildung benötigen diese hohen Anzahlen von zwischenzuspeichernden Werte auch eine entsprechend hohe Speicherkapazität des Rechners. Bei den hohen Abtastraten erweist sich zusätzlich eine beschränkte Rechenge¬ schwindigkeit als Problem, was entweder eine mangelnde Genauig- keit als Ergebnis der Division durch N nach sich zieht, oder die nur durch erhöhten Aufwand durch doppelt genaue Zahlendar¬ stellung behebbar ist.In practice, the number (N) of the digital values over which the respective (running) mean value is to be formed is in each case, for example, at the usual sampling frequencies of 8 kHz, 32 kHz or 48 kHz: N = 160, N = 640 or N = 960 sampling steps. When using a single computer for averaging, these large numbers of values to be temporarily stored also require a correspondingly high storage capacity of the computer. Given the high sampling rates, a limited computing speed also proves to be a problem, which either results in a lack of accuracy as a result of the division by N, or which can only be remedied by increased effort by means of double-exact representation of the numbers.
In der SU-PS 618.747 ist ein auf digitaler Basis arbeitendes Gerät zur Mittelwertbildung beschrieben, das mit einem Zähler arbeitet, dem Impulse mit verschiedener Gewichtung und mit un- terschiedlicher. Zeitverzögerung zugeführt werden. Dieses Gerät ist für die Anwendung in Computern bestimmmt und dient der Lö¬ sung einer speziellen, dort anfallenden Aufgabe.SU-PS 618.747 describes a digital-based device for averaging, which works with a counter that receives pulses with different weightings and different. Time delay can be supplied. This device is intended for use in computers and is used to solve a special task that occurs there.
Die Erfindung hat sich die Aufgabe gestellt, eine Rechenein¬ richtung zu schaffen, die die genannten Schwierigkeiten über¬ windet und dies dadurch erzielt, daß die Eingänge einer Mehr¬ zahl von mittelwertbildenden Rechnern in zyklischer Reihenfol¬ ge an die Ausgänge eines mit seinem Eingang an die die Digi- talsignale führende Leitung angeschlossenen, zu jedem Abtast¬ zeitpunkt weitergeschalteten Umschalters angeschlossen sind und daß die Ausgänge der Rechner über Gewichtsfaktoren bilden¬ de Multiplizierglieder an ein den jeweiligen Gesamtmittelwert lieferndes Summierglied angeschlossen sind. Dadurch wird die gesamte Rechenarbeit auf mehrere Rechner aufgeteilt und die Schwierigkeit zufolge der Beschränkung der Rechengeschwindig¬ keit behoben.The object of the invention is to create a computing device which overcomes the above-mentioned difficulties and achieves this in that the inputs of a plurality of averaging computers cycle in cyclical order to the outputs of one with its input the line carrying the digital signals, which is switched at each sampling time, is connected, and that the outputs of the computers are connected to a summing element providing the respective overall mean value via multiplier elements. As a result, the entire computing work is divided into several computers and the difficulty due to the limitation of the computing speed is eliminated.
Im einfachsten Fall läßt sich diese Aufteilung mittels zweier Rechner erzielen, deren Eingänge alternierend mittels einesIn the simplest case, this division can be achieved using two computers, the inputs of which alternate using one
Wechselschalters an die die Signale führende Leitung angeschlos¬ sen werden.Changeover switch to which the line carrying the signals are connected.
Zur Aufteilung der Rechenarbeit auf eine größere Anzahl von Rechnern erweist es sich als zweckmäßig, die Anzahl der Rechner gleich einer Zweierpotenz zu wählen, weil sich eine solche An¬ zahl von Rechnern mittels einer nach Zweierpotenzen gestaffel¬ ten Kontaktpyramide mit einem Minimum von Kontakten an die die Signale führende Leitung anschließen läßt.To distribute the computing work over a larger number of computers, it proves to be expedient to choose the number of computers equal to a power of two, because such a number of computers is addressed to the user by means of a contact pyramid staggered according to powers of two with a minimum of contacts lets the signal leading line connect.
Anstelle von exakt die Mittelwerte bildenden Rechnern lassen sich gemäß einem weiteren Merkmal der Erfindung digitale Tief¬ paßfilter verwenden, deren Grenzfrequenz gleich ist dem Kehr¬ wert des für die Gesamt-Mittelwertbildung vorgegebenen, mit der Anzahl der insgesamt vorgesehenen Tiefpaßfilter multipli¬ zierten Zeitabschnittes. Die grundsätzliche Wirkungsweise der erfindungsgemäßen Schal¬ tung ist anhand der Fig. 1 der Zeichnung erläutert, während in den Fig. 2 und 3 spezielle Schaltungen dargestellt sind.Instead of computers that exactly form the mean values, digital low-pass filters can be used according to a further feature of the invention, the cut-off frequency of which is equal to the reciprocal of the time period specified for the overall mean value formation and multiplied by the number of low-pass filters provided overall. The basic mode of operation of the circuit according to the invention is explained with reference to FIG. 1 of the drawing, while special circuits are shown in FIGS. 2 and 3.
Die erfinduπgsgemäße Recheneinrichtung dient zur Bildung der laufenden Mittelwerte über eine vorgegebene Menge aufeinander¬ folgender abgetasteter Signale in digitaler Signaldarstellung. Das im folgenden anhand der Fig. 1 erläuterte Prinzip der Er¬ findung besteht darin, daß die für die laufende Mittelwertbil- düng erforderliche Rechenarbeit auf mehrere (n) mittelwertbil¬ dende Rechner Rl...Rπ aufgeteilt wird. Diese Aufteilung er¬ folgt in der Weise, daß diese Rechner Rl...Rn mit ihren Ein¬ gängen zu aufeinanderfolgenden Abtastzeitpunkten in zyklischer Reihenfolge an die die abzutastenden Signale führende Leitung L (Datenbus) angeschlossen werden. In Fig. 1 ist hierzu in symbo¬ lischer Weise ein Umschalter U dargestellt, der die Eingänge der Rechner Rl...Rn der Reihe nach mit der Leitung L verbindet. Somit hat jeder einzelne Rechner Rl...Rn nur den n'ten Teil der für die Bildung des Gesamt-Mittelwertes zu verarbeitenden Ab- tastwerte zu bewältigen.The computing device according to the invention serves to form the running mean values over a predetermined quantity of successive sampled signals in digital signal representation. The principle of the invention explained below with reference to FIG. 1 consists in the fact that the computing work required for the ongoing averaging is divided over a number of averaging calculators R1 ... Rπ. This division takes place in such a way that these computers Rl ... Rn are connected with their inputs at successive sampling times in cyclical order to the line L (data bus) carrying the signals to be scanned. In Fig. 1, a switch U is symbolically shown for this purpose, which connects the inputs of the computers Rl ... Rn in sequence with the line L. Each individual computer Rl ... Rn thus only has to deal with the nth part of the sample values to be processed for the formation of the overall mean value.
Mit Ml...Mn sind an die Rechner Rl...Rn angeschlossene Multipli¬ zierglieder bezeichnet, die die jeweiligen Ergebnisse der Rech¬ ner Rl...Rn mit einem Gewichtsfaktor multiplizieren, der der Normierung des Gesamtresultates dient. Im Falle der Mittelwert¬ bildung ist dieser Gewichtsfaktor gleich — . Für die Mittel- wertbildung in jedem der Rechner Rl...Rn werden dabei jeweils (j^) Abtastwerte herangezogen. Die Ausgangswerte der Multipl¬ izierglieder Ml...Mn werden schließlich einem Summierglied S zugeführt, das fortlaufend die Summe aller angebotenen ein¬ zelnen Summanden bildet und diese als den Gesamtmittelwert ausgibt.Ml ... Mn are multiplication elements connected to the computers Rl ... Rn, which multiply the respective results of the computers Rl ... Rn by a weighting factor which serves to standardize the overall result. In the case of averaging, this weighting factor is equal to -. For the averaging in each of the computers Rl ... Rn (j ^) samples are used. The output values of the multipliers Ml ... Mn are finally fed to a summing element S which continuously forms the sum of all the individual summands offered and outputs this as the total mean.
Eine vereinfachte Recheneinrichtung ist in Fig. 2 dargestellt, nämlich eine mit nur zwei mittelwertbildenden Rechnern Rl und R2, deren Eingänge alternierend mittels eines elektronischen Wechselschalters ul an die die Signale führende Leitung L ange¬ schlossen werden. Die Betätigung des Wechselschalters ul erfolgt jeweils zwischen zwei Abtastungen, • so daß die "geradzahligen" Abtastwerte dem einen und die "ungeradzahligen" Abtastwerte dem anderen Rechner Rl bzw. R2 zugeführt werden.A simplified computing device is shown in FIG. 2, namely one with only two averaging computers R1 and R2, the inputs of which alternate by means of an electronic one Changeover switch ul to which the line L carrying the signals are connected. The changeover switch ul is actuated between two scans, • so that the "even" samples are supplied to one computer and the "odd" samples to the other computer R1 or R2.
Eine Weiterbildung der durch Kontaktu schaltung erzielbaren selektiven Ausschaltung von Rechnern an die Leitung L zeigt die Fig. 3. Hier sind vier Rechner R1...R4 vorgesehen, die in zyklischer Reihenfolge mittels einer aus den Umschalte¬ kontakten ul , u2 und u3 bestehenden Kontaktpyramide an die Leitung L anschaltbar sind.A further development of the selective switching off of computers to the line L which can be achieved by contact switching is shown in FIG. 3. Four computers R1 ... R4 are provided here, which are arranged in cyclical order by means of a contact pyramid consisting of the switching contacts ul, u2 and u3 can be connected to line L.
' Die Funktion von mittelwertbildenden Rechnern wird angenähert auch von digitalen Tiefpaßfiltern ausgeführt, deren Grenzfre¬ quenz gleich ist dem Kehrwert des für die Gesamt-Mittelwert- bilduπg vorgegebenen, mit der Anzahl der insgesamt verwendeten Tiefpaßfilter multiplizierten Zeitabschnittes. Bei den darge¬ stellten Schaltungen ist also jeder der Rechner Rl...Rn durch ein solches digitales Tiefpaßfilter ersetzbar. 'The function of the averaging computers is approximated also performed by digital low-pass filters, whose Grenzfre¬ frequency equal to the reciprocal value of the total-to-average bilduπg for predetermined, multiplied by the number of low-pass filter used in total time period. In the circuits shown, each of the computers R1 ... Rn can thus be replaced by such a digital low-pass filter.

Claims

Patentansprüche:. Claims :.
1. Recheneinrichtung zur laufenden Bildung der Mittelwerte über eine vorgegebene Menge aufeinanderfolgender abgetasteter Signa- le in digitaler Sigπaldarstellung, d a d u r c h g e ¬ k e n n z e i c h n e t , daß die Eingänge einer Mehrzahl von mittelwertbildenden Rechnern (Rl...Rn) in zyklischer Reihen¬ folge an die Ausgänge eines mit seinem Eingang an die die Signale führende Leitung (L) angeschlossenen, zu jedem Abtast- Zeitpunkt weitergeschalteten Umschalters (U) angeschlossen sind und daß die Ausgänge der Rechner (Rl...Rn) über Gewichtsfakto¬ ren bildende Multiplizierglieder (Ml...Mn) an ein den jeweili¬ gen Gesamtmittelwert lieferndes Summierglied (S) angeschlossen sind.1. Computing device for the continuous formation of the mean values over a predetermined quantity of successive sampled signals in digital signal representation, characterized ¬ indicates that the inputs of a plurality of averaging computers (Rl ... Rn) in cyclical order to the outputs of a its input is connected to the line (L) carrying the signals and switched at each sampling time switch (U) and that the outputs of the computers (Rl ... Rn) via multipliers (Ml ... Mn) forming weight factors ) are connected to a summing element (S) providing the respective overall mean value.
2. Einrichtung nach Anspruch 1, d a d u r c h g e k e n n ¬ z e i c h n e t , daß zwei mittelwertbildende Rechner (R1,R2) vorgesehen sind, deren Eingänge alternierend mittels eines Wechselschalters (ul) an die die Signale führende Leitung (L) angeschlossen werden.2. Device according to claim 1, d a d u r c h g e k e n n ¬ z e i c h n t that two averaging computers (R1, R2) are provided, the inputs of which are alternately connected by means of a changeover switch (ul) to the line (L) carrying the signals.
3. Einrichtung nach Anspruch 1, d a d u r c h g e k e n n ¬ z e i c h n e t , daß eine einer Zweierpotenz (2,4,8...) gleiche Anzahl von mittelwertbildenden Rechnern (R1...R4) vor- gesehen sind, deren Eingänge über eine nach Zweierpotenzen ge¬ staffelte Kontaktpyramide (ul,u2ru3) zyklisch an die die Signa¬ le führende Leitung (L) angeschlossen werden.3. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that a number of powers (2,4,8 ...) with the same number of averaging computers (R1 ... R4) are provided, the inputs of which are via one for powers of two Staggered contact pyramid (ul, u2 r u3) are connected cyclically to the line (L) carrying the signals.
4. Einrichtung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, d a - d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , daß als angenähert mittelwertbildende Rechner digitale Tiefpaßfilter vorgesehen sind, deren Grenzfrequenz gleich ist dem halben Kehrwert des für die Gesamt-Mittelwertbildung vorgegebenen, mit der Anzahl der insgesamt verwendeten Tiefpaßfilter multiplizierten Zeit- abschnittes. 4. Device according to one of the preceding claims, d a - d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t that digital low-pass filters are provided as approximate averaging computers, the cut-off frequency of which is equal to half the reciprocal of the time segment specified for the overall averaging and multiplied by the number of low-pass filters used overall.
PCT/EP1991/001280 1990-07-18 1991-07-09 Computing device for determining the mean of analysed digital signals WO1992001992A1 (en)

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US3388377A (en) * 1964-04-16 1968-06-11 Navy Usa Method and apparatus for digital data processing
US4031364A (en) * 1975-11-10 1977-06-21 Hughes Aircraft Company Multiple moment video detector
DE3036858A1 (en) * 1980-09-30 1982-05-19 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München Cascade data acquisition and evaluation system - is controlled by microprocessor and uses two input module banks in expandable arrangement
EP0351003A1 (en) * 1988-07-12 1990-01-17 Trt Telecommunications Radioelectriques Et Telephoniques Device for determining contrasted objects in an image
WO1990003582A1 (en) * 1988-09-30 1990-04-05 Zion Educational Foundation Voltage, current and frequency measuring of non-standard waveforms

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SU627482A1 (en) * 1975-12-12 1978-10-05 Предприятие П/Я Р-6303 Dispersion determining method
SU618747A1 (en) * 1976-03-23 1978-08-05 Красноярский Политехнический Институт Digital averaging arrangement

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3388377A (en) * 1964-04-16 1968-06-11 Navy Usa Method and apparatus for digital data processing
US4031364A (en) * 1975-11-10 1977-06-21 Hughes Aircraft Company Multiple moment video detector
DE3036858A1 (en) * 1980-09-30 1982-05-19 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München Cascade data acquisition and evaluation system - is controlled by microprocessor and uses two input module banks in expandable arrangement
EP0351003A1 (en) * 1988-07-12 1990-01-17 Trt Telecommunications Radioelectriques Et Telephoniques Device for determining contrasted objects in an image
WO1990003582A1 (en) * 1988-09-30 1990-04-05 Zion Educational Foundation Voltage, current and frequency measuring of non-standard waveforms

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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Title
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS Bd. 95, Nr. 3, September 1971, AMSTERDAM, NL Seiten 497 - 507; C. FERNANDES: 'Echantillonneur multicanal numérique ultra-rapide pour l'extraction d'un signal dans un bruit de fond' siehe Seite 497, Spalte 2, Zeile 22 - Zeile 26 siehe Seite 498, Spalte 1, Zeile 12 - Zeile 19 siehe Seite 499, Spalte 1, Zeile 33 - Zeile 38 SA 49069 030siehe Seite 499, Spalte 2, Zeile 3 - Zeile 13 siehe Seite 501, Spalte 2, Zeile 5 - Zeile 29 *

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