WO1990013124A1 - Cold nuclear fusion method and apparatus - Google Patents
Cold nuclear fusion method and apparatus Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1990013124A1 WO1990013124A1 PCT/AU1990/000161 AU9000161W WO9013124A1 WO 1990013124 A1 WO1990013124 A1 WO 1990013124A1 AU 9000161 W AU9000161 W AU 9000161W WO 9013124 A1 WO9013124 A1 WO 9013124A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- atmosphere
- deuterium
- thermal energy
- method defined
- electrical field
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000007500 overflow downdraw method Methods 0.000 title 1
- 229910052805 deuterium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N Deuterium Chemical compound [2H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 125000004431 deuterium atom Chemical group 0.000 description 11
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N Heavy water Chemical compound [2H]O[2H] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- -1 deuterium cations Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical class [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21B—FUSION REACTORS
- G21B3/00—Low temperature nuclear fusion reactors, e.g. alleged cold fusion reactors
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors
Definitions
- the researchers achieved these conditions of high activity of monatomic deuterium species by applying an electrical current between an electrode formed from palladium- a material capable of taking up deuterium atoms and deuterons, and a suitable counter electrode in a heavy water solution of deuterated lithium hydroxide at atmospherically ambient conditions.
- the electrical current split the heavy water into oxygen anions and deuterons, and the deuterons flooded into the palladium and were forced together so closely that they fused.
- the researchers were able to achieve what has become known as "cold nuclear fusion", that is fusion at o relatively low temperatures of less than say 1000 C.
- the researchers considered the activity of the monatomic deuterium species obtained in the apparatus to be equivalent to that which would be obtained if deuterium gas could be compressed to a pressure of 10 26atm.
- the present invention provides a method of generating thermal energy comprising, contacting a material capable of taking up monatomic deuterium species with a gaseous atmosphere comprising deuterium, and subjecting said atmosphere to an electrical field to generate a sufficiently high activity of monatomic deuterium species to achieve nuclear fusion reactions thereof, said fusion reactions producing said thermal energy.
- the electrical field may be of any suitable form and produced by any suitable means.
- the electrical field is at radio or microwave frequencies.
- the means to generate the electrical field comprises a glow discharge apparatus, a radio frequency generator or a microwave energy generator.
- a glow discharge apparatus e.g., a radio frequency generator
- a microwave energy generator e.g., a microwave energy generator
- the atmosphere may be a mixture of deuterium and one or more other gases such as hydrogen.
- the atmosphere is held at less than atmospheric pressure, more preferably less than 10 atm, and most
- Materials which are capable of taking up monatomic deuterium species within the context of the present invention include palladium, titanium and zirconium in their normal metallic states.
- the thermal energy is extracted by circulation of a coolant to maintain a substantially constant temperature around the region of fusion.
- the coolant emerging from the region of fusion is superheated steam and is in the temperature range appropriate for electrical power generation by conventional means.
- K a constant which is a function of temperature
- the apparatus shown in the drawing comprises a sealed cylindrical container 10 constructed from a non-electrioally conductive material, such as ceramic or glass, which contains an atmosphere of deuterium with a trace of water vapour at a pressure of 1 x 10 ⁇ 3 atm.
- a non-electrioally conductive material such as ceramic or glass
- the discharge produced by the coil 11 in the atmosphere causes deuterium to disassociate and/or ionise, and the palladium tube 12 takes up the deuterium atoms and/or deuterons produced.
- the operating parameters such as the pressure of the deuterium and the energy of the discharge, it is possible to cause the deuterium atoms (and deuterons) to have an activity sufficient to lead to cold fusion thereby liberating thermal energy within the tube 12, and the thermal energy is conducted away by steam passing through the tube 12.
- the superheated steam produced can be used for driving electrical power generators in a known manner before being recycled through the steam circulation circuit.
Abstract
A method and apparatus for generating thermal energy by cold fusion by increasing the activity of monatomic deuterium species to a level at which there is significant cold fusion. The method and the apparatus comprise contacting palladium (12) or any other material capable of taking up deuterium with a gaseous atmosphere comprising deuterium and subjecting the gaseous atmosphere to an electrical field (11) to generate a sufficiently high activity of monatomic deuterium species to achieve nuclear fusion reactions in the palladium.
Description
COLD NUCLEAR EUSION METHOD AND APPARATUS
This invention relates to the conversion of energy by nuclear reaction.
The conversion of mass to energy by the fusion of light elements has long been known as a potential method of generating thermal energy. Several researchers (M.Fleischman & S. Pons- and S.E. Jones et al) have recently demonstrated that nuclear fusion can be achieved at relatively low temperatures and that thermal energy can be generated this way by creating conditions of high activity of monatomic deuterium species in certain metals capable of taking up the monatomic deuterium species .
The term "monatomic deuterium species" is herein understood to mean "deuterium atoms and deuterium cations (deuterons)."
The researchers achieved these conditions of high activity of monatomic deuterium species by applying an electrical current between an electrode formed from palladium- a material capable of taking up deuterium atoms and deuterons, and a suitable counter electrode in a heavy water solution of deuterated lithium hydroxide at atmospherically ambient conditions. The electrical current split the heavy water into oxygen anions and deuterons, and the deuterons flooded into the palladium and were forced together so closely that they fused. In this way the researchers were able to achieve what has become known as "cold nuclear fusion", that is fusion at o relatively low temperatures of less than say 1000 C. The researchers considered the activity of the monatomic deuterium species obtained in the apparatus to be equivalent to that which would be obtained if deuterium gas could be compressed to a pressure of 10 26atm.
We consider that an improved method of obtaining such high activities of monatomic deuterium species is by means of an electrical field applied to a gaseous atmosphere of deuterium. This method has advantages over the aqueous electrolysis method described in the preceding paragraph in that it can readily be operated at temperatures above 100°C which are suitable for generating steam at elevated temperatures.
Accordingly, in one aspect, the present invention provides a method of generating thermal energy comprising, contacting a material capable of taking up monatomic deuterium species with a gaseous atmosphere comprising deuterium, and subjecting said atmosphere to
an electrical field to generate a sufficiently high activity of monatomic deuterium species to achieve nuclear fusion reactions thereof, said fusion reactions producing said thermal energy.
The electrical field may be of any suitable form and produced by any suitable means.
Preferably the electrical field is at radio or microwave frequencies.
Preferably the means to generate the electrical field comprises a glow discharge apparatus, a radio frequency generator or a microwave energy generator. Suitable means and operating parameters are described in detail in Chapters 3 and 4 of a book entitled "Plasma Chemistry in Electrical Discharges" by F. K. McTaggart, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1967.
The atmosphere may be a mixture of deuterium and one or more other gases such as hydrogen. Preferably the atmosphere is held at less than atmospheric pressure, more preferably less than 10 atm, and most
-2 preferably less than 2 x 10 atm.
Materials which are capable of taking up monatomic deuterium species within the context of the present invention include palladium, titanium and zirconium in their normal metallic states.
Preferably the thermal energy is extracted by circulation of a coolant to maintain a substantially constant temperature around the region of fusion. Preferably the coolant emerging from the region of fusion is superheated steam and is in the temperature
range appropriate for electrical power generation by conventional means.
<?
In another aspect, the present invention provides an apparatus for generating thermal energy compr sing:
(a) a sealed container for a gaseous atmosphere comprising deuterium;
(b) a material capable of taking up monatomic deuterium species located in the container; and
(c) a means to apply an electrical field to the atmosphere to generate a sufficiently high activity of monatomic deuterium species to achieve nuclear fusion reactions in the material, said nuclear fusion reactions producing thermal energy.
Preferably the electrical field comprises radio frequency or microwave radiation sufficient to induce an electrical discharge or plasma in the atmosphere.
Without wishing to be constrained by it, an explanation is now offered of the reasons the present invention works in the manner described.
.The pressure of deuterium atoms in equilibrium with deuterium gas is given by:
p(D) - K P<D;
/ or p(D2> = (p(D)/K)
where p(D) = thermodynamic pressure of deuterium atoms in atmospheres
p(D2> = pressure of deuterium molecules in atmospheres
K = a constant which is a function of temperature
-17.5 0.5 K values are typically equal to about 10 atm at
300°C (see A.Burcat, Ideal Gas Thermodynamic Functions of Hydrides and Deuterides, Part 1, TAE Report 411,
Technion-Israel Inst. Technol., Haifa, 1980).
By subjecting a deuterium gas atmosphere at a pressure of say 10 atm to an electric field of radio frequency or microwave discharge, more than 50% of the deuterium molecules can readily be dissociated into deuterium atoms thus giving an effective pressure of about 10 atm of deuterium atoms. Substituting this value into the equation above it is clear that the activity of mondtomic deuterium species generated in
29 this way is equivalent to a D2 pressure of about 10 atm. At lower temperatures this pressure would be increased markedly.
Introducing into this atmosphere a material able to take up deuterium atoms will result in a high steady state activity of monatomic deuterium species in the material leading to cold nuclear fusion.
An embodiment of the invention is now described with reference to the accompanying figure which is a schematic view of a preferred embodiment of the invention.
- 6 -
The apparatus shown in the drawing comprises a sealed cylindrical container 10 constructed from a non-electrioally conductive material, such as ceramic or glass, which contains an atmosphere of deuterium with a trace of water vapour at a pressure of 1 x 10~3 atm.
The apparatus further comprises a coil 11 wrapped around the container 10. The coil 11 is connected to a power source selected such that the discharge produced by the coil is at radio frequencies sufficient to dissociate and/or ionise the deuterium in the atmosphere to produce deuterium atoms and/or deuterons.
The apparatus further comprises a tube 12 formed from palladium extending axially through the container 10. The inner wall 14 of the tube 12 is coated with a layer of gold or any other material which acts as a barrier to deuterium atoms and deuterons. The tube 12 forms part of a steam circulation circuit (not shown) to extract thermal energy generated by the apparatus.
In use of the apparatus, when the power source is switched on, the discharge produced by the coil 11 in the atmosphere causes deuterium to disassociate and/or ionise, and the palladium tube 12 takes up the deuterium atoms and/or deuterons produced. As described earlier, by appropriate control of the operating parameters, such as the pressure of the deuterium and the energy of the discharge, it is possible to cause the deuterium atoms (and deuterons) to have an activity sufficient to lead to cold fusion thereby liberating thermal energy within the tube 12, and the thermal energy is conducted away by steam passing through the tube 12. The superheated steam produced can be used for driving electrical
power generators in a known manner before being recycled through the steam circulation circuit.
Many modifications may be made to the preferred embodiment without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims
1. A method of generating thermal energy comprising:
(a) contacting a material capable of taking up monatomic deuterium species with a gaseous atmosphere comprising deuterium; and
(b) subjecting said atmosphere to an electrical field to generate a sufficiently high activity of monatomic deuterium species to achieve nuclear fusion reactions in the material, said nuclear fusion reactions producing thermal energy.
2. The method defined in claim 1, wherein the electrical field is at radio or microwave frequencies.
3. The method defined in claim 1 or 2, wherein the electrical field is generated by a glow discharge apparatus, a radio frequency generator or a microwave energy generator.
4. The method defined in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the pressure of the atmosphere is less than 1 atmosphere.
5. The method defined in claim 4, wherein the pressure of the atmosphere is less than 0.1 atmosphere.
6. The method defined in claim 5, wherein the pressure of the atmosphere is less than 0.02 atmosphere.
7. The method defined in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the atmosphere comprises deuterium and hydrogen.
8. The method def ned in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the material is selected from the group comprising palladium, titanium and zirconium.
9. The method defined in any one of the preceding claims, further comprising extracting the thermal energy by circulation of a coolant.
10. The method defined in claim 9, wherein the coolant is steam.
11. An apparatus for generating thermal energy comprising:
(a) a sealed container for a gaseous atmosphere comprising deuterium;
(b) a material capable of taking up monatomic deuterium species located in the container; and
(c) a means to apply an electrical field to the atmosphere to generate a sufficiently high activity of monatomic deuterium species to achieve nuclear fusion reactions in the material, said nuclear fusion reactions producing thermal energy.
12. The apparatus defined in claim 11, wherein the material is selected from the group comprising palladium, titanium and zirconium.
13. The apparatus defined in claim 11 or 12, further comprising means to extract the thermal energy.
14. The apparatus defined in claim 13, wherein the thermal energy extraction means comprises a coolant circulation circuit.
15. The apparatus defined in any one of claims 11 to 14, wherein the means to apply the electrical field comprises a glow discharge apparatus, a radio frequency generator or a microwave energy generator.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AUPJ383589 | 1989-04-21 | ||
| AUPJ3835 | 1989-04-21 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO1990013124A1 true WO1990013124A1 (en) | 1990-11-01 |
Family
ID=3773875
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/AU1990/000161 WO1990013124A1 (en) | 1989-04-21 | 1990-04-20 | Cold nuclear fusion method and apparatus |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| WO (1) | WO1990013124A1 (en) |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1994003902A1 (en) * | 1992-08-03 | 1994-02-17 | Vitaly Alexeevich Kirkinsky | Method and device for producing energy and obtaining tritium, helium and free neutrons |
| WO1994028197A2 (en) * | 1993-05-25 | 1994-12-08 | Eneco, Inc. | Hydrogen activated heat generation apparatus |
| WO1995020816A1 (en) * | 1994-01-27 | 1995-08-03 | Universita' Degli Studi Di Siena | Energy generation and generator by means of anharmonic stimulated fusion |
| AU672256B2 (en) * | 1992-10-26 | 1996-09-26 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Energy source system and process |
| WO2005017918A2 (en) * | 2003-08-12 | 2005-02-24 | Energetics Technologies, L.L.C. | Pulsed low energy nuclear reaction power generators |
| GB2409100A (en) * | 2003-12-09 | 2005-06-15 | Mark James Bridger | Atomic transformation promoter |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU149254A (en) * | 1954-07-06 | 1955-01-06 | Well Surveys, Incorporated | Static atmosphere ion accelerator for well logging |
-
1990
- 1990-04-20 WO PCT/AU1990/000161 patent/WO1990013124A1/en unknown
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU149254A (en) * | 1954-07-06 | 1955-01-06 | Well Surveys, Incorporated | Static atmosphere ion accelerator for well logging |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
| Title |
|---|
| CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS, Volume 67, issued 1989, J.J.G. DUROCHER et al.: "A Search for Evidence of Cold Fusion in the Direct Implantation of Palladium and Indium with Deuterium", pages 624-631. * |
| FUSHION TECHNOLOGY, Volume 16, No. 3, published November 1989, J.E. SCHRIBER et al.: "Search for Cold Fusion in High-Pressure D2-Loaded Titanium and Palladium Metal and Deuteride", pages 397-400. * |
| JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND INTERFACIAL ELECTROCHEMISTRY, Volume 261, No. 2A, issued 10 April 1989 (10.04.89), M. FLEISCHMANN & S. PONS: "Electrochemically induced Nuclear Fusion of Deuterium", pages 301-308. * |
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1994003902A1 (en) * | 1992-08-03 | 1994-02-17 | Vitaly Alexeevich Kirkinsky | Method and device for producing energy and obtaining tritium, helium and free neutrons |
| AU672256B2 (en) * | 1992-10-26 | 1996-09-26 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Energy source system and process |
| WO1994028197A2 (en) * | 1993-05-25 | 1994-12-08 | Eneco, Inc. | Hydrogen activated heat generation apparatus |
| WO1994028197A3 (en) * | 1993-05-25 | 1995-02-09 | Eneco Inc | Hydrogen activated heat generation apparatus |
| WO1995020816A1 (en) * | 1994-01-27 | 1995-08-03 | Universita' Degli Studi Di Siena | Energy generation and generator by means of anharmonic stimulated fusion |
| CN1127735C (en) * | 1994-01-27 | 2003-11-12 | 锡耶纳技术研究大学 | Energy generation and generator by means of anharmonic stimulated fusion |
| WO2005017918A2 (en) * | 2003-08-12 | 2005-02-24 | Energetics Technologies, L.L.C. | Pulsed low energy nuclear reaction power generators |
| WO2005017918A3 (en) * | 2003-08-12 | 2006-01-05 | Energetics Technologies L L C | Pulsed low energy nuclear reaction power generators |
| GB2409100A (en) * | 2003-12-09 | 2005-06-15 | Mark James Bridger | Atomic transformation promoter |
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