WO1990009615A1 - Optical computers and optical interconnections - Google Patents
Optical computers and optical interconnections Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1990009615A1 WO1990009615A1 PCT/GB1990/000188 GB9000188W WO9009615A1 WO 1990009615 A1 WO1990009615 A1 WO 1990009615A1 GB 9000188 W GB9000188 W GB 9000188W WO 9009615 A1 WO9009615 A1 WO 9009615A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- array
- optical
- elements
- input
- holographic
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
- G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
- G02B6/29304—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means operating by diffraction, e.g. grating
- G02B6/29305—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means operating by diffraction, e.g. grating as bulk element, i.e. free space arrangement external to a light guide
- G02B6/29311—Diffractive element operating in transmission
Definitions
- This invention relates to optical computers and to interconnections between optical arrays.
- optical computers In optical computers, light is. used to transmit signals representing the state of one elerent or a plurality of elements to another element or plurality thereof.
- the elements may be non-linear optical logic gates.
- the invention relates to self-adaptive digital optical computers and has particular relevance to those incorporating neural networks.
- this invention provides an optical interconnection system comprising first and second arrays of optical computing or logic elements, wherein said first array is mapped onto said second array in a predetermined interconnection pattern, and modulation means are disposed in the optical path between said first and second arrays for applying respective modulations to the optical interconnections between each of the elements in said first array and the associated mapped element or elements of the second array.
- this invention provides an optical system comprising an input array, an output array and transmission means disposed in the optical path between said input and output arrays, said transmission means comprising a set of elements each of selected optical density for adjusting the amplitude of the signal passed thereby.
- this invention provides an optical processor comprising an input array, an output array, and a holographic array of holographic elements together defining a plurality of interconnections between said input and said output arrays, wherein the contrast of said holographic elements is selected to provide a predetermined weighting to the signals passed thereby.
- the drawing shows in simple schematic form an input array and an output array of logic elements, or other non-linear optical elements, which form part of a digital optical computer capable of performing a large number of interrelated logic operations in parallel.
- an input or first array 10 of NxM elements (where ,M are integers ⁇ 1)supplies light to an NxM holographic array 11 of holographic elements which provides interconnects between the input array 10 and an output or second array 12 of PxQ elements (where P,Q are integers >1 ) .
- the holographic array applies a mapping function which maps the outputs of the input array 10 onto the outpMt array 12, thus providing the required interconnection pattern.
- the mapping function may be one to one, many to one, one to many etc. Indeed, in the simplest case, the holographic array could map each element of the input array onto the correspondingly positioned element of the output array. By contrast, the mapping may be much more complex, for example as shown in EP-A-026838, where groups of outputs are configured to form a "cell" which may be mapped in cell to cell fashion or cell-shifted fashion onto one or more cells of inputs.
- the input array and the output array comprise the inputs and the outputs respectively of an array of optical logic gates, so that the input and output arrays form the front and rear surfaces of the array of logic gates.
- the input and output arrays may be physically separate, and the inputs may be mapped in one-to-one fashion onto corresponding elements of the output array without requiring special imaging or deflection apparatus.
- a variable transmission filter 13 is disposed adjacent the side of the holographic array 11 that faces the output array 12.
- the filter 13 may comprise an array of elements of independently controllable transmission characteristics.
- the layout of the elements may correspond with the layout of the elements of the input and/or output arrays.
- the variable transmission filter may have a wide range of transmission so that it may act as a switch in the light path when operated at extreme points of the range of transmission. In addition, it may act as a variable control of the transmission strength when operated at intermediate conditions. This latter state would also apply for filters that had only a limited range of transmission.
- variable transmission filter 13 is a spatial light modulator, i.e. an essentially two-dimensional element in which the transmission characteristics of different parts of the element can be controlled independently of each other.
- the spatial light modulator may be placed in the path of the signals interconnecting two arrays of an ' optical computer to change the configuration - or control the interconnections - of the computer by changing the transmission of the appropriate region of the spatial light modulator.
- the control of the spatial light modulator may be electrical or optical.
- the pattern required may be set by electrical signals on a grid of intersecting electrodes. It can readily be seen how a variety of electrical signals may be used to modulate the various beams between the arrays so that the computing elements may be interconnected or reconfigured as desired.
- the control may also be optical, by projecting a distribution of light over the surface of the modulator to control the transmission.
- the wavelength of the light which "writes" the image onto the spatial light modulator may be the same or different as that of the light which subsequently reads the image.
- the light signals may be provided by imaging an array of active elements within the computer on to the spatial light modulator.
- the configuration of the computer may thus be adapted by the state of parts of the computer system.
- This control may be either switching, in which the archi ⁇ tecture may be changed, or variable, where the weights of various summing elements can be varied, or a combination of both.
- variable transmission element 13 is adjacent the outlet side of the holographic array 11 so that it modulates the light beams as they leave the holographic array 11. If the variable transmission element 13 is located adjacent the output array 12, it will modulate .the light beams immediately before they are incident on the output array. In this way it is possible to select different modulation effects dependent on whether the beams are to be modulated before or after they have passed through the interconnection matrix defined by the holographic array.
- variable transmission element 13 may be disposed either adjacent the input array 10, . or adjacent the input side of the holographic array 11, .or p-att way therebetween. - '
- the arrangement described above may be modified by replacing the array of holographic elements by an array of refractive elements such as lenslets. *• *
- the optical combination of the input and output arrays 10 and 12 may be controlled without the use of a separate Variable transmission element 13, by providing a holographic array 11 of holographic elements in which the contrast of the hologrraphic elements is adjusted.
- the contrast of each holographic element can be varied by varying the strength of one of the beams, e.g. the reference beam, used to form the holographic element.
- the input array and the output array could be interconnected via a real time holographic array generated in a dynamic optical storage medium by a first "write" optical beam interfering with a reference beam of which the intensity is spatially modulated in accordance with the signals present on a further array.
- a logical network may be constructed.
- the effective dynamic range of an array of output detectors having a relatively low dynamic range and used within an electro- optic system may be increased to match or compensate for the relatively high dynamic range of an input signal from an input array by interposing between said input and output arrays a variable transmission element in the form of a photochromic film for modulating the transmitted light in accordance with the intensity thereof, or alternates said light.
- the above arrangements introduce a transmission element between two arrays of optical computing or logic elements which form part of an optical computer. It should be appreciated however that the arrangements are not limited to use in optical computers and . may be used in hybrid electronic/optical systems. Similar arrangements may be provided to interconnect elements of conventional (i.e. electronic) computers, transputers or other data processing/transmission equipment. For example an upstream piece of equipment may supply electric signals to a converter array which converts the electric signals into light signals which are supplied via a transmission element which controls the interconnections, and possibly via a mapping element, to an optical/electrical converter array which supplies electrical signals to a downstream piece of equipment.
- a converter array which converts the electric signals into light signals which are supplied via a transmission element which controls the interconnections, and possibly via a mapping element, to an optical/electrical converter array which supplies electrical signals to a downstream piece of equipment.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Holo Graphy (AREA)
- Diffracting Gratings Or Hologram Optical Elements (AREA)
- Optical Modulation, Optical Deflection, Nonlinear Optics, Optical Demodulation, Optical Logic Elements (AREA)
Abstract
An optical computer includes a first array (10) of optical computing elements interconnected according to a desired mapping function to a second array (12) thereof. The interconnections may be modulated by a variable transmission filter (13) which may comprise an array of elements each of independently variable transmissivity which control or modulate the interconnections between the elements of the arrays.
Description
OPTICAL COMPUTERS AND OPTICAL INTERCONNECTIONS
This invention relates to optical computers and to interconnections between optical arrays.
In optical computers, light is. used to transmit signals representing the state of one elerent or a plurality of elements to another element or plurality thereof. The elements may be non-linear optical logic gates. In particular, though not exclusively, the invention relates to self-adaptive digital optical computers and has particular relevance to those incorporating neural networks.
Examples of a digital optical computer and an interconnection system are given' in our published European Patent Application EP-A-0268382 , the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Existing proposals for optical processors operate on digital principles; the signals are either ."on" or "off". However, particularly for the types of processors discussed above, it is desirable to provide systems in which the signals may be weighted with variable weightings because this allows complex mathematical functions to be applied between arrays. Such systems may
be of particular benefit where threshold devices are used which open or close dependent on the number of inputs incident thereon.
Accordingly, in one aspect this invention provides an optical interconnection system comprising first and second arrays of optical computing or logic elements, wherein said first array is mapped onto said second array in a predetermined interconnection pattern, and modulation means are disposed in the optical path between said first and second arrays for applying respective modulations to the optical interconnections between each of the elements in said first array and the associated mapped element or elements of the second array.
In another aspect, this invention provides an optical system comprising an input array, an output array and transmission means disposed in the optical path between said input and output arrays, said transmission means comprising a set of elements each of selected optical density for adjusting the amplitude of the signal passed thereby.
In a further aspect, this invention provides an optical processor comprising an input array, an output array, and a holographic array of holographic elements together defining a plurality of interconnections between said input and said output arrays, wherein the
contrast of said holographic elements is selected to provide a predetermined weighting to the signals passed thereby.
Further preferred features of the invention are apparent from the subsidiary claims.
The invention will now be described by way of non- limiting example, reference being made to the accompanying drawing which is a schematic illustration of an optical processor in accordance with this invention.
The drawing shows in simple schematic form an input array and an output array of logic elements, or other non-linear optical elements, which form part of a digital optical computer capable of performing a large number of interrelated logic operations in parallel.
In the example shown in the drawing, an input or first array 10 of NxM elements (where ,M are integers ^1)supplies light to an NxM holographic array 11 of holographic elements which provides interconnects between the input array 10 and an output or second array 12 of PxQ elements (where P,Q are integers >1 ) . The holographic array applies a mapping function which maps the outputs of the input array 10 onto the outpMt array 12, thus providing the required interconnection pattern. The mapping function may be one to one, many to one, one to many etc. Indeed, in the simplest case, the
holographic array could map each element of the input array onto the correspondingly positioned element of the output array. By contrast, the mapping may be much more complex, for example as shown in EP-A-026838, where groups of outputs are configured to form a "cell" which may be mapped in cell to cell fashion or cell-shifted fashion onto one or more cells of inputs.
It should be noted that, in many applications the input array and the output array comprise the inputs and the outputs respectively of an array of optical logic gates, so that the input and output arrays form the front and rear surfaces of the array of logic gates. Alternatively, the input and output arrays may be physically separate, and the inputs may be mapped in one-to-one fashion onto corresponding elements of the output array without requiring special imaging or deflection apparatus.
A variable transmission filter 13 is disposed adjacent the side of the holographic array 11 that faces the output array 12. The filter 13 may comprise an array of elements of independently controllable transmission characteristics. The layout of the elements may correspond with the layout of the elements of the input and/or output arrays. The variable transmission filter may have a wide range of transmission so that it may act as a switch in the light path when operated at extreme
points of the range of transmission. In addition, it may act as a variable control of the transmission strength when operated at intermediate conditions. This latter state would also apply for filters that had only a limited range of transmission.
It is preferred for the variable transmission filter 13 to be a spatial light modulator, i.e. an essentially two-dimensional element in which the transmission characteristics of different parts of the element can be controlled independently of each other. The spatial light modulator may be placed in the path of the signals interconnecting two arrays of an'optical computer to change the configuration - or control the interconnections - of the computer by changing the transmission of the appropriate region of the spatial light modulator.
The control of the spatial light modulator may be electrical or optical. In the electrical case, the pattern required may be set by electrical signals on a grid of intersecting electrodes. It can readily be seen how a variety of electrical signals may be used to modulate the various beams between the arrays so that the computing elements may be interconnected or reconfigured as desired. The control may also be optical, by projecting a distribution of light over the surface of the modulator to control the transmission.
The wavelength of the light which "writes" the image onto the spatial light modulator may be the same or different as that of the light which subsequently reads the image. The light signals may be provided by imaging an array of active elements within the computer on to the spatial light modulator.
The configuration of the computer may thus be adapted by the state of parts of the computer system. This control may be either switching, in which the archi¬ tecture may be changed, or variable, where the weights of various summing elements can be varied, or a combination of both.
Our published European Application EP-A-0268382 discloses an example in which the configuration of the optical computer is determined by an array of holographic lenses. If, in such an arrangement, the array has holographic lens elements corresponding to more than one interconnection arrangement, a spatial light modulator adjacent to the holographic lens array may be used to select which holographic lens elements are active (and thus the mapping or interconnedction applied) .
In the arrangement illustrated in the drawing, the variable transmission element 13 is adjacent the outlet side of the holographic array 11 so that it modulates the light beams as they leave the holographic array 11.
If the variable transmission element 13 is located adjacent the output array 12, it will modulate .the light beams immediately before they are incident on the output array. In this way it is possible to select different modulation effects dependent on whether the beams are to be modulated before or after they have passed through the interconnection matrix defined by the holographic array.
In some applications it may be beneficial to dispose the variable transmission element 13 part way, between the holographic array 11 and the output array 12, so that, for example, a cell of the element 13 modulates beams which intersect each other as they pass from the holographic array 11 to the output array 12. Similarly, the variable transmission element 13 may be disposed either adjacent the input array 10, . or adjacent the input side of the holographic array 11, .or p-att way therebetween. - '
The arrangement described above may be modified by replacing the array of holographic elements by an array of refractive elements such as lenslets. *• *
In a further modification, the optical combination of the input and output arrays 10 and 12 may be controlled without the use of a separate Variable transmission element 13, by providing a holographic array 11 of holographic elements in which the contrast
of the hologrraphic elements is adjusted. In particular, where the holograms are produced in "real time" by mixing beams in a dynamic or reprogrammable optical medium, the contrast of each holographic element can be varied by varying the strength of one of the beams, e.g. the reference beam, used to form the holographic element.
In one particular example, the input array and the output array could be interconnected via a real time holographic array generated in a dynamic optical storage medium by a first "write" optical beam interfering with a reference beam of which the intensity is spatially modulated in accordance with the signals present on a further array. In this way a logical network may be constructed.
In a modification of this invention, the effective dynamic range of an array of output detectors having a relatively low dynamic range and used within an electro- optic system may be increased to match or compensate for the relatively high dynamic range of an input signal from an input array by interposing between said input and output arrays a variable transmission element in the form of a photochromic film for modulating the transmitted light in accordance with the intensity thereof, or alternates said light.
The above arrangements introduce a transmission
element between two arrays of optical computing or logic elements which form part of an optical computer. It should be appreciated however that the arrangements are not limited to use in optical computers and .may be used in hybrid electronic/optical systems. Similar arrangements may be provided to interconnect elements of conventional (i.e. electronic) computers, transputers or other data processing/transmission equipment. For example an upstream piece of equipment may supply electric signals to a converter array which converts the electric signals into light signals which are supplied via a transmission element which controls the interconnections, and possibly via a mapping element, to an optical/electrical converter array which supplies electrical signals to a downstream piece of equipment.
Claims
1. An optical interconnection system comprising first and second arrays of optical computing or logic elements, wherein said first array is mapped onto said second array in a predetermined interconnection pattern, and modulation means are disposed in the optical path between said first and second arrays for applying respective modulations to the optical interconnections between each of the elements in said first array and the associated mapped element or elements of the second array.
2. A system according to Claim 1, wherein said modulation means includes a plurality of regions of controllable optical density.
3. A system according to Claim 1 or 2 , wherein said modulation means comprises a spatial light modulator.
4. A system according to any preceding claim, including mapping means which comprises an array of diffractive or refractive elements disposed between said first and second arrays for mapping said first array onto said second array.
5. A system according to Claim 4, wherein said mapping means comprises an array of diffractive or -11- refractive elements corresponding to at least two mapping functions and said modulation means is operable to select the mapping function applied.
6. A system according to any of Claims 1 to 3, wherein said mapping means comprises a dynamic holograph means, means for writing on said holograph an array of holograph elements each of respective optical density, whereby said dynamic holograph means is operable to apply respective modulations to the optical interconnections.
7. A system according to Claim 6, wherein said means for writing includes reference beam means and means for adjusting the strength of the reference beam, thereby to adjust the contras.t of the holographic elements.
8. An optical system comprising an input array, and output array and transmission means disposed in the optical path between said input and output arrays, said transmission means comprising a set of elements each of selected optical density for adjusting the amplitude of the signal passed thereby.
9. A system according to Claim 8, wherein said transmission meeans comprises spatial light modulator means operable to provide an array of elements of selectively adjustable density.
10. A system according to Claim 8 or Claim 9, wherein said processor further includes an array of diffractive or refractive elements disposed intermediate said input and output arrays.
11. A system according to Claim 10, wherein said transmission means is disposed adjacent the side of the input array that faces said array of diffractive or refractive elements.
12. A system according to Claim 11, wherein said transmission means is disposed adjacent one side of said array of diffractive or refractive elements.
13. A system according to Claim 10, wherein said tranmission means is disposed adjacent the side of the output array that faces said array of diffractive or refractive elements.
14. A system according to any of Claims 9 to 12, wherein said spatial light modulator means is controlled electrically.
15. An optical processor according to any of Claims 9 to 12, wherein said spatial light modulator means is controlled optically.
16. An optical processor according to Claim 15, wherein said spatial light modulator is addressed by imaging an array of signals thereon.
17. An optical processor comprising an input array, an output array, and a holographic array of holographic elements together defining a plurality of interconnections between said input and said output arrays, wherein the contrast of said holographic elements is selected to provide a predetermined weighting to the signals passed thereby.
18. An optical processor according to Claim 17, wherein said holographic array is a real-time hologram stored in a dynamic optical storage medium.
19. An optical processor according to Claim 18, wherein said real-time hologram is induced in said optical storage medium by mixing an optical beam with a reference beam, and intensity control means is provided for controlling the intensity of said reference beam thereby to control the contrast of said holographic elements.
20. An optical processor according to Claim 19, wherein said intensity control means comprises spatial light modulator means.
21. An optical processor including an input array having a relatively high dynamic range, and an output array having a relatively low dynamiς range and means for extending the effective range of said output array, said means comprising variable transmission means of photochromic material for modulating the transmission characteristics of said element in accordance with the intensity of the radiation transmitted thereby.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8902628.0 | 1989-02-07 | ||
| GB8902628A GB2228118A (en) | 1989-02-07 | 1989-02-07 | Optical processors |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO1990009615A1 true WO1990009615A1 (en) | 1990-08-23 |
Family
ID=10651211
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/GB1990/000188 WO1990009615A1 (en) | 1989-02-07 | 1990-02-07 | Optical computers and optical interconnections |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0456731A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH04503264A (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2228118A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1990009615A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104115484A (en) * | 2012-02-07 | 2014-10-22 | 阿尔卡特朗讯 | Lensless compressive image acquisition |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2228386B (en) * | 1989-02-10 | 1993-09-29 | British Aerospace | Optical interconnection system |
| GB2277396A (en) * | 1993-04-21 | 1994-10-26 | Sharp Kk | Optical image processor |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2243573A1 (en) * | 1973-09-06 | 1975-04-04 | Treheux Michel | Broadband electro-optical coupler for telephony - uses point holography by scanning photo-matrix with laser's and LED's |
| EP0122192A1 (en) * | 1983-04-06 | 1984-10-17 | Thomson-Csf | Spatial switching device for optical beams |
| EP0279679A1 (en) * | 1987-02-20 | 1988-08-24 | BRITISH TELECOMMUNICATIONS public limited company | Optical space switch |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2154331B (en) * | 1984-02-16 | 1987-07-01 | Standard Telephones Cables Ltd | Coherent light optical processor |
| GB2161263B (en) * | 1984-07-05 | 1988-03-30 | Stc Plc | Associative memory systems |
| US4607344A (en) * | 1984-09-27 | 1986-08-19 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Triple matrix product optical processors using combined time-and-space integration |
| US4764889A (en) * | 1984-12-19 | 1988-08-16 | American Telephone And Telegraph Company, At&T Bell Laboratories | Optical logic arrangement with self electro-optic effect devices |
| GB8512963D0 (en) * | 1985-05-22 | 1985-06-26 | Marconi Co Ltd | Optical signal processor |
| US4800519A (en) * | 1986-03-05 | 1989-01-24 | Hughes Aircraft Company | Optical data processing systems and methods for matrix inversion, multiplication, and addition |
| EP0246547A3 (en) * | 1986-05-22 | 1990-06-13 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Optical image-processing arrangement |
| GB8625016D0 (en) * | 1986-10-18 | 1987-04-15 | British Aerospace | Digital optical computing systems |
-
1989
- 1989-02-07 GB GB8902628A patent/GB2228118A/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1990
- 1990-02-07 WO PCT/GB1990/000188 patent/WO1990009615A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1990-02-07 EP EP19900903032 patent/EP0456731A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1990-02-07 JP JP50318990A patent/JPH04503264A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2243573A1 (en) * | 1973-09-06 | 1975-04-04 | Treheux Michel | Broadband electro-optical coupler for telephony - uses point holography by scanning photo-matrix with laser's and LED's |
| EP0122192A1 (en) * | 1983-04-06 | 1984-10-17 | Thomson-Csf | Spatial switching device for optical beams |
| EP0279679A1 (en) * | 1987-02-20 | 1988-08-24 | BRITISH TELECOMMUNICATIONS public limited company | Optical space switch |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104115484A (en) * | 2012-02-07 | 2014-10-22 | 阿尔卡特朗讯 | Lensless compressive image acquisition |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH04503264A (en) | 1992-06-11 |
| GB2228118A (en) | 1990-08-15 |
| GB8902628D0 (en) | 1989-09-13 |
| EP0456731A1 (en) | 1991-11-21 |
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