USRE43890E1 - LED light module and series connected light modules - Google Patents
LED light module and series connected light modules Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- USRE43890E1 USRE43890E1 US13/267,737 US201113267737A USRE43890E US RE43890 E1 USRE43890 E1 US RE43890E1 US 201113267737 A US201113267737 A US 201113267737A US RE43890 E USRE43890 E US RE43890E
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- light
- light emitting
- emitting diode
- module
- current
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009499 grossing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007257 malfunction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001902 propagating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002277 temperature effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/30—Driver circuits
- H05B45/36—Circuits for reducing or suppressing harmonics, ripples or electromagnetic interferences [EMI]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/50—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED] responsive to malfunctions or undesirable behaviour of LEDs; responsive to LED life; Protective circuits
- H05B45/56—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED] responsive to malfunctions or undesirable behaviour of LEDs; responsive to LED life; Protective circuits involving measures to prevent abnormal temperature of the LEDs
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S362/00—Illumination
- Y10S362/80—Light emitting diode
Definitions
- This invention relates to light modules assembled from light emitting diodes (“LEDs”) and to light stings assembled by connecting such light modules together.
- LEDs light emitting diodes
- LEDs are increasingly used as light sources in various applications. Some of the features that make LEDs attractive include: low power consumption, long lifespan, low heat generation, small size and weight, robustness, fast switching time and availability in a variety of colors. In addition, in recent years, the cost of making LEDs has significantly decreased, making their use more economical, even in cost-sensitive applications.
- LEDs have become particularly popular in recent times.
- Such strings are typically formed from between fifty and one hundred LEDs connected together in series.
- the low power consumption and low heat generation of LEDs make them particularly suitable for such applications, where the cost of power and fire hazard make other types of light such as incandescent lights less attractive.
- strings of incandescent lamps a popular solution to this problem has been to connect all of the lamps together in parallel to form a string
- a lamp in such a parallel circuit fails, the rest of the lamps continue to shine and the defective one is easy to identify and replace.
- LED strings In contrast to incandescent bulbs that can be built with a filament resistance suitable for parallel connection to a source of alternating current, LEDs are confined by their semiconductor properties to having a forward voltage drop typically in the neighborhood of 1.1 to 3.0 volts. As a result, unless voltage-reduction circuitry is in a light string, a large number of LEDs must be connected together in series to produce a total voltage drop equal to the voltage at which the alternating current is supplied, being 110 V AC in North America. For this reason, complete series-strings of LEDs are sometimes connected together in parallel, but the LEDs themselves are connected together in series to form the string. Thus, there is redundancy between the strings and a user can quickly tell if a string is not working, but it is still a challenge to find the LED within a string that is responsible for a malfunction.
- a second reason that parallel circuitry is not seen in LED strings is that there exists a widely held view in the electronic design community that it is bad practice to connect diodes together in parallel with the same polarity. This view is based on the concern that parallel diodes are not well-suited for carrying more current than a single diode can carry on its own, because unless all parallel diodes have identical forward voltage drops, the one with the lowest forward voltage drop will carry the most current, which will cause its temperature to increase, which will cause its forward voltage drop to decrease further, which will cause it to carry even more current until it perhaps fails. If the failing diode fails open, the other parallel diodes will then be forced to carry more current, until they possibly fail one by one.
- LEDs typically have significantly less steep current versus voltage curves than other diodes and, consequently, it is less likely that connecting non-identical LEDs in parallel will give rise to significant current differentials and over-heating in one of the LEDs. Furthermore, for typical lower current applications in which LEDs are used, LEDs may be cheap enough to significantly over-specify their rated forward current.
- the present invention is directed to this need.
- a method creating illumination that includes connecting a first light emitting diode (“LED”) and a second LED together in parallel and with the same polarity.
- LED light emitting diode
- an apparatus that includes a light module that has a first LED and a second LED connected to the first LED in parallel and with the same polarity. At least one of the first and second LEDs might have a maximum total current rating sufficient to carry all current conducted through the light module.
- the first and second LEDs have dissimilar electrical characteristics, such that the first LED carries all of the current conducted through the light module while the second LED remains unused unless and until the first LED fails open.
- the first and second LEDs have similar electrical characteristics, and in particular the first and second LEDs have substantially the same forward voltage drop over the operating range of the light module.
- the first and second LEDs are thermally connected to a common heat sink.
- the apparatus might also have a light-diffuser covering the first and second LEDs.
- the module might also have a third LED connected to the first and second LEDs in parallel but with opposite polarity and a fourth LED connected to the first and second LEDs in parallel but with opposite polarity.
- the module could also be connected together in series with other similar modules to provide a string of such light modules.
- the actual number of light modules that are connected together in series would be selected such that the sum of the minimum operating voltage for each of the light modules is less than or equal to the voltage available to supply the apparatus.
- the minimum operating voltage of a light module might be the greater of the minimum operating voltage of the first LED and the minimum operating voltage of the second LED.
- the number of light modules that are connected together in series would be selected such that the sum of the maximum operating voltage for each of the light modules is greater than or equal to the voltage available to supply the apparatus.
- the maximum operating voltage of a light module might be the lesser of the maximum operating voltage of the first LED and the maximum operating voltage of the second LED.
- the apparatus might also include a way of limiting the current flowing through the light module, for example a resistor connected in series with the light module.
- an apparatus that includes a light module having a first polarized photon-emitting semiconductor device (“PPESD”) and a second PPESD connected to the first PPESD in parallel and with the same polarity. At least one of the first PPESD and the second PPESD might have a maximum total current rating sufficient to carry all current conducted through the light module.
- PESD photon-emitting semiconductor device
- the first and second PPESDs have dissimilar electrical characteristics, such that the first PPESD carries all of the current conducted through the light module while the second PPESD remains unused unless and until the first PPESD fails open.
- the first and second PPESDs have substantially the same forward voltage drop over the operating range of the light module.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a light module according to a first embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a second light module according to a second embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a light string according to a third embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a light string according to a fourth embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a light string according to a fifth embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a light string according to a sixth embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 7 is a wiring schematic of a light string according to a seventh embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 8 is a pictorial view of the light string illustrated in FIG. 7 .
- FIG. 1 shows a light module according to one embodiment of the present invention, generally illustrated at 25 .
- the light module 25 includes a pair of light emitting diodes (“LEDs”) 22 , 23 that are connected together in parallel and with the same polarity.
- LEDs light emitting diodes
- the pair of LEDs 22 , 23 each has a maximum reverse voltage greater than the maximum voltage likely to be encountered in use. It is also desirable that the pair of LEDs 22 , 23 each has a rated forward current greater than the maximum total current expected to flow through light module 25 , so that in other words either of the pair of LEDs 22 , 23 is capable of carrying the total current. In general, it is desirable that the pair of LEDs 22 , 23 have substantially similar electrical characteristics; however, most particularly, it is desirable that the pair of LEDs 22 , 23 each has the same or a substantially similar forward voltage drop over the typical range of operating conditions so as to reduce the likelihood that a significant difference in forward current will develop between the pair of LEDs 22 , 23 . In this sense, the term substantially similar means that in operation one of the pair of LEDs 22 , 23 does not carry all or substantially all of the current flowing through the light module 25 .
- FIG. 2 shows a light module according to a second embodiment of the present invention, generally illustrated at 46 .
- the light module 46 includes a first pair of LEDs 42 , 43 that are connected in parallel and with the same polarity and a second pair of LEDs 44 , 45 that are connected in parallel and with the same polarity, which is opposite to the polarity of the first pair of LEDs 42 , 43 .
- the second embodiment light module 46 is configured to provide illumination both when a source of electromotive force is applied to forward bias the first pair of LEDs 42 , 43 and when a source of oppositely polarized electromotive force is applied to forward bias the second pair of LEDs 44 , 45 .
- the first embodiment light module 25 is configured to provide illumination during approximately half of the cycle of the source current
- the second embodiment light module 46 is configured to provide illumination during substantially the full cycle of the source current, thus providing a brighter appearance.
- light module 46 In addition to illumination during substantially the full cycle of the source current, which will result in the light module 46 appearing brighter, light module 46 has further the advantage of generating less electromagnetic interference. Because the current flowing through light module 46 is substantially a full sinusoid, it will contain lower levels of higher order harmonics, which can cause coupled wires to act as an as antenna propagating electromagnetic waves with frequencies corresponding to these higher harmonics.
- first embodiment light module 25 and the second embodiment light module 46 each also includes a light-diffuser 27 covering its respective LEDs 22 , 23 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 .
- Each respective light-diffuser 27 , 47 is configured to diffuse the light emitted by the respective LEDs 22 , 23 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 such that an observer of the respective light module 25 , 46 will be unable to readily distinguish which of the LEDs is the source of the light from the light module 25 , 46 or in what relative proportions.
- FIG. 3 shows a light string according to a third embodiment of the invention, generally illustrated at 108 .
- the light string 108 includes a block 120 of light modules 25 connected in series, all with the same polarity.
- the light string 108 may include more than one block 120 of light modules 25 , as is the case with this third embodiment, which includes a second parallel block 120 ′ of light modules 25 .
- an LED for example one of the pair of LEDs 22 , 23 in a particular light module 25 , fails open, then the remaining one of the pair of LEDs 23 , 22 will carry all of the current flowing through that light module 25 , and therefore that light module 25 as a whole will continue to provide light and conduct current and therefore the whole block 120 will continue to provide light and conduct current.
- FIG. 4 shows a light string according to a fourth embodiment of the invention, generally illustrated at 200 .
- the light string 200 includes a block 220 of light modules 46 connected in series.
- the light string 200 may be more than one block 220 of light modules 46 , as is the case with this fourth embodiment, which includes a second parallel block 220 ′ of light modules 46 .
- the light string 108 , 200 may be configured to connect directly to a source of household alternating current (“AC”).
- AC household alternating current
- the number of light modules 25 , 46 in each block 120 , 220 must be selected such that the sum of the minimum operating voltage for each of the light modules 25 , 46 is less than or equal to the voltage of the available supply and that the sum of the maximum operating voltage for each of the light modules 25 , 46 is greater than or equal to the voltage of the available supply.
- the minimum and maximum operating voltages of the light modules 25 , 46 is essentially the minimum and maximum operating voltages of the respective pairs of LEDs 22 , 23 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 .
- all the light modules 25 , 46 in the block 120 , 220 are identical and that all the pairs of LEDs 22 , 23 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , have a forward AC voltage operating range of 1.5 V AC to 2.5 V AC and a corresponding current range of 10 mA to 50 mA. If the AC supply voltage is 110 V AC , then with 50 light modules 25 , 46 in the block 120 , 220 the voltage drop across each light module 25 , 46 will be approximately 2.2 V AC , which is well within the operating range of each light module 25 , 46 and the respective pairs of LEDs 22 , 23 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 .
- FIG. 5 shows a light string according to a fifth embodiment of the invention, generally illustrated at 408 .
- the light string 408 includes at least one block 420 of light modules 25 connected in series.
- the light string 408 further includes a resistor 54 connected in series with the block 420 .
- the value of resistor 54 may be selected to provide current-limiting in the event of a short circuit in block 420 and to produce during regular operation of the block 420 a voltage drop sufficient to replace one or more light modules 25 if less modules are desired in block 420 than would be required as discussed above with respect to the third and fourth embodiment blocks 120 , 200 .
- resistor 54 may be selected to provide current-limiting in the event of a short circuit in block 420 and to produce during regular operation of the block 420 a voltage drop sufficient to replace one or more light modules 25 if less modules are desired in block 420 than would be required as discussed above with respect to the third and fourth embodiment blocks 120 , 200 .
- Those skilled in the art will appreciate that, besides a resistor
- FIG. 6 shows a light string according to a sixth embodiment of the invention, generally illustrated at 508 .
- the light string 508 includes at least one block 520 of light modules 25 connected in series.
- the light string 508 further includes a full-wave rectifier 64 coupled to the block 520 .
- This embodiment of the light string 508 is configured to provide current to each light module 25 over the entire AC cycle, such that each light module 25 will appear brighter and steadier.
- means for smoothing the ripple in the output of the rectifier 64 may also be coupled to rectifier 64 .
- an inductor may be placed in series between the rectifier 64 and the light modules 25 in the block 520 , or a capacitor may be placed in series with the rectifier 64 and in parallel with light modules 25 to smooth the ripple.
- FIGS. 7 and 8 show a light string according to a seventh embodiment of the invention, generally illustrated at 608 .
- the seventh embodiment light string 608 is similar to the third embodiment light string 108 , except that it includes only a single block 620 of light modules 25 connected in series.
- the light string 608 further includes a plug 71 attached in series to one end of the light string 608 , adapted to connect the light string 608 to a source of AC.
- the light string 608 also includes a receptacle 76 attached in series to the other end of light string 608 , adapted for connecting the light string 608 to another appliance (not shown) that requires AC, for example another light string 608 .
- the plug 71 and receptacle 76 are connected together in parallel to the light string 608 , so that an open circuit in the light string 608 will not interrupt the AC being provided to the other appliance (not shown).
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- Circuit Arrangement For Electric Light Sources In General (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims (18)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US13/267,737 USRE43890E1 (en) | 2004-01-30 | 2011-10-06 | LED light module and series connected light modules |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/767,820 US7045965B2 (en) | 2004-01-30 | 2004-01-30 | LED light module and series connected light modules |
US13/267,737 USRE43890E1 (en) | 2004-01-30 | 2011-10-06 | LED light module and series connected light modules |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/767,820 Reissue US7045965B2 (en) | 2004-01-30 | 2004-01-30 | LED light module and series connected light modules |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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USRE43890E1 true USRE43890E1 (en) | 2013-01-01 |
Family
ID=34807751
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/767,820 Ceased US7045965B2 (en) | 2004-01-30 | 2004-01-30 | LED light module and series connected light modules |
US13/267,737 Expired - Lifetime USRE43890E1 (en) | 2004-01-30 | 2011-10-06 | LED light module and series connected light modules |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US10/767,820 Ceased US7045965B2 (en) | 2004-01-30 | 2004-01-30 | LED light module and series connected light modules |
Country Status (2)
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US (2) | US7045965B2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2005074326A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
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Also Published As
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US7045965B2 (en) | 2006-05-16 |
US20050168156A1 (en) | 2005-08-04 |
WO2005074326A1 (en) | 2005-08-11 |
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