USRE41247E1 - Optical transport system - Google Patents
Optical transport system Download PDFInfo
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- USRE41247E1 USRE41247E1 US09/820,973 US82097301A USRE41247E US RE41247 E1 USRE41247 E1 US RE41247E1 US 82097301 A US82097301 A US 82097301A US RE41247 E USRE41247 E US RE41247E
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0278—WDM optical network architectures
- H04J14/0283—WDM ring architectures
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0227—Operation, administration, maintenance or provisioning [OAMP] of WDM networks, e.g. media access, routing or wavelength allocation
- H04J14/0228—Wavelength allocation for communications one-to-all, e.g. broadcasting wavelengths
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0227—Operation, administration, maintenance or provisioning [OAMP] of WDM networks, e.g. media access, routing or wavelength allocation
- H04J14/0241—Wavelength allocation for communications one-to-one, e.g. unicasting wavelengths
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0227—Operation, administration, maintenance or provisioning [OAMP] of WDM networks, e.g. media access, routing or wavelength allocation
- H04J14/0241—Wavelength allocation for communications one-to-one, e.g. unicasting wavelengths
- H04J14/0242—Wavelength allocation for communications one-to-one, e.g. unicasting wavelengths in WDM-PON
- H04J14/0245—Wavelength allocation for communications one-to-one, e.g. unicasting wavelengths in WDM-PON for downstream transmission, e.g. optical line terminal [OLT] to ONU
- H04J14/0246—Wavelength allocation for communications one-to-one, e.g. unicasting wavelengths in WDM-PON for downstream transmission, e.g. optical line terminal [OLT] to ONU using one wavelength per ONU
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0227—Operation, administration, maintenance or provisioning [OAMP] of WDM networks, e.g. media access, routing or wavelength allocation
- H04J14/0241—Wavelength allocation for communications one-to-one, e.g. unicasting wavelengths
- H04J14/0242—Wavelength allocation for communications one-to-one, e.g. unicasting wavelengths in WDM-PON
- H04J14/0245—Wavelength allocation for communications one-to-one, e.g. unicasting wavelengths in WDM-PON for downstream transmission, e.g. optical line terminal [OLT] to ONU
- H04J14/0247—Sharing one wavelength for at least a group of ONUs
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0278—WDM optical network architectures
- H04J14/028—WDM bus architectures
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
- G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
- G02B6/4251—Sealed packages
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
- G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
- G02B6/4266—Thermal aspects, temperature control or temperature monitoring
- G02B6/4268—Cooling
- G02B6/4269—Cooling with heat sinks or radiation fins
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
- G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
- G02B6/4285—Optical modules characterised by a connectorised pigtail
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0201—Add-and-drop multiplexing
- H04J14/0202—Arrangements therefor
- H04J14/0204—Broadcast and select arrangements, e.g. with an optical splitter at the input before adding or dropping
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0227—Operation, administration, maintenance or provisioning [OAMP] of WDM networks, e.g. media access, routing or wavelength allocation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0287—Protection in WDM systems
- H04J14/0289—Optical multiplex section protection
- H04J14/0291—Shared protection at the optical multiplex section (1:1, n:m)
Definitions
- the present invention generally relates to an optical transport system for transmitting, extracting, and inserting light bi-directionally on a light transmission line, and more particularly to a redundant, non-blocking, bidirectional, multi-channel, protocol independent optical transport system for the simultaneous transfer of multiple, optically encoded signals.
- a variety of different topologies are employed to manage the transmission of data on an electrical data bus.
- Known network topologies include: 1) broadcast, such as utilized on a data bus; 2) point-to-point electrical and optical repeater lines, such as seen with the ring configuration; 3) and logical star, where all data is transmitted to and from a central location for retransmission to an intended recipient.
- Recent advances in data transmission technology have been directed to increasing the bandwidth or data capacity of the network, i.e., increasing the amount of data that can be transmitted by the network.
- WDM wavelength division multiplexing
- a rare earth such as, for example, erbium
- One particularly advantageous feature of the present invention is that it provides an advanced bus structure which readily supports the bandwidth and channel capacity requirements of present and further avionics data buses while providing physical redundancy to enhance network survivability.
- Another particular advantageous feature of the present invention is that it provides the ability to simultaneously transmit a plurality of information as analog, digital and discrete signals over a single wavelength using a single fiber.
- the invention is capable of the simultaneous, non-interfering transmission over multiple topologies of multiple co-existing protocols each running at independent data rates. Additionally, it features the simultaneous, non-interfering transmission over multiple co-existing topologies of analog, digital and discrete signals.
- the present invention relates to an optical transport system that permits one, two or a plurality of different network topologies to be respectively connected by one, two or a plurality of fiber optic transmission lines that each transmit light bi-directionally over each of the one, two or plurality of fiber optic lines.
- Each fiber optic transmission line is capable of carrying one, two or a plurality of wavelengths and each wavelength can contain one, two or a plurality of analog, digital and discrete signals that are encoded using one, two or a plurality of encoding techniques.
- the heart of the present invention is an ingenuous arrangement of passive fiber optic couplers, which when combined with wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) selectively route optical signals in and out of the system at each node thereof as discloses by Applicants co-pending U.S. patent application entitled An Optical Interface Device, Ser. No. 08/831,375, filed Apr. 1, 1997, (the entire disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference for all purposes).
- WDM wavelength division multiplexing
- This optical interface device also sometime referred to as an optical bus interface module (OBIM) is capable of inserting, extracting and transmitting light bi-directionally over one, two or a plurality of fiber optic transmission lines carrying one, two or a plurality of wavelengths over each fiber optic transmission line and each wavelength contains one, two or a plurality of analog, digital or discrete signals that are encoded using one, two or a plurality of encoding techniques.
- OBIM optical bus interface module
- a redundant, optical transport system which is configured to provide a non-blocking, bi-directional, multi-channel, protocol independent optical transport system for the simultaneous transfer of multiple optical signals between a plurality data terminal equipment.
- the optical transport system includes a light transmission line for transmitting light bi-directionally and a plurality of nodes, connected linearly by the light transmission line for receiving, extracting and passing signal light.
- Each node comprises: data terminal equipment for issuing and receiving electrical signals; an electro-optical interface device, associated the data terminal equipment, for converting electrical signals issued by the associated data terminal to light signals for insertion onto the light transmission light and for converting signal light, extracted from the light transmission line into electrical signals to be received by the associated data terminal; a translation logic device connected between the optical interface device and the data terminal equipment, if required, for performing required protocol translation for the data terminal equipment and an optical interface device, connected to the electro-optical interface device and the light transmission line, for extracting light signals from the light transmission line to be converted into electrical signal by the electro-optical interface device for receipt by the data terminal equipment, for inserting, onto the light transmission line, signal light received from the electro-optical interface device and for passing signal light bi-directionally on the light transmission line.
- the transport system further includes a pumping arrangement, for example, an optical pump source, for inserting excitation light onto the light transmission line; an optical amplifier connector fiber connecting the each of the optical interface devices linearly to one another, wherein the optical amplifier connector fiber is doped with a material which is excited by the excitation light and which emits light having a same wavelength as the light signals when radiated with light signals transmitted bi-directionally by the at least one fiber optic line.
- a pumping arrangement for example, an optical pump source, for inserting excitation light onto the light transmission line
- an optical amplifier connector fiber connecting the each of the optical interface devices linearly to one another, wherein the optical amplifier connector fiber is doped with a material which is excited by the excitation light and which emits light having a same wavelength as the light signals when radiated with light signals transmitted bi-directionally by the at least one fiber optic line.
- FIG. 1A is a block diagram which schematically illustrates the optical transport system of the present invention
- FIG. 1B is a pictorial representation of the elements comprising the optical transport system of FIG. 1A ;
- FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate arrangements for providing optical amplification within the optical transport system of the present invention
- FIG. 4A illustrates the configuration of an E/O Interface card in use with yet another embodiment of the optical transport system of the present invention wherein the optical signal is inserted, extracted and passed on two separated but redundant fiber optic lines;
- FIG. 4B illustrates an EOIC configuration for Mil-Std 1553 avionics element
- FIG. 4C illustrates an EOIC 117 for ARINC 429 avionic element
- FIG. 4D illustrates a typical, known ARINC network configuration
- FIG. 4E illustrates an optical arrangement wherein different optical wavelengths are assigned for each equivalent electrical transmission path
- FIG. 4F illustrates an optical arrangement which relies on Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) techniques to eliminate the plethora of optical wavelengths required by the arrangement of FIG. 4E ;
- TDM Time Division Multiplexing
- FIG. 4G illustrates the structure for an EOIC adapted to support video
- FIG. 4H illustrates an arrangement wherein different wavelengths are assigned to different nodes to provide a topology equivalent to a non-blocking Star configuration using MUX/DEMUXes;
- FIG. 4I illustrates an arrangement where, by using dichroic couplers, the resulting topology for these nodes is that of a Point-to-Point Repeatered Link;
- FIG. 5 illustrated an optimum bus interface topology with the specific coupler ratios 80/20 on-line and 50/50 off-line;
- FIG. 6 is a plot showing the optimum in-line coupling c opt vs n, where n is the number of nodes;
- FIG. 7 is a perspective view illustrating a small rugged enclosure complete with moisture seals for ensures a benign mechanical environment for OBIM's.
- FIG. 8 illustrates component placement for a Mil_Std 1553 type card.
- FIG. 1A a block diagram of a first embodiment of an optical transport system in accordance with the present invention, generally indicated at 111 , is illustrated for extracting, inserting and passing light bi-directionally on a light transmission line, generally indicated at 113 , which comprises at least one fiber optical fiber.
- the system 111 is designed to permit communication between different electrical devices having differing communication protocols and requirements.
- the optical transport system 111 preferably forms a broken ring, as shown in FIG. 1A , to prevent the recirculation of light.
- the system 111 comprises a plurality of optical bus interface modules (OBIM's) or optical interface devices 115 , as discloses by Applicants co-pending U.S. patent application entitled An Optical Interface Device, Ser. No. 08/831,375, filed Apr. 1, 1997, (the entire disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference for all purposes).
- Each OBIM 115 is an arrangement of passive fiber optic couplers, as will be more fully explained with particular reference to FIG. 4A , which wavelength selectively route optical signals in and out of the network at each node, generally indicated at A.
- the primary purpose of the OBIM's 115 is to facilitate bi-directional data transmission and reception over fiber light transmission line 113 comprising one, two or a plurality of fiber optic lines as will be more fully described hereinafter.
- the configuration achieving this function is shown in FIG. 4 A.
- the OBIM's 115 are interconnected, linearly, by the transmission line 113 and constitute a totally optical interface to the system 111 .
- optical signals that are fed in or out of the systems 111 are then processed within the node A through the use of an electro-optical interface card (EOIC) 117 which includes wavelength selective filters, photoreceivers and a laser transmitter or light emitting diode photo-transmitter as will be more fully described hereinafter.
- EOIC electro-optical interface card
- Each EOIC 117 is a device which performs an impedance match between the light and electrical domains.
- the input and the output of each of the EOIC's 117 are connected to a translation logic card (TLC) 119 which performs the required protocol translation for the data terminal equipment (DTE) 121 , which comprises, for example, a computer, video or telephone device, which each have, for example, different protocol requirements.
- DTE data terminal equipment
- a TLC 119 is not required and the EOIC 117 can interface directly with the memory of each of the DTE 121 . This eliminates approximately two thirds of the interface electronics presently employed for the purpose of transmitting information from one DTE to other DTE's.
- Each EOIC 117 is provided for converting the optical signals transported over the transmission line 113 to electrical signals which will be eventually read by the associated DTE 121 and for converting the electrical signals issued by the associated DTE 121 to optical signals for transmission over the optical transmission line 113 .
- the EOIC 117 in addition to performing the electrical-to-optical and optical-to-electrical function, provides the means for signal transfer between bus elements and the work stations through TLC's 119 (intermediate interface cards).
- a TLC is a device which performs protocol impedance matching between the DTE's and the EOIC's.
- the protocol can be either the preferred direct digital memory interface, the direct analog sensor interface or a legacy protocol.
- the TLC 119 is capable of receiving or transmitting and converting one or more protocols. For example, two such cards provide standardized avoioncis communication protocols for ARINC 429 and Mil_Std 1553 .
- Two PC based workstations (DTE's 121 ) provide data display capability using a multi-window display format for the simultaneous viewing of multiple signals and man-machine interface.
- the optical transport system 111 incorporates optical amplification which is powered using a laser pump 123 , emitting light having a wavelength of about 980 nm as will be more fully described with particular reference to FIG. 2 .
- the transmission line 113 of the general configuration of the optical transport system 111 illustrated by FIG. 1A comprises two optical fibers 113 ′, 113 ′′ (one serving as a redundant fiber) laid out in a “broken ring” to avoid recirculation of the optical signals.
- the through fibers at 114 (as best seen in FIG. 4f ) between each node A are a few meters long and doped with a rare earth, such as, for example, erbium to provide amplification to compensate for all optical losses encountered by an optical signal passing through an OBIM 115 as will be explained hereinbelow.
- Optical amplification in the erbium doped through fibers is obtained by a “pump” signal provided by laser pump 123 transmitted through the entire system 111 .
- FIG. 1B is a pictoral representation of the optical transport system 111 of the present invention illustrated by FIG. 1 A.
- a first embodiment of the arrangement for optically pumping the system 111 is shown at 19 .
- the OBIM at 11 is shown configured for use with a single fiber optic line 13 .
- the arrangement 19 comprises a pump source 21 for inserting excitation light (about 980 nm) onto the transmission line 113 which as noted above, comprises a single fiber optic line 113 , however, the present invention is not limited to a single line 13 and envisions use with two or more fiber optic lines as will be more fully discussed hereinafter.
- An optical amplifier 27 for amplifying signal light comprises, for example, a connector fiber optic line having a length 1 , for connecting the OBIM 11 with other devices as well as between OBIM's of the system 111 .
- the connector fiber optic line of the optical amplifier 27 is doped with a material that is excited by the excitation light and that emits light having a same wavelength as the light signals when radiated with light signals.
- Erbium is a suitable material for doping the fiber optic line of the optical amplifier 27 because 980 nm excitation light excites erbium atoms in the fiber such that when the excited erbium atoms collapse, 1550 nm light (the same wavelength as the signal light) is emitted. Therefore, when a photon of 1550 nm signal light collides with the excited erbium atoms, one photon of 1550 nm signal light becomes two photons of 1550 nm signal light.
- the pump source 21 is a pump laser which emits excitation light having a wavelength of about 980 nm.
- the signal light has a wavelength of about 1550 nm.
- the length 1 of the optical amplifier connector fiber is set as a function of the amount of amplification required and in the preferred embodiment of FIG. 2 , the length of the connector fiber of the optical amplifier 27 is about two meters.
- the connector fiber of the optical amplifier 27 is used to connect the OBIM 11 to an other device, including, but not limited to another OBIM 11 and can be provided both prior to and subsequent to the OBIM 11 . Further, the connector fiber of the optical amplifier 27 can also be connected to at least one of the extraction port 29 or the insertion port 31 of the OBIM 11 .
- each OBIM 11 is provided with a pump source 21 for emitting excitation light.
- a coupler 33 such as, for example, a wave division multiplexer is provided for inserting the excitation light from the pump source 21 onto the at least one fiber optic line 13 to one side of the pair of fiber optic-line, optical couplers 17 , 17 ′ of the OBIM 11 .
- An optical amplifier 27 for amplifying signal light is also provided for receiving excitation light from the pump source 21 as well as signal light transmitted in both directions A or B on the at least one fiber optic line 13 .
- the optical amplifier 27 comprises, for example, a connector fiber optic line having a length 1 , for connecting the OBIM 11 with other devices.
- the connector fiber optic line of the optical amplifier 27 is doped with a material, such as, for example, erbium, that is excited by the excitation light and that emits light having a same wavelength as the light signals when radiated with light signals.
- the pump source 21 is a pump laser which emits excitation light having a wavelength of about 980 nm.
- the signal light has a wavelength of about 1550 nm.
- the length 1 of the optical amplifier connector fiber is set as a function of the amount of amplification required and in the preferred embodiment of FIG. 3 , the length of the connector fiber of the optical amplifier 27 is about two meters.
- the connector fiber of the optical amplifier 27 is used to connect the OBIM 11 to another device, including, but not limited to another OBIM 11 and can be provided both prior to and subsequent to the OBIM 11 . Further, the connector fiber of the optical amplifier can also be connected to at least one of the extraction port 29 or the insertion port 31 of the OBIM.
- the light transmission line 113 of the optical transport system 111 of the present invention preferably comprises a pair of fiber optic lines as best seen in FIG. 4 A. Therefore, if one of the fiber optic lines is broken, the remaining fiber optic line will transmit the signal light.
- an OBIM 115 is illustrated for the insertion and removal of light from the transmission line 113 , which in this case, comprises a pair of fiber optic lines 113 ′, 113 ′′, to implement the desired fail-safe operation, (if one line fails, the other line is available to provide the signal light).
- the OBIM 115 of FIG. 4A comprises first and second 50/50 couplers 125 , 125 ′, one provided for each of the pair of fiber optic lines 113 ′, 113 ′′.
- the 50/50 couplers 125 , 125 ′ are provided for receiving light from the EOIC 117 to be inserted onto one of the fiber optic lines 113 ′, 113 ′′ or for providing signal light extracted from the lines 113 ′, 113 ′′ to the EOIC 117 .
- the OBIM 115 also comprises a pair of 80/20 fiber optic-line, optical couplers 126 , 126 ′′, each coupled directly to one of the fiber optic lines 113 ′, 113 ′′ and to one of the pair of 50/50 optical couplers 125 , 125 ′′, for respectively passing light on the associated fiber optic line 113 ′ or 113 ′′, for receiving light for the associated 50/50 optical coupler 125 or 125 ′ to be inserted onto the associated fiber optic line 113 ′ or 113 ′′ and for transmitting said received light in opposite directions on the one associated fiber optic line 113 ′ or 113 ′′, and for extracting light from opposite directions on the one associated fiber optic line 113 ′ or 113 ′′ and transmitting said extracted light to the associated 50/50 optical coupler 125 or 125 ′.
- An additional 50/50 optical coupler 127 is included for receiving light outputted by the EOIC 117 and providing the received light to the pair of 50/50 optical couplers 125 , 125 ′ for insertion bi-directionally on both of the fiber optic lines 113 ′ and 113 ′′.
- a signal exiting from the upper left fiber (labeled fiber 113 ′) traveling toward 80/20 coupler 126 is split such that 80% of the signal is passed on fiber 113 ′ to the next node and the remaining 20% is directed toward the EOIC 117 .
- the remaining 20% of light, by action of the associated 50/50 coupler 125 is split equally and routed towards optical filter/receiver combination 129 , 131 .
- optical signals for each will be slightly delayed with respect to each other as a function of path length difference between respective transmitting and receiving nodes.
- these signals must be treated independently, for example, by employing two optical receivers, one dedicated to each path.
- the EOIC 117 enables communication between like DTE's 121 located at different nodes of the system 111 .
- the EOIC 117 comprises a pair of optical filters 129 , 129 ′ for respective receiving light signals extracted from the pair of fiber optic lines 113 ′, 113 ′′.
- These optical filter, 129 , 129 ′ which have, for example, a 4 nm passband, precede optical receivers 131 , 131 ′, respectively, and pass only the designated wavelength of the corresponding network element (DTE 121 not shown in FIG. 4A ) and reject all others.
- Optical receivers 131 , 131 ′ convert the received optical signals into electrical signals.
- Switch 133 selects one of the electrical outputs from receivers 131 , 131 ′, which is then provide to the TLC 119 for processing in order to be compatible with associated DTE 121 as will be more fully explained hereinbelow.
- Electrical outputs from the DTE 121 are converted to optical signals by the EOIC 117 which are inserted onto the fiber optic lines 113 ′, 113 ′′ using the optical amplifier 135 .
- each receiver 131 , 131 ′ detects and measures the incident input signal and outputs a corresponding digital signal indicating whether or not a minimum input optical power threshold is exceeded. Control logic then monitors these signals and selects the appropriate receiver.
- the system 111 instead of continuous data transmission, the system 111 , particularly when applied to avionics data bus requires, deals with bursty transmission (high density, clusters or packets of data).
- Most optical receivers designed for digital transmission incorporate automatic gain control for extending optical input dynamic range.
- These AGC loops have settling times in excess of many bit periods thereby causing loss of leading bits in a data packet. For continuous data this is generally not a problem, but in discontinuous data transmission, the situation is unacceptable.
- the receivers 131 , 131 ′ operating on the principle of edge detection, although a penalty is incurred in terms of loss of optical sensitivity.
- FIG. 4 A The details of the optical and electro-optical system for implementing simultaneous multi-network operation using multiple optical carriers over a single fiber implementation are also shown in FIG. 4 A.
- the technical approach exploits the two low attenuation windows of step index single mode optical fiber, 1310 nm and 1550 nm.
- step index single mode optical fiber 1310 nm and 1550 nm.
- Optical carrier encoding techniques supported by this architecture include signal formats such as Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), intensity modulation (IM) coherent or incoherent, amplitude, phase and frequency modulation.
- PCM Pulse Code Modulation
- IM intensity modulation
- the EOIC 117 is adapted to provide the required data encoding functions to convert the ARINC 429 and Mil_Std 1553 three-level codes to two level codes. In the electrical domain, these signals are encoded as tri-level signals and then converted to bi-level signaling with subsequent bandwidth increase.
- optical intensity modulation IM
- the preponderance of commercial optical receivers are designed for bi-level operation.
- the encoding and decoding function is performed by the EOIC 117 which includes an on-board gate array containing conversion circuitry for both data types.
- the EOIC 117 which includes an on-board gate array containing conversion circuitry for both data types.
- four data types transit the optical transport system 111 : three digital and one FM video.
- the EOIC 117 contains a number of hardware components for the transmission and reception of bus 113 signals, data encoding, traffic control and optical transmission and reception as discussed below.
- Mil_Std 1553 line receiver 135 converts the bi-polar bus signal to digital logic level and line driver 135 ′ converts logic level signals to bi-polar signals levels conforming to Mil_Std 1553 specifications.
- Encoding optical transmission of the MIL- 1553 bus messages requires converting the three state electrical signal to a two state optical signal which is accomplished by FPGA 137 .
- MIL- 1553 bus transmission medium is a twisted pair wire.
- Signal states present on the wire include a NULL state signifying inactivity, and two active states for the transmission of 1's and 0's. Thus, voltage across the two wire has three possible states.
- For optical transmission of the signal it must be encoded in a waveform with only two states.
- Another requirement of the coding is that it must have zero DC content for any combination of sync patterns, ones and zeros.
- the encoding concept is to frequency encode the three states by assigning one frequency to denote the logical ONE, another frequency to denote a logical ZERO and a third frequency (0 Hz) to denote no transmission.
- the laser drive and temperature control 139 performs two functions: 1) laser modulation and 2) laser temperature control.
- the laser driver converts the digital input signals from the FPGA 137 to current pulses used to modulate the laser.
- the resultant optical signal intensity waveform is representative of the digital input signal.
- the purpose of the laser temperature control is to maintain the laser at a constant temperature. DFB laser wavelength dependence is on the order of 0.1 nm/C. Tuning over a range of a few nanometers can be attained by varying the laser temperature. By controlling the laser temperature, the laser emission wavelength is adjusted to match the optical filter passband.
- the optical receivers 131 , 131 ′ convert the received optical signal to an electrical signal.
- This receiver is a digital type and its output is PECL digital signal levels that are converted to CMOS levels using a comparator.
- two optical receivers 131 , 131 ′ are employed, and as previously noted, due to invariable path length variation, some delay is experienced between the arrival of one signal with respect to the other. The delay precludes combining these signals either electrically or optically because of the resulting overlap that will eventually cause decoding errors. This situation is tolerable for low speed signaling where the relative delay is a small percentage of the bit period. However, at high data rates, i.e., those exceeding tens of hundreds of megahertz, nano-second delays become a significant percentage of the bit period. For this reason, the output of only one receiver 131 , 131 ′ is used.
- Power module 139 generates, regulates and filters all secondary voltages derived from the prime avionics power of +28 VDC.
- MIL_STD 1553 defines in part certain timing requirements for command and data transfer operations between nodes identified as either Bus Controllers (BC's) or Remote Terminals (RT's).
- BC's Bus Controllers
- RT's Remote Terminals
- an EOIC 117 for ARINC 429 avionic element is illustrated, wherein the functions and the components of the EOIC 117 are similar to the Mil_Std 1553 configuration discussed above with reference to FIG. 4 B. Only those function and components that differ form the Mil_Std 1553 configuration will be discussed.
- ARINC line receiver 141 converts the tri-state bus signal to CMOS compatible digital signals.
- the line driver 143 converts CMOS logic level signals to tri-state bus signal levels conforming to ARINC 429 specifications.
- FPGA 137 provided for encoding optical transmission of the ARINC 429 bus message is conceptually identical to the Mil_Std 1553 encoding scheme. Frequency assignment to represent the bits and periods of no transmissions is similarly assigned.
- ARINC 429 defines an air transport industry standard for the transfer of the digital data between avionics elements, it specifies the basic system configuration and communication protocols. Any avionics element having information to transmit, will do so form a designated output port over a single twisted and shielded wire pair to all other elements that have a need for such information. The information flow is uni-directional.
- the typical ARINC system consists of a controller, which oversees the gathering and time multiplexing of data in accordance with the protocol, a line driver capable of driving the twisted wire pair, and one or more receivers which process the received data transmitted over the twisted wire pair.
- the ARINC network configuration comprises ARINC avionics element 145 having a transmitter section 145 a and a receiver section 145 b which are respectively connected to each of the inputs 147 a and each of the outputs 147 b of associated sensors at 147 .
- the operational features of the illustrated ARINC configuration include communications protocol between avionics element 145 and sensors 147 as well as the physical media required to support the protocol.
- ARINC protocol defines that when one of the sensor 147 needs to send data, (called a Link Data Unit (LDU)), to the avionics element 145 , the sensor 147 will issue a Request To Send (RTS) to the avionics element 145 .
- RTS Request To Send
- the avionics element 145 responds with a Clear To Send (CTS) and data transfer commences.
- This method of data exchange exemplifies data transfer using an uni-directional bus 149 shared by multiple elements for data transfer initiation and dedicated buses 151 for data transfer from sensors 147 to the avionics element 145 .
- the protocol therefore relies upon two uni-directional busses to query and/or transmit dat to another element and receive data from such element.
- the timing associated with such transfers is sequential. A request is initiated, a response transmitted followed by data transmission.
- an avionics element may request sensor confirmation that results in parallel transmissions from multiple sensors. This is a special instance, a condition to be recognized when designing the optical implementation. Having identified the basic ARINC communication protocol and system configuration, the optical solution that preserves bidirectional functionality and simultaneous transmissions over a single fiber transmission medium will now be discussed with particular reference to FIG. 4 E.
- optical arrangement is illustrated wherein different optical wavelengths are assigned for each equivalent electrical transmission path i.e., all electrical buses are replaced with optical buses of different wavelengths. This approach is adequate if there are not a lot of sensors.
- the second approach as illustrated by FIG. 4F , relies on Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) techniques to eliminate the plethora of optical wavelengths required by the arrangement of FIG. 4 E.
- TDM Time Division Multiplexing
- the key to eliminating the numerous optical wavelengths assigned to each remote terminal data return path is through time division multiplexing as shown in FIG. 4 F. Normal operation prohibits multiple remote terminals (RT's) from simultaneous transmission, but as noted above, in certain circumstances such simultaneous transmissions can occur.
- RT's remote terminals
- a transmission protocol similar to Ethernet which specifies a procedure to resolve transmission conflict. Provision for temporary storage of data is required until access to the bus is obtained and transmission rates must be increased to equal the data rate of all RT's transmitting simultaneously.
- a commercial video unit 153 up-converts the RS- 170 baseband to an FM modulated signal which is received by optical receiver 155 so that the FM signal modulates EOIC card laser 139 for input to the OBIM 115 and insertion onto the transmission line 113 .
- a received optical signal is converted to an electrical signal by optical receiver 131 and the resulting signal provide to video line driver 157 , the output of which drives the comparator demodulator 159 .
- the recovered baseband signal serves as input of a frame grabber (not shown) located in the main workstation PC (not shown).
- the system 111 functions as a Bus in the Broadcast Mode.
- the topology is equivalent to a non-blocking Star configuration using MUS/DEMUXes with as many as 128 wavelengths employing current technology wherein the maximum number of wavelengths is determined by the allowable cross-talk between channels, the laser line width, the optical amplifier pass band and the information bandwidth.
- the present invention is not limited to fixed wavelengths.
- the present invention operates as a non-blocking logical switch if all nodes have their transmitters and receivers tunable.
- the operation is as follows: if a node want to transmit to a set of nodes on a specific wavelength and the transmitting node tunes its laser to that wavelength, the receiving nodes tune their receivers to the same wavelength.
- Tunable filters whether electro-optical, acouto-optical or opto-mechanical can be inserted in the receivers in lieu of fixed filters in order to vary the wavelength assignment on a packet-to-packet basis as well as to provide dynamic routing.
- the resulting topology for these nodes is that of a Point-to-Point Repeatered Link. This is equivalent to a ring topology, and although the ring is broken, all nodes communicate with each other because of the bi-directionality of the OBIM's 115 .
- the repeater links use an ATM (asynchronous transfer node) protocol.
- the optimum bus interface topology is illustrated in FIG. 5 with the specific coupler ratios 80/20 on-line and 50/50 off-line.
- Optimum coupling is a function of the number of nodes.
- the on-line coupling ratio c and the off-line coupling ratio k were c and k corresponding to the cross states and (1 ⁇ c), (1 ⁇ k) are the bar states, the bus is assigned arbitrary coupling c and k.
- Deriving the optimum coupling ratios by calculating the received signals at both extreme nodes as follows:
- n is the number of nodes.
- the optimum coupling ratio is 1, indicating all the light from node 1 transmitter is received at node 2 receiver. Since the maximum number of nodes the system 111 can sustain without optical amplifiers is approximately n less than or equal to 10, the best ratio is 80%, or alternatively, 20% is tapped from the bus signal at each node.
- the OBIM 115 provides the optical interface between the avionics cable plant and the EOIC 117 .
- a small rugged enclosure complete with moisture seals ensures a benign mechanical environment for the couplers, splices, and fiber pigtails and also provides an area for excess fiber storage and restraint to minimize fiber vibration and hence fracture and breakage.
- the proposed package shown in FIG. 7 is made of 6661T6 aluminum with machined grooves for capturing the couplers and fiber splices and a cross member to provide position stability.
- An “O” ring groove provides a vapor seal in conjunction with the aluminum cover secured by 10 machining screws.
- the enclosure body measure 4.5 inches in length by 2.5 inches wide and 1.0 inches high including the 0.10 inch thickness cover. Anodizing of the enclosure increases corrosion resistance.
- FIG. 8 illustrates component placement for a Mil_Std 1553 type card.
- the card size is approximately 6 inches by 4 inches and shows the location of all components identified with respect to the block diagram discussed above.
- Heat sinks are provided to dissipate heat generated by the thermoelectric devices bonded to the DFB lasers. Ample area for fiber pigtails avoid excess minimum bend radius requirements and tie down areas for the optical components allocated.
Abstract
Description
(0.5)(0.5)(0.2)[(0 2)(0.5)](0.8)n-2=0.00125(0.8)n-2=−23 dB
-
- k=1−k k=50%
Thus, the received signal at either node receiver contributed by either bus is: S=0.125(c)2(1−c)n-2. The optimum coupling as a function of nodes is obtained by setting ds/dc=0 which yields c=2/n.
- k=1−k k=50%
Claims (82)
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US09/820,973 USRE41247E1 (en) | 1997-04-01 | 2001-03-29 | Optical transport system |
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