USRE33834E

USRE33834E - Heart-related parameters monitoring apparatus

Info

Publication number: USRE33834E
Application number: US07/556,101
Authority: US
Inventors: Glenfield Warner
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1984-05-10
Filing date: 1990-07-20
Publication date: 1992-03-03
Anticipated expiration: 2006-05-30

Abstract

A non-invasive method, and an apparatus, for determining heart-related parameters in patients. The method and apparatus determine pulse pressure, time constant of the arterial system, systolic and diastolic pressure, peripheral resistance, cardiac output and mean arterial blood pressure.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This .Iadd.application is a reissue of application Ser. No. 105,803, filed Oct. 8, 1987, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,834,107, which .Iaddend.application is a continuation-in-part application Ser. No. 059,520, filed June 8, .Iadd.now abandoned .Iaddend. which is a continuation-in-part application Ser. No. 807,693, filed Dec. 11, 1985, now abandoned which is a continuation-in-part of parent application Ser. No. 608,955, filed May 10, 1984, now all abandoned.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates to a non-invasive method of measuring arterial blood pressure and cardiac output. The invention also relates to an apparatus for carrying out the method.

2. Description of Prior Art

Non-invasive methods and apparatus for measuring arterial blood pressure and cardiac output are known in the art. Once such method and apparatus is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,030,485, Warner, issued June 21, 1977. A second such method and apparatus is taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,418,700, Warner, issued Dec. 6, 1983. The present invention constitutes an improvement and refinement of the method and apparatus as taught in the latter patent.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

The invention relates to a non-invasive method, and an apparatus for determining heart-related parameters in patients. The method and apparatus determine pulse pressure, time constant of the arterial system, systolic and diastolic pressure, peripheral resistance, and cardiac output and means arterial blood pressure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The invention will be better understood by an examination of the following description together with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the apparatus for carrying out the inventive method;

FIG. 2 is a typical sensor output of the system as illustrated in FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 illustrates arterial blood pressure pulses;

FIGS. 4, 4a and 4b illustrate a blood volume pulse;

FIG. 5 illustrates a blood volume pulse and a blood pressure pulse to illustrate the ratio g; and

FIG. 6 is a simplified flowchart for a computer program for performing calculations in accordance with the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

As seen in FIG. 1, an apparatus in accordance with the invention comprises a volume sensor such as a photo-electric plethysmograph S, an amplifier A₁, an analog to digital converter A₂, a microcomputer M and a display device D. The plethysmograph sensor S is attached to, for example, the earlobe of a subject. The sensor could also be attached to other suitable parts of the body such as the forehead, fingertips or toes.

As is known, the plethysmograph, detects changes in blood volume of the region to which it is attached. A typical sensor output signal is shown in FIG. 2. As seen in FIG. 2, the output signal has a pulsating component and a DC component.

The output of the sensor is applied to the plethysmograph amplifier A₁ where it is amplified and filtered and the DC component is discarded. The output of A₁ has a DC component, but this is not directly related to the sensor DC component.

The output of A₁ is fed to the analog to digital (A/D) converter A₂ which digitizes the signal. In a preferred embodiment, the sampling rate is 100 per second.

Microcomputer M accepts signals from A₂ and processes them according to the instructions it contains. These instructions are schematically represented in the simplified flowchart of FIG. 6.

The computer quantities are then displayed on a CRT monitor D or other suitable display means.

THEORY

Arterial blood pressure pulses are shown in FIG. 3. The shape of these curves vary according to the site where they are measured. The highest pressure reached during a cycle i is called the arterial systolic blood pressure, P_si. The lowest pressure reached during the same cycle is called the arterial diastolic blood pressure, P_di. The pressure rise from P_di to p_si in the same cycle is the pulse pressure, p_pi.

By definition

 p.sub.si -p.sub.di =p.sub.pi                              (1)

To find P_pi

A plethysmographic pulse is shown in FIG. 4. The minimum value at the beginning of the pulse is V_imin. The maximum value of the pulse is V_imax. As the pulse volume rises from V_imin to V_imax, the time rate of volume change reaches a maximum V_imax at time t_iVm. The pulse volume at time t_iVm is V_iVm.

let ##EQU1##

In addition to finding the values of V_iVm corresponding to V_imax, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,418,700, Warner, values of V_iVm are also found corresponding to V_imax ^-1, V_imax ^-2, . . . V_imax ^-k, where k is a function of V_imax.

All of the values of V_iVm corresponding to the time rates of volume change lying between and including V_imax and v_imax ^-k are averaged and used to compute ΔV_iVm.

The average value of V_iV m is ##EQU2## where n0=number of values of V_iV.sbsb.0 m corresponding to V_imax ##EQU3## nk=number of values of V_iV.sbsb.k m corresponding to V_imax ^-k

k=(V_imax/m) (integral values only)+1

m=constant . . . a preferred value of m=20

l=constant . . . a preferred value of l=1 ##EQU4## K_pp =constant determined by a first calibration r₁ =constant . . . preferably equal to 0

r₂ =constant . . . preferably equal to 0

0≦α≦1

R_i1 can now be defined, as per equation (2) above, but using the average value of V_iVm so that equation (2) can be rewritten ##EQU5##

From FIG. 4 ##EQU6## wherein

R'.sub.i =1-R.sub.i

or

R.sub.i =1-R'.sub.i

No other calibration should be required with different subjects. However, if desired, K_pp can be determined for each subject.

To find mean blood pressure

The mean blood pressure P_mi during a cycle i is given by ##EQU7## b₃ =exponent . . . the preferred value of b₃ is equal to 0.5 K₄ =constant determined at calibration for each subject. It is only necessary to find this constant once for each subject. The measurements carried out at different times on the same subject do not require separate calibration

P₀ =constant . . . preferred 25 mmHg ##EQU8## where g_i =(ΔV_iAV /ΔV_i)

ΔV_iAV =average value of ΔV_i over the time interval T_i

 P.sub.di =P.sub.si -P.sub.pi                              (8)

The variable g_i can take on a constant value g₀ whose preferred value is 0.333.

Alternatively, mean blood pressure can be determined using the following expression: ##EQU9## (for definition of r_i see Equation 10 below); where

G(t)=a function of t, in a particular case,

G(t)=(φ_c /φ_i)

φ_c =.[.(.].(1/Δt_c).[.).].^Y

φ_i =.[.(.].(1/Δt_i).[.).].^Y

Δt_c =(Δt'_iφc

Δt_i =Δt'_iφ

where

.[.T_c =T at calibration.]. .Iadd.Δt_c =Δt at calibration Δt'_iφ (see FIG. 4B) .Iaddend.

.[.t_c =t at calibration Δt'_iφ.sbsb.c (see FIG. 4B).].

.[.φ_c =(T_c /t_c)=(T/t) at calibration.]. .Iadd.φ_c =(1/Δt)^y at calibration.Iaddend.

y=constant

The remainder of the terms in equation 5' are the same as similar terms in equation 5.

Determination of ratio R (FIG. 4b)

From FIG. 4b, the ratio R is

R_i =(ΔV_it /ΔV_i)

where

ΔV_it =change in volume at predetermined time ti

ΔV_i =total volume change during cycle i

t_i =time such that Δt_i =K_T Δt'_iφ

K_T =constant

Estimation of pulse pressure, PP ##EQU10## where PP_i =pulse pressure=p_s -P_d

P_s =systolic blood pressure

P_d =diastolic blood pressure

k=constant

K'_T =constant ≃ K_T

In FIG. 4B

Δ V'.sub.i =ΔV.sub.i -ΔV.sub.it ##EQU11## wherein from the above equation: ##EQU12## multiply numerator and denominator by e.sup.kPP i ##EQU13##

Determination of r

From FIG. 4

 r.sub.i = (V.sub.imax /ΔV.sub.i)G(t)

where

V_imax =maximum time rate of volume increase in cycle i

ΔV_i =total volume increase during cycle i

From FIG. 4b

.[.r.sub.i = (V.sub.it ΔV.sub.i)G(t).].

.Iadd.r_i =(V_it /V_i)G(t) .Iaddend.

V_it =time rate of increase of volume V_i(t) at time t_i

.[.ΔV_i =total volume increase of volume during.]. .Iadd.ΔV_i =total increase of volume during time interval Δt_iφ.Iaddend.

Estimation of Mean Blood Pressure

(1) P_mi '=K₁ r_ic ^a

K₁ =calibration constant

P_mi '=(P.sub. s +P_d)/2-P_o

P_si =systolic blood pressure, in cycle i

P_mi =(P.sub. s +P_d)/2

P_di =diastolic blood pressure, in cycle i

a=constant

P_o =constant

.[.(2) e^kp mi=K₂ R_ic ^b.]. (2) .Iadd.e^kp mi=K₂ r_ic ^b .Iaddend.

where

K₂ =constant (calibration)

b=constant ##EQU14## where P_mo =constant at calibration

φ_1i +φ_2i =PP_i =pulse pressure during cycle i

k=constant

j=constant

solve equation by making LHS=RHS by varying φ_1i and φ_2i (φ_2i =PP_i -φ_1i)

then

P_si =P_mo +φ_2i +P₀

P_di =P_mo -φ_1i +P_o

P_mi =(P.sub. si +P_di)/2

P₀ =constant

r_i =ratio of exponentials

K₃ =coefficient (variable or constant)

Correction for r_i

r_i (corrected)=r_ic =r_i e^m(φ.sbsp.o^-φ.sbsp.i)

m=constant

φ₀ =PP_i at calibration

φ_i =current value of PP_i.

Equation (9) above is only one form which this particular equation can take. By simple mathematical manipulations, the invention may take two other forms as per (10) and (11) below. What follows is the manipulations as well as the two other forms of the equation:

As above noted

φ.sub.2i +φ.sub.1i =PP.sub.i =P.sub.si -P.sub.di

φ.sub.2i +φ.sub.1i =(P.sub. si -P.sub.o)-(P.sub. di -P.sub.o)

Let

P'_si =P_si -P_o

p'_di =P_di -P₀

φ_2i +φ_1i =P'_si -P'_di

add and subtract P_mo on RHS above

φ.sub.2i +φ.sub.1i =P'.sub.si -P.sub.mo +P.sub.mo -P'.sub.di (A)

φ_2i and φ_1i can take on any values in satisfying the above equation (A)

Put φ_2i =P'_si -P_mo

and φ_1i =P_mo -P'_di in equation (9)

then ##EQU15## simplifying the denominator ##EQU16##

To solve equation 11:

(1) Set P'_di =P'_si -PP_i and solve for P'_si

.Iadd.P'_mi =(P_si +P_di)/2-P_o .Iaddend.

(2) Set P'_si =P'_di -PP_i and solve for P'_di

Although particular embodiments have been illustrated, this was for the purpose of describing, but not limiting, the invention. Various modifications, which will come readily to the mind of one skilled in the art, are within the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.

.Iadd.P_mi =(P_si +P_di)/2 .Iaddend.

Claims

I claim:

1. Apparatus for determining the magnitude of heart-related parameters in a patient;

comprising;

means for detecting blood volume, and thereby blood volume variation, in said patient, and for providing a signal representative of said blood volume, and thereby said blood volume variation;

said means for detecting being attachable to said patient to thereby detect said blood volume, and thereby said blood volume variation;

said blood volume variation being cyclic in nature whereby said signal comprises a cyclic curve having, in each cycle of variation, a variable slope, a maximum amplitude representative of the maximum amount of blood volume, a minimum amplitude representative of the minimum amount of blood volume, a first time interval between said minimum amplitude and said maximum amplitude, a maximum rate of change of said signal being representative of the maximum rate of increase of blood volume, a second time interval between the minimum amplitude and the time of the maximum rate of change of said signal, a first difference in amplitude between said maximum amplitude and said minimum amplitude, a second difference in amplitude between the maximum amplitude and the amplitude at the time of maximum rate of change of said signal being representative of the difference in volume between the maximum amount of blood volume and the volume at the time of maximum rate of change of said blood volume, and a pulse repetition period;

means for measuring said maximum amplitude, said minimum aplitude, said maximum rate of change of said signal, said first difference, said second different, said first time interval, and said second time interval; and

means for calculating the magnitude of selected ones of said parameters, said means for calculating being connected to both said means for detecting and means for measuring;

wherein means for calculating calculates the magnitude of the pulse pressure parameter in accordance with the following expression; ##EQU17## wherein P_pi =pulse pressure during cycle i

K_pp =constant determined by a first calibration

r₁ =constant

r₂ =constant

R_il =(ΔV_iVm /ΔV_i)

where ΔV_iVm =volume change at time t_iVm during cycle i corresponding to maximum rate of volume change, V_imax

ΔV_i =maximum volume change during cycle i

Δt_iVm =time interval from start of cycle i to time of maximum rate of volume change V_imax.

2. Apparatus for determining the magnitude of heart-related parameters in a patient;

comprising;

said means for detecting being attachable to said patient to thereby .Iadd.detect .Iaddend.said blood volume, and thereby said blood volume variation;

means for measuring said maximum amplitude, said minimum .[.aplitude,.]. .Iadd.amplitude, .Iaddend.said maximum rate of change of said signal, said first difference, said second .[.different,.]. .Iadd.difference, .Iaddend.said first time interval, and said second time interval; and

wherein means for calculating .[.calculates.]. .Iadd.calculates .Iaddend.the magnitude of the mean arterial blood pressure, P_mi parameter in accordance with the following expression: ##EQU18## where K₄ =constant determined for each subject

b₃ =constant

P_mmi =pseudo mean arterial blood pressure during cycle i

.[.Δ_i .]. .Iadd.ΔV_i .Iaddend.=maximum volume change during cycle i ##EQU19##

3. Apparatus for determining the magnitude of heart-related parameters in a patient;

comprising;

said volume variation being cyclic in nature whereby said signal comprises a cyclic curve having, in each cycle of variation, a variable slope, a maximum amplitude representative of the maximum amount of blood volume, a minimum amplitude representative of the minimum amount of blood volume, a first time interval between said minimum amplitude and said maximum amplitude, a maximum rate of change of said signal being representative of the maximum rate of increase of blood volume, a second time interval between the minimum amplitude and the time of the maximum rate of change of said signal, a first difference in amplitude between said maximum amplitude and said minimum amplitude, a second difference in amplitude between the maximum amplitude and the amplitude at the time of maximum rate of change of said signal being representative of the difference in volume between the maximum amount of blood volume and the volume at the time of maximum rate of change of said blood volume, and a pulse repetition period;

wherein means for calculating calculates the magnitude of the systolic pressure (P_si) parameter in accordance with the following expression:

 P.sub.si =P.sub.mi +(1-g.sub.0)P.sub. pi

wherein

g₀ =constant.

4. Apparatus for determining the magnitude of heart-related parameters in a patient;

comprising:

 P.sub.si =P.sub.mi +(1-g.sub.i)P.sub. pi

wherein:

g_i =(ΔV_iAV /ΔV_i)

P_pi =pulse pressure during cycle i

ΔV_i =represented by said first difference

ΔV_iAV =represented by the difference between said minimum amplitude and an amplitude equal to the average value of a pulse in a cycle i.

5. Apparatus for determining the magnitude of heart-related parameters in a patient;

comprising;

said blood volume variation being .[.cycle.]. .Iadd.cyclic .Iaddend.in nature whereby said signal comprises a cyclic curve having, in each cycle of variation, a variable slope, a maximum amplitude representative of the maximum amount of blood volume, a minimum amplitude representative of the minimum amount of blood volume, a first time interval between said minimum amplitude and said maximum amplitude, a maximum rate of change of said signal being representative of the maximum rate of increase of blood volume, a second time interval between the minimum amplitude and the time of the maximum rate of change of said signal, a first difference in amplitude between said maximum amplitude and said minimum amplitude, a second difference in amplitude between the maximum amplitude and the amplitude at the time of maximum rate of change of said signal being representative of the difference in volume between the maximum amount of blood volume and the volume at the time of maximum rate of change of said blood volume, and a pulse repetition period;

wherein means for calculating calculates the magnitude of the arterial blood pressure, P_mi parameter in accordance with the following expression: ##EQU20## where K₄ =constant determined for each subject

b₃ =constant

P_mmi =pseudo mean arterial blood pressure during cycle i

ΔV_i =maximum volume change during cycle i ##EQU21## P_o =constant where

G(t)=a function of t.

6. A method for determining the magnitude of heart-related parameters in a patient;

comprising:

detecting blood volume, and thereby blood volume variation, in said patient and providing a signal representative of said blood volume, and thereby said blood volume variation;

said blood volume variation being cyclic in nature whereby said signal comprises a cyclic curve having, in each cycle of variation, a variable slope, a maximum amplitude representative of the maximum amount of blood volume, a minimum amplitude representative of the minimum amount of blood volume, a first time interval between said maximum amplitude and said minimum amplitude, a maximum rate of change of said signal being representative of the maximum rate of change of blood volume, a second time interval between the minimum amplitude and the time of the maximum rate of change of said signal, a first difference in amplitude between said maximum amplitude and said minimum amplitude, a second difference in amplitude between the maximum amplitude and the amplitude at the time of maximum change of rate of said signal being representative of the difference in volume between the maximum amount of blood volume and the volume at the time of maximum rate of change of said blood volume, and a pulse repetition period;

measuring said maximum amplitude, said minimum amplitude, said maximum rate of change of said signal, said first difference, said second difference, said first time interval, and said second time interval; and

calculating the magnitude of the pulse pressure parameter in accordance with the following expression: ##EQU22## wherein P_pi =pulse pressure during cycle i

K_pp =constant determined by a first calibration

r₁ =constant

r₂ =constant

R_il =(ΔV_iVm /ΔV_i)

where

.[.ΔV_iVm =volume change at time t_iVm during cycle i corresponding to maximum rate of volume change, V_imax.].

.Iadd.ΔV_iVm =volume change at time t_iVm during cycle i corresponding to maximum rate of volume change, V_imax .Iaddend.

ΔV_i =maximum volume change during cycle i

7. A method for determining the magnitude of heart-related parameters in a patient;

comprising:

calculating the magnitude of the mean .[.artial.]. .Iadd.arterial .Iaddend.pressure P_mi in accordance with the following expression: ##EQU23## where K₄ =constant determined for each subject

b₃ =constant

P_mmi =pseudo mean arterial blood pressure during cycle i

ΔV_i =maximum volume change during cycle i

ΔV_imax =maximum time rate of change of ΔV_i =V_imax ##EQU24##

8. A method for determining the magnitude of heart-related parameters in a patient;

comprising:

calculating the magnitude of the systolic pressure (P_si parameter in accordance with the following expression:

 P.sub.si =P.sub.mi +(1-g.sub.0)P.sub. pi

wherein

g₀ =constant.

9. A method for determining the magnitude of heart-related parameters in a patient;

comprising:

detecting blood volume, and thereby blood volume variation, in said patient and providing a signal representive of said blood volume, and thereby said blood volume variation;

calculating the magnitude of the systolic pressure (P_si) parameter in accordance with the following expression:

 P.sub.si =P.sub.mi +(1-g.sub.i)P.sub. pi

wherein:

g_i =(ΔV_iAV /ΔV_i)

P_pi =pulse pressure during cycle i

ΔV_i =represented by said first difference

10. A method for determining the magnitude of heart-related parameters in a patient;

comprising:

calculating the magnitude of the arterial blood pressure, P_mi parameter in accordance with the following expression: ##EQU25## where

K₄ =constant determined for each subject

b₃ =constant

P_mmi =pseudo mean arterial blood pressure during cycle i

ΔV_i =maximum volume change during cycle i

ΔV_imax =maximum time rate of change of V_i =V_imax

P_o =constant

G(t)=a function of t and T.

11. Apparatus for determining the magnitude of heart-related parameters in a patient;

comprising:

wherein means for calculating calculates the magnitude of the pulse pressure parameter in accordance with the following expression: ##EQU26## wherein P_pi =pulse pressure during cycle i

K_pp =constant determined by a first calibration

r₁ =constant

r₂ =constant

R_i1 =ΔV_iVm /ΔV_i

where

ΔV_iVm =volume change at preselected time t_iVm during cycle i

ΔV_i =maximum volume change during cycle i

Δt_iVm =time interval from start of cycle i to preselected time of t_iVm.

12. A method for determining the magnitude of heart-related parameters in a patient;

comprising:

said blood volume variation being cyclic in nature whereby said signal comprises a cyclic curve having, in each cycle of variation, a variable slope, a maximum amplitude representative of the maximum amount of blood volume, a minimum amplitude representative of the minimum amount of blood volume, a first time interval between said maximum amplitude and said minimum amplitude, a maximum rate of change of said signal being representative of the maximum rate of .[.charge.]. .Iadd.change .Iaddend.of blood volume, a second time interval between the minimum amplitude and the time of the maximum rate of change of said signal, a first difference in amplitude between said maximum amplitude and said minimum amplitude, a second difference in amplitude between the maximum amplitude and the amplitude at the time of maximum change of rate of said signal being representative of the difference in volume between the maximum amount of blood volume and the volume at the time of maximum rate of change of said blood volume, and a pulse repetition period;

calculating the magnitude of the pulse pressure parameter in accordance with the following expression: ##EQU27## wherein P_pi =pulse pressure during cycle i

K_pp =constant determined by a first calibration

r₁ =constant

r₂ =constant

R_i1 =(ΔV_iVm /V_i)

where

ΔV_iVm =volume change at preselected time t_iVm during cycle i

ΔV_i =maximum volume change during cycle i

Δt_iVm =time interval from start of cylcle i to predetermined time of t_iVm.

13. Apparatus for determining the magnitude of heart-related parameters in a patient;

comprising;

means for measuring said maximum amplitude, said minimum amplitude, said maximum rate of change of said signal, said first difference, said second different, said first time interval, and said second time interval; and

wherein the means for calculating calculates the magnitude of the mean pressure parameter in accordance with the following expression:

(1) P'_mi =K₁ r_ic ^a

where

K₁ =calibration constant

.[.P'_mi =(P_s +P_d)/2-P_o.].

P_si =systolic blood pressure, in cycle i

.[.P_mi =(P_s +P_d)/2.].

P_di =diastolic blood pressure, in cycle i

a=constant

P_o =constant.

14. A method for determining the magnitude of heart-related parameters in a patient;

comprising:

detecting blood volume, and thereby blood volume variation, in said patient and providing a signal .[.representation.]. .Iadd.representative .Iaddend.of said blood volume, and thereby said blood volume variation;

calculating the magnitude of mean pulse pressure in accordance with the following expression:

.[.(1) P_mi =K₁ r_ic ^a.].

.Iadd.(1) P'_mi =K_l r_ic a .Iaddend.

where

K₁ =calibration constant

.[.P'_mi =(P_s +P_d)/2-P_o.].

.Iadd.P'_mi =(P_si +P_di)/2-P_o .Iaddend.

P_si =systolic blood pressure, in cycle i

.[.P_mi =(P_s +P_d)/2.].

.Iadd.P_mi =(P_si +P_di)/2 .Iaddend.

P_di =diastolic blood pressure, in cycle i

a=constant

P_o =constant.

15. Apparatus for determining the magnitude of heart-related parameters in a patient;

comprising;

means for measuring said maximum amplitude, said minimum amplitude, said maximum rate of change of said signal, said first difference, said second .[.different,.]. .Iadd.difference, .Iaddend.said first time interval, and said second time interval; and

wherein the means for calculating calculates implicitly the magnitude of the mean pulse pressure in accordance with the following expression: ##EQU28## where P_mo =constant at calibration

φ_1i +φ_2i =PP_i =pulse pressure during cycle i

k=constant

j=constant

P_si =P_mo +φ_2i +P_o

P_di =P_mo -φ_1i +P_o

P_mi =(P.sub. si +P_di)/2

P_o =constant

r_i =ratio of exponentials

K₃ =coefficient (variable or constant).

16. A method for determining the magnitude of heart-related parameters in a patient;

comprising:

said blood volume variation being cyclic in nature whereby said signal comprises a cyclic curve having, in each cycle of variation, a variable slope, a maximum amplitude representative of the maximum amount of blood volume, a minimum amplitude representative of the minimum amount of blood volume, a first time interval between said maximum amplitude and the said minimum amplitude, a maximum rate of change of said signal being representative of the maximum rate of change of blood volume, a second time interval between the minimum amplitude and the time of the maximum rate of change of said signal, a first difference in amplitude between said maximum amplitude and said minimum amplitude, a second difference in amplitude between the maximum amplitude and the amplitude at the time of maximum change of rate of said signal being representative of the difference in volume between the maximum amount of blood volume and the volume at the time of maximum rate of change of said blood volume, and a pulse repetition period;

wherein the means for calculating calculates implicitly the magnitude of mean pulse pressure in accordance with the following .[.expressure.]. .Iadd.expression.Iaddend.: ##EQU29## where P_mo =constant at calibration

φ_1i +φ_2i =PP_i =pulse pressure during cycle i

k=constant

j=constant

.[.P_2i =P_mo +φ_2i +P_o.].

.Iadd.P_si =P_mo +φ_2i +P_o .Iaddend.

P_di =P_mo -φ_1i +P_o

P_mi =(P.sub. si +P_di)/2

P_o =constant

r_i =ratio of exponentials

K₃ =coefficient (variable or constant). .Iadd.

17. Apparatus for determining the magnitude of heart-related parameters in a patient;

comprising:

said blood variation being cyclic in nature whereby said signal comprises a cyclic curve having, in each cycle of variation, a variable slope, a maximum amplitude representative of the maximum amount of blood volume, a minimum amplitude representative of the minimum amount of blood volume, a first time interval between said minimum amplitude and said maximum amplitude, a maximum rate of change of said signal being representative of the maximum rate of increase of blood volume, a second time interval between the minimum amplitude and the time of the maximum rate of change of said signal, a first difference in amplitude between said maximum amplitude and said minimum amplitude, a second difference in amplitude between the maximum amplitude and the amplitude at the time of maximum rate of change of said signal being representative of the difference in volume between the maximum amount of blood volume and the volume at the time of maximum rate of change of said blood volume, and a pulse repetition period;

means for measuring said maximum amplitude; said minimum amplitude, said maximum rate of change of said signal, said first difference, said second difference, said first time interval, and said second time interval; and

wherein means for calculating calculates the magnitude of the pulse pressure parameter in accordance with the following expression; ##EQU30## where PP_i =Pulse Pressure-- P_s -P_d

P_s =Systolic blood pressure

P_d =diastolic blood pressure

k=constant

K'=constant..Iaddend. .Iadd.

18. A method for determining the magnitude of heart-related parameters in a patient;

comprising:

calculating the magnitude of the mean arterial pressure P_mi in accordance with the following expression: ##EQU31## where PP_i =Pulse Pressure=P_s -P_d

P_s =Systolic blood pressure

P_d =Diastolic blood pressure

k=constant

K'=constant.