USH573H - Sealing of pits - Google Patents
Sealing of pits Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- USH573H USH573H US07/126,549 US12654987A USH573H US H573 H USH573 H US H573H US 12654987 A US12654987 A US 12654987A US H573 H USH573 H US H573H
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- pit
- sealing material
- mixing tank
- layer
- fluid mixing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- 239000003566 sealing material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008240 homogeneous mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 abstract description 25
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 abstract description 11
- -1 e.g. Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 4
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chlorate Chemical compound [O-]Cl(=O)=O XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 208000034693 Laceration Diseases 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002396 Polyurea Polymers 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic atom Chemical compound [As] RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009388 chemical precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003673 groundwater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000033116 oxidation-reduction process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002990 reinforced plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000565 sealant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B21/00—Methods or apparatus for flushing boreholes, e.g. by use of exhaust air from motor
- E21B21/06—Arrangements for treating drilling fluids outside the borehole
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D31/00—Protective arrangements for foundations or foundation structures; Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or the subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution
Definitions
- Earthen pits are in widespread use in industry. These pits are useful for containing waste materials, cooling water, process brines, and other materials. Ground water pollutants from such pits potentially include soluble components present in the contained materials. For example, drilling fluid disposal pits have been found to contain significant levels of sodium, sulfate, chlorate, arsenic, barium, chromium, lead, zinc, and total organic carbon. The transport and fate of these constituents in the subsurface may involve several processes (adsorption, microbial degradation, ion exchange, chemical precipitation, particulate transport, and others). It is influenced by several variables (constituent type, soil type, oxidation-reduction conditions, pH and other environmental factors).
- Liners can be formed from man-made materials, natural clays, or by exploiting the sealing properties of the waste drilling muds themselves. Such liners are needed to ensure the integrity of the earthen pit.
- Such liners are classifiable into membrane liners, recompacted soil liners, and admixed soil liners.
- Membrane liners usually are constructed of fabric reinforced plastic. Important advantages of membrane liners include their ability to contain a wide variety of fluids and their high resistance to chemical and bacterial deterioration. Disadvantages include vulnerability to ozone and ultraviolet deterioration. Also, membrane liners are comparatively susceptible to laceration, abrasion and puncture, as well as cracking and creasing at low temperatures and to distortion at high temperatures. Membrane liners do not have the ability to absorb or attenuate potential pollutants that could leach if a puncture should occur.
- Clay admixtures and recompacted soils are the most frequently used liner materials in oilfield pit construction.
- Recompacted soil liners are constructed by compacting native soils to reduce or eliminate pores which allow leaching.
- Such liners unless carefully constructed, frequently are not effective, however, to prevent penetration and/or overflow of the liner by the pollutant and are relatively expensive to install. Accordingly, the art is in need of a liner for pits, such as oilfield disposal pits, which is capable of containing pollutants without failures and which is relatively inexpensive to install.
- the primary purpose of the present invention is to preseal a pit by adding a specially designed sealing material to the pit bottom prior to putting other materials, e.g., waste material, into the pit, e.g., a disposal pit.
- a method for sealing the bottom of a pit comprising mixing a sealing material in a fluid mixing tank, such as for preparing drilling mud for a well, connecting a pump and hose to the fluid mixing tank, dispensing a layer of the sealing material from the fluid mixing tank through the pump and hose and onto the bottom and sides of the pit, e.g., a disposal pit, and allowing the dispensed layer of sealing material to seal the bottom and sides of the pit.
- the method includes removing materials, e.g., waste materials, from the pit after use of the pit is concluded; mixing a second batch of sealing material in the fluid mixing tank, dispensing a layer of the sealing material on top of the material remaining in the pit, and allowing the dispensed layer of the sealing material to seal the top of the pit.
- materials e.g., waste materials
- FIG. 1 shows the technique for distributing a sealant into a pit.
- an admixed soil liner preferably is utilized in combination with bentonite clay or a bentonite/polymer (e.g., polyurethane-polyurea) mixture mixed with native soil.
- the admixed soil liner is sealed by a chemical and physical process in which the bentonite/polymer additive swells and locks into soil pores for a better seal.
- Use of the soil liner depends especially on the availability of suitable soil material. When a pit construction site is located in an area with low permeability soil, the cost of constructing a recompacted soil liner is lowered because of reduced or eliminated transportation of suitable borrowed material from other locations. Quality of this type of liner varies greatly due to soil makeup.
- admixed soil layer has the advantages of self-sealing capabilities, inertness of the additives to degradation and leaching, imperviousness to liquid flow, and low cost installation.
- admixed soil pit liners require less soil than a native soil liner, and the additive mixture can be adjusted for greater compatibility with the materials to be sealed.
- a fluid mixing tank 1 such as is typically used in connection with an oil or gas well to mix drilling muds, is used to prepare a sealing material such as an admixed soil liner as above described.
- the tank is connected with a pump 3 which in turn is connected via pipes or conduits 4 and 5 to a nozzle 6.
- a nozzle 6 From the nozzle 6 the sealing layer 7 is sprayed onto the bottom 8 and sides 9 of a pit, e.g. a disposal pit, which has been dug into the earth 10.
- waste materials e.g., drilling fluids, such are removed, and a second batch of sealing material is mixed in the fluid mixing tank.
- a layer 11 of sealing material (shown in phantom) is dispensed on top of the waste material, e.g., drilling mud, remaining in the pit and allowed to seal the top of the pit.
- the waste material e.g., drilling mud
- the waste material, e.g., drilling mud, in the pit may be mixed to form a homogeneous mixture, without breaking the bottom and side sealing material, prior to adding the top sealing material.
- An advantage of this invention resides in the small change in present operating equipment and procedures required to put it into practice. All that is required is the pump and a hose or pipe. For example, a mud specialist at the site of an oil/gas well can determine the proper sealing characteristics required of the liner to be used for a disposal pit. All mixing thus may be done in presently available equipment.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
Abstract
The primary purpose of the present invention is to preseal a pit by adding a specially designed sealing material to the pit bottom prior to putting other materials, e.g., waste material, into the pit, e.g., a disposal pit.
In accordance with the present invention a method for sealing the bottom of a pit is provided to minimize leakage from the pit comprising mixing a sealing material preferably an admixed soil liner in combination with bentonite clay or a bentonite/polymer (e.g., polyurethane-polymure) mixure mixed with native soil, in a fluid mixing tank, such as far as for preparing drilling mud for a well, connecting a pump and hose to the fluid mixing tank, dispensing a layer of the sealing material from the fluid mixing tank through the pump and hose and onto the bottom and sides of the pit, e.g., a disposal pit, and allowing the dispensed layer of sealing material to seal the bottom and sides of the pit. Preferably, the method includes removing materials, e.g., waste materials, from the pit after use of the pit is concluded; mixing a second batch of sealing material in the fluid mixing tank, dispensing a layer of the sealing material on top of the material remaining in the pit, and allowing the dispensed layer of the sealing material to seal the top of the pit.
Description
Earthen pits are in widespread use in industry. These pits are useful for containing waste materials, cooling water, process brines, and other materials. Ground water pollutants from such pits potentially include soluble components present in the contained materials. For example, drilling fluid disposal pits have been found to contain significant levels of sodium, sulfate, chlorate, arsenic, barium, chromium, lead, zinc, and total organic carbon. The transport and fate of these constituents in the subsurface may involve several processes (adsorption, microbial degradation, ion exchange, chemical precipitation, particulate transport, and others). It is influenced by several variables (constituent type, soil type, oxidation-reduction conditions, pH and other environmental factors).
The rate of release of soluble chemical constituents from pits is largely controlled by the permeability of underlying strata or liner materials. Liners can be formed from man-made materials, natural clays, or by exploiting the sealing properties of the waste drilling muds themselves. Such liners are needed to ensure the integrity of the earthen pit.
Of critical importance is the necessity to construct the pit and liner to prevent leakage of pit contents and consequent potential contamination of the surrounding environment. Such liners are classifiable into membrane liners, recompacted soil liners, and admixed soil liners.
Membrane liners usually are constructed of fabric reinforced plastic. Important advantages of membrane liners include their ability to contain a wide variety of fluids and their high resistance to chemical and bacterial deterioration. Disadvantages include vulnerability to ozone and ultraviolet deterioration. Also, membrane liners are comparatively susceptible to laceration, abrasion and puncture, as well as cracking and creasing at low temperatures and to distortion at high temperatures. Membrane liners do not have the ability to absorb or attenuate potential pollutants that could leach if a puncture should occur.
Clay admixtures and recompacted soils are the most frequently used liner materials in oilfield pit construction. Recompacted soil liners are constructed by compacting native soils to reduce or eliminate pores which allow leaching. Such liners, unless carefully constructed, frequently are not effective, however, to prevent penetration and/or overflow of the liner by the pollutant and are relatively expensive to install. Accordingly, the art is in need of a liner for pits, such as oilfield disposal pits, which is capable of containing pollutants without failures and which is relatively inexpensive to install.
Applicant is not aware of any prior art which, in his judgment as one skilled in the art, would anticipate or render obvious the present invention; however, for the purposes of fully developing the background of the invention, and establishing the state of the requisite art, the following art is set forth: "How to Select an Effective Waste Pit Liner", Aston A. Hinds et al, Drilling, Jan./Feb. 1987; "Hydraulic Conductivity and Leachability of Waste Drilling Fluids", G. M. Deeley et al, Ninth Annual Energy Sources Technology Conference, New Orleans, La., Feb. 23-27, 1986.
The primary purpose of the present invention is to preseal a pit by adding a specially designed sealing material to the pit bottom prior to putting other materials, e.g., waste material, into the pit, e.g., a disposal pit.
In accordance with the present invention a method for sealing the bottom of a pit is provided to minimize leakage from the pit comprising mixing a sealing material in a fluid mixing tank, such as for preparing drilling mud for a well, connecting a pump and hose to the fluid mixing tank, dispensing a layer of the sealing material from the fluid mixing tank through the pump and hose and onto the bottom and sides of the pit, e.g., a disposal pit, and allowing the dispensed layer of sealing material to seal the bottom and sides of the pit. Preferably, the method includes removing materials, e.g., waste materials, from the pit after use of the pit is concluded; mixing a second batch of sealing material in the fluid mixing tank, dispensing a layer of the sealing material on top of the material remaining in the pit, and allowing the dispensed layer of the sealing material to seal the top of the pit.
Other purposes, distinctions over the art, advantages and features of the invention will be apparent to one skilled in the art upon review of the following.
FIG. 1 shows the technique for distributing a sealant into a pit.
In accordance with the invention, an admixed soil liner preferably is utilized in combination with bentonite clay or a bentonite/polymer (e.g., polyurethane-polyurea) mixture mixed with native soil. The admixed soil liner is sealed by a chemical and physical process in which the bentonite/polymer additive swells and locks into soil pores for a better seal. Use of the soil liner depends especially on the availability of suitable soil material. When a pit construction site is located in an area with low permeability soil, the cost of constructing a recompacted soil liner is lowered because of reduced or eliminated transportation of suitable borrowed material from other locations. Quality of this type of liner varies greatly due to soil makeup. However, seepage through highly permeable soils is reduced by adding natural or polymer treated bentonite to the native soil. The resulting admixed soil layer has the advantages of self-sealing capabilities, inertness of the additives to degradation and leaching, imperviousness to liquid flow, and low cost installation. Further, such admixed soil pit liners require less soil than a native soil liner, and the additive mixture can be adjusted for greater compatibility with the materials to be sealed. When the admixed soil liner seal is applied with available on-site mixing equipment, e.g., mud mixing equipment as at a well drilling location, and the disposal pit is subsequently capped after usage, a truly superior pit seal results, at a greatly reduced cost.
Having thus generally described the present invention, as well as its numerous advantages over the art, the following is a more detailed description thereof, given in accordance with specific reference to the drawings.
As shown in FIG. 1, a fluid mixing tank 1, such as is typically used in connection with an oil or gas well to mix drilling muds, is used to prepare a sealing material such as an admixed soil liner as above described. The tank is connected with a pump 3 which in turn is connected via pipes or conduits 4 and 5 to a nozzle 6. From the nozzle 6 the sealing layer 7 is sprayed onto the bottom 8 and sides 9 of a pit, e.g. a disposal pit, which has been dug into the earth 10. After use of the pit is completed, and it is filled with waste materials, e.g., drilling fluids, such are removed, and a second batch of sealing material is mixed in the fluid mixing tank. Then a layer 11 of sealing material (shown in phantom) is dispensed on top of the waste material, e.g., drilling mud, remaining in the pit and allowed to seal the top of the pit. Alternatively, the waste material, e.g., drilling mud, in the pit may be mixed to form a homogeneous mixture, without breaking the bottom and side sealing material, prior to adding the top sealing material.
An advantage of this invention resides in the small change in present operating equipment and procedures required to put it into practice. All that is required is the pump and a hose or pipe. For example, a mud specialist at the site of an oil/gas well can determine the proper sealing characteristics required of the liner to be used for a disposal pit. All mixing thus may be done in presently available equipment.
The foregoing description of the invention is merely intended to be explanatory thereof, and various changes in the details of the described method and apparatus may be made within the scope of the appended claims without departing from the spirit of the invention.
Claims (7)
1. A method for sealing the bottom of a pit to minimize leakage from the pit, comprising:
mixing a sealing material in a fluid mixing tank;
connecting a pump and hose to the fluid mixing tank;
dispensing a layer of the sealing material from the fluid mixing tank through the pump and hose and onto the bottom and sides of the pit; and
allowing the dispensed layer of sealing material to seal the bottom and sides of the pit.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the sealing material is a mixture of bentonite clay, sand, polymer and water.
3. The method of claim 1 including:
mixing a second batch of sealing material in the fluid mixing tank;
dispensing a layer of the sealing material on top of the material added to the pit; and
allowing the dispensed layer of the sealing material to seal the top of the pit.
4. The method of claim 3 including mixing the material in the pit to form a homogeneous mixture, without breaking the bottom and side sealing material, prior to adding the top sealing material.
5. The method of claim 1 including mixing clay and bentonite to form the sealing material.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the pit is a disposal pit used to contain drilling mud and fluids containing cuttings from a well.
7. The method of claim 3 wherein the pit is a disposal pit for drilling fluids and including the step of removing the drilling fluids from the disposal pit after use of the pit is concluded.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US07/126,549 USH573H (en) | 1987-11-30 | 1987-11-30 | Sealing of pits |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US07/126,549 USH573H (en) | 1987-11-30 | 1987-11-30 | Sealing of pits |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
USH573H true USH573H (en) | 1989-02-07 |
Family
ID=22425426
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US07/126,549 Abandoned USH573H (en) | 1987-11-30 | 1987-11-30 | Sealing of pits |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | USH573H (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1997026416A1 (en) * | 1996-01-17 | 1997-07-24 | Reving - V.A.V., S.R.O. | Method of waste dump isolation and its isolation layer |
US20070275173A1 (en) * | 2006-04-03 | 2007-11-29 | Lawson Phillip L | Foamed polymeric lining for earthen pits and methods for installing the same |
FR2965572A1 (en) * | 2010-10-04 | 2012-04-06 | Alliance Btp Holding | Method for limiting hydric variations of ground located near building, involves covering waterproofing layer with coating material after hardening of polymeric material, and setting waterproofing layer on ground in non-hardened state |
CN113736243A (en) * | 2021-08-26 | 2021-12-03 | 长沙理工大学 | Sealing material and sealing ring for sealing door structure of underground gas storage, manufacturing method of sealing ring and underground gas storage |
-
1987
- 1987-11-30 US US07/126,549 patent/USH573H/en not_active Abandoned
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
"How to Select an Effective Waste Pit Liner", Aston Hinds et al, Drilling, Jan./Feb. 1987. |
"Hydraulic Conductivity and Leachability of Waste Drilling Fluids", G. M. Deeley et al, Ninth Annular Energy Sources Technology Conference, New Orleans, La., Feb. 23-27, 1986. |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1997026416A1 (en) * | 1996-01-17 | 1997-07-24 | Reving - V.A.V., S.R.O. | Method of waste dump isolation and its isolation layer |
US20070275173A1 (en) * | 2006-04-03 | 2007-11-29 | Lawson Phillip L | Foamed polymeric lining for earthen pits and methods for installing the same |
FR2965572A1 (en) * | 2010-10-04 | 2012-04-06 | Alliance Btp Holding | Method for limiting hydric variations of ground located near building, involves covering waterproofing layer with coating material after hardening of polymeric material, and setting waterproofing layer on ground in non-hardened state |
CN113736243A (en) * | 2021-08-26 | 2021-12-03 | 长沙理工大学 | Sealing material and sealing ring for sealing door structure of underground gas storage, manufacturing method of sealing ring and underground gas storage |
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