USH1545H - Oxyhalide electrochemical cell including an alkali metal intercalated carbon as the anode - Google Patents
Oxyhalide electrochemical cell including an alkali metal intercalated carbon as the anode Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- USH1545H USH1545H US08/340,925 US34092594A USH1545H US H1545 H USH1545 H US H1545H US 34092594 A US34092594 A US 34092594A US H1545 H USH1545 H US H1545H
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- oxyhalide
- electrochemical cell
- alkali metal
- anode
- carbon
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- -1 alkali metal salt Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- FYSNRJHAOHDILO-UHFFFAOYSA-N thionyl chloride Chemical compound ClS(Cl)=O FYSNRJHAOHDILO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910001537 lithium tetrachloroaluminate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002006 petroleum coke Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N C60 fullerene Chemical class C12=C3C(C4=C56)=C7C8=C5C5=C9C%10=C6C6=C4C1=C1C4=C6C6=C%10C%10=C9C9=C%11C5=C8C5=C8C7=C3C3=C7C2=C1C1=C2C4=C6C4=C%10C6=C9C9=C%11C5=C5C8=C3C3=C7C1=C1C2=C4C6=C2C9=C5C3=C12 XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910013458 LiC6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910003472 fullerene Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- XHXFXVLFKHQFAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoryl trichloride Chemical compound ClP(Cl)(Cl)=O XHXFXVLFKHQFAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- GWNUTBHQOQVVDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N CClO Chemical compound CClO GWNUTBHQOQVVDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KZBUYRJDOAKODT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine Chemical compound ClCl KZBUYRJDOAKODT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910013350 LiBCl4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910019213 POCl3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 2
- ZWZVWGITAAIFPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiophosgene Chemical compound ClC(Cl)=S ZWZVWGITAAIFPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910006124 SOCl2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- RCJVRSBWZCNNQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichloridooxygen Chemical group ClOCl RCJVRSBWZCNNQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 37
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 235000019241 carbon black Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001540 lithium hexafluoroarsenate(V) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetaminophen Chemical compound CC(=O)NC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003677 abuse test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003738 black carbon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010531 catalytic reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000003850 cellular structure Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001934 delay Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001978 electrochemical passivation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002920 hazardous waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006138 lithiation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005297 pyrex Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036647 reaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M6/16—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte
- H01M6/162—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte
- H01M6/164—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte by the solvent
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M6/16—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte
- H01M6/162—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte
- H01M6/166—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte by the solute
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the invention relates in general to oxyhalide electrochemical cells, and in particular, to oxyhalide electrochemical cell that include an alkali metal intercalated carbon as the anode.
- lithium/oxyhalide chemistries offer high energy densities and are capable of high current densities.
- these cells consist of a lithium or calcium metal anode and a high surface area carbon cathode, that acts as the depolarizer for the reduction of the oxyhalide solvent in the electrolyte.
- these cells offer excellent electrochemical performance, they suffer from inherent safety problems brought about by the use of the reactive lithium metal anodes.
- Safety studies on the cell components in lithium/oxyhalide cells associated the safety problems with runaway type reactions with the lithium metal anode that resulted in cell explosions under abuse test conditions.
- the general object of this invention is to provide an oxyhalide electrochemical cell in which the aforementioned difficulties are overcome.
- a more particular object of the invention is to provide such an oxyhalide electrochemical cell that does not require the use of alkali metals as the anode, and that provides safe operation and excellent performance with no cell voltage delay.
- the cell also uses a high surface area carbon black as the cathode and a solution of an alkali metal salt in an oxyhalide solvent as the electrolyte.
- high temperature molten salt cells can be made that use an alkali metal petroleum coke as for example, a lithiated petroleum coke as the anode that provides significant cell cycling at cell voltages similar to those obtained using more costly lithium metal alloy anodes.
- "Petroleum coke” as the term is used herein refers to a petroleum based carbon black.
- a 1 cm ⁇ 1 cm graphite electrode is made using a 90 weight percent graphite and 10 weight percent Teflon mixture that is roll pressed onto an expanded nickel grid followed by vacuum drying at 100° C. for 48 hours.
- the graphite electrode is intercalated with lithium via electrochemical reduction versus a lithium metal electrode in an electrolyte consisting of a one molar concentration of LiAsF 6 in dimethyl carbonate.
- the graphite electrode is intercalated with lithium at 1 mA current (0.17 mA/cm 2 ) to a cell voltage versus lithium of 0.02 volts.
- the degree of lithiation is 90% that corresponds to the phase LiC 6 and a lithium capacity of 23.1 mAh or 0.33 Ah/g.
- the intercalated graphite electrode is then rinsed with pure dimethyl carbonate to remove the LiAsF 6 salt and dried under vacuum to remove the organic solvent.
- the lithium intercalation of the graphite can also be done by chemically reacting the graphite in molten lithium metal.
- a control cell using a similar cathode versus lithium metal in an electrolyte of 1.5 M LiAlCl 4 in thionyl chloride determines the cathode capacity to be 41.3 mAh or 2.3 Ah/g for the 5 mA rate (5 mA/cm 2 ).
- the oxyhalide electrolyte is prepared as 1.5 molar LiAlCl 4 in thionyl chloride.
- the lithiated graphite anode and shawinigan black carbon cathode are sandwiched between a single layer of glass fiber separator, that acts as a wick for the electrolyte. The cell is held in compression through the use of two glass slides and Teflon clips.
- the assembled cell is contained in a Pyrex glass pressure vessel affixed with Viton O-ring seals and electrical feed throughs.
- the cell is filled with the oxyhalide electrolyte and operated in an electrolyte starved condition.
- the intercalated graphite electrode handling and preparation as well as the oxyhalide cell construction is done in an argon filled dry box that is maintained at ⁇ 0.5 ppm water.
- the electrolyte is prepared, and the cell filled in a dry room controlled to ⁇ 1% relative humidity.
- FIG. 1 shows the discharge obtained for the LiC 6 /1.5 M LiAlCl 4 in thionyl chloride/(shawinigan black) cell just described.
- the cell open circuit voltage is 3.52 volts.
- Galvanostatic discharge at (5mA/cm 2 ) to a cell potential of 1 volt results in 6.5 mAh cell capacity at an average cell potential of 2.95 volts.
- the cell results are not optimized due to the electrolyte starved conditions used. No voltage delay is seen for the cell during discharge from the open circuit potential at a temperature of 25° C. It is expected that even after long term storage, no cell voltage delay will be observed since lithiated carbon does not form the passivating films typical for lithium metal.
- cathodes can be used in the oxyhalide cells in lieu of shawinigan black such as those carbons known as high surface area carbon blacks, graphite, petroleum cokes, charcoals, soots, and fullerenes. Additional additives to the cathode can also be used to enhance the catalytic reduction of the oxyhalide.
- oxyhalides can be used in lieu of thionyl chloride such as SO 2 Cl 2 , POCl 3 , CSCl 2 , CH 3 CClO, Si 2 OCl 6 , P 2 O 3 Cl 4 , and S 2 O 5 Cl 2 .
- LiAlCl 4 LiBCl 4 , Li 2 B 10 Cl 10 , and Li 2 B 12 Cl 12 .
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Primary Cells (AREA)
Abstract
An oxyhalide electrochemical cell is provided including an alkali metal ircalated carbon as the anode, a high surface area carbon black as the cathode, and a solution of an alkali metal salt in an oxyhalide solvent as the electrolyte.
Description
The invention described herein may be manufactured, used, and licensed by or for the Government for governmental purposes without the payment to us of any royalties thereon.
The invention relates in general to oxyhalide electrochemical cells, and in particular, to oxyhalide electrochemical cell that include an alkali metal intercalated carbon as the anode.
Alkali metal/oxyhalide chemistries and in particular, lithium/oxyhalide chemistries offer high energy densities and are capable of high current densities. Typically, these cells consist of a lithium or calcium metal anode and a high surface area carbon cathode, that acts as the depolarizer for the reduction of the oxyhalide solvent in the electrolyte. However, although these cells offer excellent electrochemical performance, they suffer from inherent safety problems brought about by the use of the reactive lithium metal anodes. Safety studies on the cell components in lithium/oxyhalide cells associated the safety problems with runaway type reactions with the lithium metal anode that resulted in cell explosions under abuse test conditions. In addition to the safety concerns, the lithium metal anodes suffered from electrochemical passivation after storage, that results in cell voltage delays and reduces performance. Finally, the use of lithium or calcium metals as anodes in these cells makes fresh cells a hazardous waste and therefore expensive to dispose of safely.
The general object of this invention is to provide an oxyhalide electrochemical cell in which the aforementioned difficulties are overcome. A more particular object of the invention is to provide such an oxyhalide electrochemical cell that does not require the use of alkali metals as the anode, and that provides safe operation and excellent performance with no cell voltage delay.
It has now been found that the aforementioned object can be attained by using an alkali metal intercalated carbon as the anode in the oxyhalide electrochemical cell. The cell also uses a high surface area carbon black as the cathode and a solution of an alkali metal salt in an oxyhalide solvent as the electrolyte.
That is, high temperature molten salt cells can be made that use an alkali metal petroleum coke as for example, a lithiated petroleum coke as the anode that provides significant cell cycling at cell voltages similar to those obtained using more costly lithium metal alloy anodes. "Petroleum coke" as the term is used herein refers to a petroleum based carbon black.
A 1 cm×1 cm graphite electrode is made using a 90 weight percent graphite and 10 weight percent Teflon mixture that is roll pressed onto an expanded nickel grid followed by vacuum drying at 100° C. for 48 hours. The graphite electrode is intercalated with lithium via electrochemical reduction versus a lithium metal electrode in an electrolyte consisting of a one molar concentration of LiAsF6 in dimethyl carbonate. The graphite electrode is intercalated with lithium at 1 mA current (0.17 mA/cm2) to a cell voltage versus lithium of 0.02 volts. The degree of lithiation is 90% that corresponds to the phase LiC6 and a lithium capacity of 23.1 mAh or 0.33 Ah/g. The intercalated graphite electrode is then rinsed with pure dimethyl carbonate to remove the LiAsF6 salt and dried under vacuum to remove the organic solvent. The lithium intercalation of the graphite can also be done by chemically reacting the graphite in molten lithium metal. The 1 cm=1 cm cathode for the oxyhalide cell is fabricated using a 90 wt% high surface area carbon (shawinigan black) and 10 wt% Teflon mixture that is roll pressed onto an expanded nickel grid followed by vacuum drying at 100° C. for 48 hours. A control cell using a similar cathode versus lithium metal in an electrolyte of 1.5 M LiAlCl4 in thionyl chloride determines the cathode capacity to be 41.3 mAh or 2.3 Ah/g for the 5 mA rate (5 mA/cm2). The oxyhalide electrolyte is prepared as 1.5 molar LiAlCl4 in thionyl chloride. The lithiated graphite anode and shawinigan black carbon cathode are sandwiched between a single layer of glass fiber separator, that acts as a wick for the electrolyte. The cell is held in compression through the use of two glass slides and Teflon clips. The assembled cell is contained in a Pyrex glass pressure vessel affixed with Viton O-ring seals and electrical feed throughs. The cell is filled with the oxyhalide electrolyte and operated in an electrolyte starved condition. The intercalated graphite electrode handling and preparation as well as the oxyhalide cell construction is done in an argon filled dry box that is maintained at <0.5 ppm water. The electrolyte is prepared, and the cell filled in a dry room controlled to <1% relative humidity.
FIG. 1 shows the discharge obtained for the LiC6 /1.5 M LiAlCl4 in thionyl chloride/(shawinigan black) cell just described.
Referring to FIG. 1, the cell open circuit voltage is 3.52 volts. Galvanostatic discharge at (5mA/cm2) to a cell potential of 1 volt results in 6.5 mAh cell capacity at an average cell potential of 2.95 volts. The cell results are not optimized due to the electrolyte starved conditions used. No voltage delay is seen for the cell during discharge from the open circuit potential at a temperature of 25° C. It is expected that even after long term storage, no cell voltage delay will be observed since lithiated carbon does not form the passivating films typical for lithium metal.
Other cathodes can be used in the oxyhalide cells in lieu of shawinigan black such as those carbons known as high surface area carbon blacks, graphite, petroleum cokes, charcoals, soots, and fullerenes. Additional additives to the cathode can also be used to enhance the catalytic reduction of the oxyhalide.
Other oxyhalides can be used in lieu of thionyl chloride such as SO2 Cl2, POCl3, CSCl2, CH3 CClO, Si2 OCl6, P2 O3 Cl4, and S2 O5 Cl2.
Other electrolyte salts can also be used in lieu of LiAlCl4 such as LiBCl4, Li2 B10 Cl10, and Li2 B12 Cl12.
The theoretical energy density of the LiC6 /1.5 M LiAlCl4 in thionyl chloride/C (shawinigan black) cell based on the following cell reaction, 4LiC6 +2SOCl2 →S+SO2 +4LiCl+24C, and a cell potential of 3.5 volts is 677 Wh/kg.
We wish it to be understood that we do not desire to be limited to the exact details of construction shown and described for obvious modifications will occur to a person skilled in the art.
Claims (9)
1. An oxyhalide electrochemical cell including an alkali metal intercalated carbon as the anode.
2. An oxyhalide electrochemical cell according to claim 1 wherein the alkali metal is lithium.
3. An oxyhalide electrochemical cell according to claim 1 wherein the alkali metal is calcium.
4. An oxyhalide electrochemical cell according to claim 1 wherein the carbon is a high surface area carbon black.
5. An oxyhalide electrochemical cell according to claim 4 wherein the high surface area carbon black is selected from the group consisting of graphite, petroleum coke, charcoals, soots, and fullerenes.
6. An oxyhalide electrochemical cell according to claim 5 wherein the high surface area carbon black is graphite.
7. An oxyhalide electrochemical cell including an alkali metal intercalated carbon as the anode, a high surface area carbon black as the cathode, and a solution of an alkali metal salt in an oxyhalide solvent as the electrolyte.
8. An oxyhalide electrochemical cell according to claim 7 wherein the alkali metal of the anode is selected from the group consisting of lithium and calcium, the intercalated carbon of the anode is selected from the group of carbons consisting of graphite, petroleum coke, carbon black, charcoals, soots, and fullerenes, wherein the high surface area carbon black of the cathode is selected from the group consisting of graphite, petroleum coke, charcoals, soots, and fullerenes, wherein the alkali metal salt is a lithium salts selected from the group consisting of LiAlCl4, LiBCl4, Li2 B10 Cl10 and Li2 B12 Cl12, and wherein the oxyhalide solvent is an oxychloride solvent selected from the group consisting of SOCl2, SO2 Cl2, POCl3, CSCl2, CH3 CClO, Si2 OCl6, P2 O3 Cl4, and S2 O5 Cl2.
9. An oxyhalide electrochemical cell according to claim 8 wherein the lithium intercalated carbon anode is LiC6, wherein the carbon cathode is shawinigan black, and wherein the electrolyte is a solution of LiAlCl4 in SOCl2.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US08/340,925 USH1545H (en) | 1994-11-17 | 1994-11-17 | Oxyhalide electrochemical cell including an alkali metal intercalated carbon as the anode |
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US08/340,925 USH1545H (en) | 1994-11-17 | 1994-11-17 | Oxyhalide electrochemical cell including an alkali metal intercalated carbon as the anode |
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USH1545H true USH1545H (en) | 1996-06-04 |
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US08/340,925 Abandoned USH1545H (en) | 1994-11-17 | 1994-11-17 | Oxyhalide electrochemical cell including an alkali metal intercalated carbon as the anode |
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20040091783A1 (en) * | 2001-05-29 | 2004-05-13 | Cagle Dawson W. | Fullerene-based secondary cell electrodes |
US20050158626A1 (en) * | 2001-05-29 | 2005-07-21 | Wagner Michael J. | Fullerene-based secondary cell electrodes |
US20180019072A1 (en) * | 2016-07-15 | 2018-01-18 | Nanotek Instuments, Inc. | Electrochemical Method of Producing Graphene-Based Supercapacitor Electrode from Coke or Coal |
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US4752540A (en) * | 1987-06-05 | 1988-06-21 | Honeywell Inc. | Polymeric enclosures for non-aqueous active metal cells |
US5028500A (en) * | 1989-05-11 | 1991-07-02 | Moli Energy Limited | Carbonaceous electrodes for lithium cells |
US5352546A (en) * | 1993-03-10 | 1994-10-04 | Alliant Techsystems Inc. | High rate electrochemical cell |
-
1994
- 1994-11-17 US US08/340,925 patent/USH1545H/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4707423A (en) * | 1982-06-10 | 1987-11-17 | Celanese Corporation | Electric storage battery and process for the manufacture thereof |
US4752540A (en) * | 1987-06-05 | 1988-06-21 | Honeywell Inc. | Polymeric enclosures for non-aqueous active metal cells |
US5028500A (en) * | 1989-05-11 | 1991-07-02 | Moli Energy Limited | Carbonaceous electrodes for lithium cells |
US5352546A (en) * | 1993-03-10 | 1994-10-04 | Alliant Techsystems Inc. | High rate electrochemical cell |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20040091783A1 (en) * | 2001-05-29 | 2004-05-13 | Cagle Dawson W. | Fullerene-based secondary cell electrodes |
US20050158626A1 (en) * | 2001-05-29 | 2005-07-21 | Wagner Michael J. | Fullerene-based secondary cell electrodes |
US7129003B2 (en) | 2001-05-29 | 2006-10-31 | Itt Manufacturing Enterprises, Inc. | Fullerene-based secondary cell electrodes |
US7531273B2 (en) | 2001-05-29 | 2009-05-12 | Itt Manufacturing Enterprises, Inc. | Fullerene-based secondary cell electrodes |
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