US9188017B2 - Airfoil assembly with paired endwall contouring - Google Patents

Airfoil assembly with paired endwall contouring Download PDF

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US9188017B2
US9188017B2 US13/718,213 US201213718213A US9188017B2 US 9188017 B2 US9188017 B2 US 9188017B2 US 201213718213 A US201213718213 A US 201213718213A US 9188017 B2 US9188017 B2 US 9188017B2
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endwall
region
airfoil
contoured
assembly
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US20140212260A1 (en
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Jinquan Xu
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RTX Corp
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United Technologies Corp
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Priority to EP13867536.8A priority patent/EP2935789B2/fr
Priority to PCT/US2013/068736 priority patent/WO2014105270A2/fr
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D9/00—Stators
    • F01D9/02—Nozzles; Nozzle boxes; Stator blades; Guide conduits, e.g. individual nozzles
    • F01D9/04—Nozzles; Nozzle boxes; Stator blades; Guide conduits, e.g. individual nozzles forming ring or sector
    • F01D9/041—Nozzles; Nozzle boxes; Stator blades; Guide conduits, e.g. individual nozzles forming ring or sector using blades
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12—Blades
    • F01D5/14—Form or construction
    • F01D5/141—Shape, i.e. outer, aerodynamic form
    • F01D5/142—Shape, i.e. outer, aerodynamic form of the blades of successive rotor or stator blade-rows
    • F01D5/143—Contour of the outer or inner working fluid flow path wall, i.e. shroud or hub contour
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T50/00—Aeronautics or air transport
    • Y02T50/60—Efficient propulsion technologies, e.g. for aircraft
    • Y02T50/673—

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates generally to airfoil assemblies utilized in gas turbine engines and, more particularly, to an airfoil assembly having paired endwall contouring.
  • Gas turbine engines typically include a compressor section, a combustion section and a turbine section, with an annular flow path extending axially through each. Initially, air flows through the compression section where it is compressed or pressurized. The combustors in the combustion section then mix and ignite the compressed air with fuel, generating hot combustion gases. These hot combustion gases are then directed by the combustors to the turbine section where power is extracted from the hot gases by causing turbine blades to rotate.
  • Some sections of the engine include airfoil assemblies comprising airfoils (typically blades or vanes) mounted at one or both ends to an endwall. Air within the engine moves through fluid flow passages in the airfoil assemblies.
  • the fluid flow passages are defined by adjacent airfoils extending between concentric endwalls. Near the endwalls, the fluid flow is adversely impacted by a flow phenomenon known as a horseshoe vortex, which forms as a result of the boundary layer separating from the endwall as the gas passes the airfoils. The separated gas reorganizes into the horseshoe vortex.
  • a horseshoe vortex a flow phenomenon known as a horseshoe vortex
  • This loss is referred to as “secondary” or “endwall” loss. Accordingly, there exists a need for a way to mitigate or reduce these endwall losses.
  • an airfoil assembly having paired ID-OD endwall contouring comprises an inner diameter (ID) endwall having a surface, an outer diameter (OD) endwall having a surface, and a pair of airfoils.
  • the ID endwall and the OD endwall are generally annular and concentric about a center line.
  • the airfoils project radially outward from the ID endwall and terminate at the OD endwall.
  • Each airfoil has a leading edge, a trailing edge and a first side and an opposite second side extending substantially axially between the leading edge and the trailing edge.
  • the airfoils are circumferentially spaced apart.
  • the first side of each airfoil may be a pressure side and the second side of each airfoil may be a suction side.
  • the ID endwall, the OD endwall and the airfoils define a fluid flow passage.
  • Each fluid flow passage has a throat area that may vary in an axial direction.
  • the surfaces of the ID endwall and the OD endwall define contoured regions.
  • the ID endwall surface defines at least one of a convex profiled region and a concave profiled region.
  • the OD endwall surface defines at least one of a convex profiled region and a concave profiled region.
  • the ID endwall surface defines at least one of a convex profiled region and a concave profiled region
  • the OD endwall surface defines at least one of a convex profiled region and a concave profiled region.
  • the convex profiled region on the ID endwall may be adjacent to the first side of the airfoil and the concave profiled region on the ID endwall may be adjacent to the second side.
  • the convex profiled region on the OD endwall may be adjacent to the first side of the airfoil and the concave profiled region on the OD endwall may be adjacent to the second side.
  • the airfoil assembly may be part of a turbine vane assembly or a mid-turbine frame assembly and the throat area doesn't decrease and may increase in a direction of fluid flow.
  • the airfoil assembly may be part of a compressor vane assembly and the throat area doesn't increase and may decrease in in a direction of air flow.
  • the airfoils may be turbine vanes, compressor stator vanes, mid-turbine frame (MTF) vanes or fan exit guide vanes.
  • MTF mid-turbine frame
  • a vane assembly comprising a generally annular ID endwall, a generally annular OD endwall and a pair of vanes extending between the ID endwall and the OD endwall.
  • the ID endwall has a radially outward facing surface, the radially outward facing surface defining first contoured regions.
  • the OD endwall is substantially concentric with the ID endwall and has a radially inward facing surface, the radially inward facing surface defining second contoured regions.
  • Each vane is generally airfoil shaped and has a first side and an opposite second side extending axially between a leading edge and a trailing edge.
  • the vanes are circumferentially spaced apart between the ID endwall and the OD endwall.
  • the vanes and endwalls define an air flow passage.
  • first contoured regions There may be a geometric relationship between the first contoured regions and the second contoured regions.
  • a method of improving fluid dynamics within a gas turbine engine comprises the steps of: providing an airfoil assembly comprising a pair of airfoils extending between opposing endwalls, the airfoils and endwalls defining a fluid flow passage; moving fluid through a fluid flow passage; and influencing the general flow of the fluid through the fluid flow passage by providing contoured regions on both endwalls.
  • Each contoured region may comprise a convex profiled region, a concave profiled region or both.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a gas turbine engine according to one embodiment of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the gas turbine engine of FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an airfoil array within the gas turbine engine of FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the airfoil array of FIG. 3 taken along line 3 - 3 ;
  • FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the airfoil array of FIG. 3 taken along line 5 - 5 ;
  • FIG. 6 is a flowchart outlining a method of improving fluid dynamics within a gas turbine engine, according to another embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • the present disclosure relates to an airfoil assembly for a gas turbine engine, the airfoil assembly comprising a plurality of airfoils extending between an outer diameter endwall and an inner diameter endwall, wherein the outer diameter endwall and the inner diameter endwall are contoured for optimal aerodynamics. More particularly, the outer diameter endwall and inner diameter endwall are contoured to minimize or eliminate the horseshoe vortexing phenomenon that can occur as airflow or combustion gases pass through the spaces (fluid flow passages) between the airfoils and the endwalls.
  • the airfoils may be, without limitation, turbine vanes, compressor stators, mid-turbine frame (MTF) vanes and fan exit guide vanes.
  • the gas turbine engine 20 may generally comprise a fan 22 , a low-pressure compressor (LPC) section 24 , a high-pressure compressor (HPC) section 26 , a combustion section 28 , a high-pressure turbine (HPT) section 30 , a mid-turbine frame 32 and a low-pressure turbine (LPT) section 34 all arranged about a centerline CL.
  • LPC low-pressure compressor
  • HPC high-pressure compressor
  • HPT high-pressure turbine
  • HPT mid-turbine frame 32
  • LPT low-pressure turbine
  • Airflow passing through the fan 22 is split between a core engine flow path (which directs the air to the LPC and HPC sections) and a bypass duct.
  • the air moving through the bypass duct passes through an array of circumferentially spaced apart fan exit guide vanes 36 .
  • the fan exit guide vanes 36 remove the swirl imparted by the fan 22 and redirect the air flow in a substantially axial flow path.
  • the low-pressure compressor section 24 and the high-pressure compressor section 26 generally comprise rotors rotatable about the centerline CL, each rotor carrying a plurality of compressor blades, and stationary stator assemblies, each stator assembly carrying a plurality of compressor stators.
  • the compressor stator vanes may be supported on their inner and outer ends by platforms having endwalls, or they may be cantilever mounted, as disclosed in co-owned U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,380,155 and 5,562,404 incorporated herein by reference.
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the gas turbine engine 20 of FIG. 1 , showing the HPT section 30 , the mid-turbine frame 32 and the LPT section 34 in more detail.
  • the HPT section 30 comprises a number of rotating blades 40 and a number of non-rotating vanes 42 .
  • the LPT section 34 comprises a number of rotating blades 44 and a number of non-rotating vanes 46 .
  • the mid-turbine frame 32 includes a duct 50 , a number of non-rotating MTF vanes 52 (only one MTF vane 52 , shown in partial cross-section, is visible in FIG. 2 ), and a strut 54 .
  • the turbine vanes 42 , 46 are mounted on stationary platforms having a substantially annular inner diameter (ID) endwall and are supported at their outer ends by platforms having a substantially annular outer diameter (OD) endwall.
  • the turbine blades 40 , 44 are mounted on rotating disks and extract power from the hot combustion gases to operate the rotating compressor blades in the low-pressure compressor section 24 and in the high-pressure compressor section 26 .
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an airfoil assembly within a gas turbine engine 20 according to the disclosure. More particularly, FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an array of three high-pressure turbine vanes 42 mounted between endwalls 60 , 76 within the high-pressure turbine section 30 of the gas turbine engine 20 of FIG. 1 . As shown best in FIG. 3 , the vanes 42 project radially outward from a substantially annular ID (inner diameter) endwall 60 . The vanes 42 are circumferentially spaced apart on the ID endwall 60 and arranged about the engine centerline CL ( FIG. 1 ), thereby defining a plurality of fluid flow passages 62 between adjacent vanes 42 .
  • Each vane 42 may have a first side such as a pressure side 64 and an opposite side such as a suction side 66 extending between a leading edge 68 and a trailing edge 70 .
  • Fluid flow such as airflow, moves through the fluid flow passages 62 from a location forward the leading edges 68 of the vanes 42 and toward the trailing edges 70 as the engine 20 typically operates.
  • the vanes 42 project radially outward from the ID endwall 60 and terminate at an OD (outer diameter) endwall 76 .
  • the ID endwall 60 and the OD endwall 76 are generally annular and concentric about the engine centerline CL.
  • the vanes 42 are circumferentially spaced apart on both the ID endwall 60 and the OD endwall 76 with respect to the engine centerline CL.
  • the ID endwall 60 and the OD endwall 76 are both contoured for optimal aerodynamics. While it is known that airflow near the ID endwall 60 impacts airflow near the OD endwall 76 and vice versa, until now the ID endwall contours and OD endwall contours have not been optimized with respect to each other.
  • each fluid flow passage 62 has a height H, defined as the length of a radial line segment extending between the endwalls.
  • This height H can vary, both in the axial direction (i.e., the direction of air flow) and in the transverse direction (i.e., the circumferential direction), because of the ID endwall contouring and OD endwall contouring.
  • FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the high-pressure turbine vane array of FIG. 3 taken along line 4 - 4 .
  • Each vane 42 defines a chord 78 extending from the leading edge 68 to the trailing edge 70 .
  • Each fluid flow passage 62 has a width W measured from the pressure side 64 of each vane 42 to the suction side 66 of a neighboring or adjacent vane 42 .
  • This width W typically will vary in the axial direction (i.e., in the direction of air flow) from the passage inlet (defined as the space between the leading edges 68 of adjacent vanes 42 ) to the passage outlet (defined as the space between the trailing edges 70 of adjacent vanes 42 ).
  • each fluid flow passage 62 is defined as the area between adjacent vanes 42 and between the ID endwall 60 and the OD endwall 76 located in a plane perpendicular to the engine center line axis C. This throat area can vary in the axial direction (along the general path of the air flow) as explained further below.
  • the throat area generally increases in the direction of air flow. Conversely, for compressor vanes, this throat area generally decreases in the direction of air flow.
  • the ID endwall 60 comprises a radially outward surface 84 facing the fluid flow passage 62 and defining at least one convex profiled region 80 and/or at least one concave profiled region 82 configured to help direct flow through each of the flow passages 62 while minimizing or eliminating horseshoe vortexing and endwall losses.
  • the convex profiled region 80 may be located on the ID endwall 60 adjacent or near to the pressure side 64 of the vane 42 .
  • the concave profiled region 82 may be located on the ID endwall 60 adjacent or near to the suction side 30 of the vane 42 .
  • the convex profiled region 80 extends radially upward, or radially away from the engine centerline CL, and is indicated by positive signs (+), while the concave profiled region 82 extends radially downward, or radially toward the engine centerline CL, and is indicated by negative signs ( ⁇ ) in FIGS. 3-4 .
  • the OD endwall 76 also comprises a radially inward surface 90 facing the fluid flow passage 62 and defining at least one convex profiled region 86 and/or at least one concave profiled region 88 configured to direct flow through each of the flow passages 62 .
  • the at least one convex profiled region 86 may be located on the OD endwall 76 adjacent or near to the pressure side 64 of the vane 42 .
  • the at least one concave profiled region 88 may be located on the OD endwall 76 adjacent or near to the suction side 66 of the vane 42 .
  • the convex profiled region 86 extends radially downward, or radially toward the engine centerline CL, while the concave profiled region 88 extends radially upward, or radially away from the engine centerline CL.
  • the concave profiled regions 82 , 88 and/or the convex profiled regions 80 , 86 may merge into the airfoil shape of the vane 42 .
  • the at least one convex profiled region 80 may adjoin the pressure side 64 of the vane 42 and the at least one concave profiled region 82 may adjoin the suction side 66 .
  • a portion of the concave profiled regions 82 , 88 and/or the convex profiled regions 80 , 86 of the ID endwall and OD endwall contouring may be upstream of the leading edge 68 of the vane 42 .
  • a portion of the concave profiled regions 82 , 88 and/or the convex profiled regions 80 , 86 of the ID endwall and OD endwall contouring may be downstream of the trailing edge 70 of the vane 42 .
  • Each concave profiled region 82 , 88 may define a maximum concavity and each convex profiled region 80 , 86 may define a maximum convexity.
  • the maximum convexity may be upstream of, axially downstream of, or aligned with the maximum concavity.
  • the endwalls 60 , 76 must provide a fluidly smooth transition from the non-contoured ID and OD endwalls at either end of the immediately upstream blades. Generally this is accomplished in part by locating the contouring downstream of the upstream edge 47 of the ID endwall 60 and downstream of the upstream edge 48 of the OD endwall 76 .
  • each of the flow passages 62 may have other contouring configurations, including without limitation two or more convex profiled regions and/or two or more concave profiled regions on either the OD endwall or the ID endwall.
  • the contoured regions on the ID endwall 60 and the contoured regions on the OD endwall 76 may be configured (shaped and located) on the ID endwall 60 and the OD endwall 76 so that the throat area doesn't decrease and may generally increase in the direction of air flow.
  • a similar geometric relationship may exist with respect to the contoured regions on the ID endwall and OD endwall at either end of the MTF vanes, where the throat area doesn't decrease and may generally increase in the direction of air flow.
  • the throat area generally doesn't increase and may decrease in the direction of air flow, and so the contoured regions of the ID endwall and the contoured regions of the OD endwall at either end of the compressor vanes may be configured accordingly.
  • a fluid is moved axially toward the fluid flow passage 62 established between (defined by) adjacent vanes 42 and opposing endwalls 60 , 76 in the gas turbine engine 20 .
  • the vanes 42 project radially from the ID endwall 60 , each vane 42 having a first side 64 and an opposite, second side 66 extending axially between a leading edge 68 and a trailing edge 70 .
  • the second step 104 comprises influencing fluid flow through the fluid flow passage 62 by using the contoured regions, i.e., the convex profiled regions 80 , 86 and/or the concave profiled regions 82 , 88 of the ID endwall 60 and the OD endwall 76 respectively.
  • the disclosure is applicable to vane assemblies such turbine vane assemblies and compressor stator vane assemblies comprising airfoils extending between opposing endwalls.
  • the disclosure has particular applicability with regard to a mid-turbine frame assembly (MTF) generally located between a high pressure turbine and a low pressure turbine.
  • MTF mid-turbine frame assembly
  • the disclosure may also have applicability with regard to a compressor stator assembly.
  • the disclosure may also have applicability with regard to a fan exit guide vane assembly.
  • the disclosure described provides a way to mitigate or reduce endwall losses in an airfoil assembly.
  • the present disclosure influences fluid flow through the flow passages defined by the airfoil assemblies, thereby reducing endwall losses due to horseshoe vortexing.
  • the paired endwall contouring described herein results in an improved aerodynamic performance of turbine vane assemblies and other airfoil assemblies.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
  • Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
US13/718,213 2012-12-18 2012-12-18 Airfoil assembly with paired endwall contouring Active 2034-10-18 US9188017B2 (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US13/718,213 US9188017B2 (en) 2012-12-18 2012-12-18 Airfoil assembly with paired endwall contouring
EP13867536.8A EP2935789B2 (fr) 2012-12-18 2013-11-06 Ensemble de surfaces portantes avec profilage de parois d'extrémité appariées
PCT/US2013/068736 WO2014105270A2 (fr) 2012-12-18 2013-11-06 Ensemble de surfaces portantes avec profilage de parois d'extrémité appariées

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US13/718,213 US9188017B2 (en) 2012-12-18 2012-12-18 Airfoil assembly with paired endwall contouring

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US20140212260A1 US20140212260A1 (en) 2014-07-31
US9188017B2 true US9188017B2 (en) 2015-11-17

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WO2014105270A2 (fr) 2014-07-03
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US20140212260A1 (en) 2014-07-31
WO2014105270A3 (fr) 2014-10-09
EP2935789A2 (fr) 2015-10-28
EP2935789B1 (fr) 2018-03-21

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