US872806A - Elastic-fluid turbine-engine. - Google Patents

Description

No. 872,806. PATENTED DEG. 3, 190'7.

S. Z. DE FBRRANTI.

ELASTIG FLUID TURBINE ENGINE.

AYPLIQATION FILED JUNE 9, 1904.

5 SHEETS-SHEET 1.

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nnnnnnnnnnn No. 872,806. PATENTED DEG. 3, 1907.

S. Z. DE FERRANTL BLASTIC FLUID TURBINE ENGINE.

APPLIOATION FILED JUNE o, 1904.

s SHEETS-SHEET z.

No. 872,806. PTBNTBD DEC. s, 1907. s. Z. DE PBRRANTI.

ELASTIG FLUID TURBINE ENGINE..

APPLIOATION FILED JUNE o, 1904.

5 sHEBTs-SHEBT 3.

No. 872,806. I PATENTE-D DEC. 3, 1907. k S. Z. DE FERRANTI'. v

ELASTIG-PLUID TURBIN'E ENGINE.

APPLICATION FILED JUNE 9, 1904.

5 SHEETS-SHEET 4.

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N0. 872,806. PATENTED DEC. 3,1907.

S. Z. DE PERRANTI.

ELASTIG FLUID TURBIE ENGINE. APgLIoATIoN H'LED JUNE 9, 1904.

5 SHEETB-SHBBT 5 mit' 17mm a www y HYJ 'I UNITED sTATEs vPATENT oFiaicE;

sEBAs'riA-N'fziA'Ni DE FERRANTLKOF HAMPs'rEAD, LONDON, ENGLAND.Y

`. Emeric-nuria mmm-anemia.

To all whom 'it may concern:

Be it known that I, SEBASTIAN ZIANI DE FERRANTI, a subjectief the` of Great Britain 'and Ireland, and residing lat 31 Lyndhurst road, Hampstead, London N.W.',

perheaters and other such ap liances areI made, cannot stand satisfactori ytemperatures higher than, say, 400 C., with the high.

Y pressure of, say 300lb`s., or 400- lbs., per sguare inch (necessary for efficient utilization) where the heat has to be transmitted to the Workin o ther hand, in such turbine heat engines considering the obtaining of thepressure of the working fluid, it is lar ely impracticable to employ a non-condensa le elastic fluid as the working iiuid (1) because of the complexity, bulk and expense of the se arate high pressure compressing plant an (2) because the efficiency of compression in such planty 1s comparativel low, so that the advantages` of usin a hig temperature-in the expansion, would e canceled by the loss in compres-- sion. Now, the object of my invention is to overcome these difficulties, so as to render possible the obtaining efficiently of a large odyof elastic fluid and the and pressure efficient utilization of the energy ofthat elasticvfiuid in'aturbine divided enine. he first part of -my linvention consists broadly in em loying condensable elastic;

iuid as thebul o the wor heating that fiuid' internall, liquid or gaseous fuel or soli state., together with the necessary ngfluid, supery means of air supplied for combustion muni pressure of the cycle, the utilizing the 'workin fiuid by expansion in a fixed part of .the tur ine, whereb its pressure is converted into velocity, its inetic energy being then extracted by a multiple impact re-action turbine. t

.speeiaeation of Lem Patent.- Applioation led June'. 1904. Serial No. 211888.

vin empio Huid through them. on the ally from the man at a high temperature fuel in afinely' under the maxi@ which the e Patented Dec. s, 19o?.

The second art of my invention consists db conjunctionwith a turbine as descri ed under'the first part of my invention) the exhaust from the turbine to heat the feed fiuid or to superheat vapor heat air, so that an efficient heat e ine is obtained while working non-'condensing 0'1' with atmos heric pressure condensing.-

The thir part of my invention consists inA "I 'fes employing t e exhaust from aturbine aceA cording to the firstpart of my invention to evaporate separately a second fluid, which is utilized in a second turbine, the exhaust from which passes toa condenser.

lThe second ,turbine mentioned in the preceding-paragraph may bean isothermal turbine.

My invention further consists inthe apparatus hereinafter described.

It will be seen from the following description that the improved turbine is essential y a steam turbine (taking steam as an example .of -a condensable elastic fiuid), the gaseous products of-combustion amounting at most to only one third of the total working fiuid;

'in this .respect the invention differs materiessentially gas turbines, w

in connection Wit which suggestions have been made to add a relatively small quantityof water or steam with a view to reducing the teiiperature of the hot gases.

ith the above cycles involving high temperature fluid completely expanded to lpracpressurer in the fixed tically atmospheric parts of the turbine beforepassiiig to the multi le impact wheelsit is possible to maintain t e fluid practically dry during the rocJ ess of extracting its kinetic energy wit out re uiring stage reheating.

eferring to the accompanying drawings Figures 1 and 2 show respectively sectional plan and with part of a coperating turbine, being amodification inwluch multiple nozing lturbine is'used in conjunction a I e.- generator, Fi 5 being. a modification i`n aust from a primary turbine evaporates fluid (lensing turbine Fig. 6 shows a further modification in whic the second turbine is of the isothermal type, while Fig. -7 sh 0\ v s V a generalarrangementL f apparatus in which for use in a secondary con-` .elevation of one form -of internal combustion superheating chamber, tother .zles-are used; Fig. 4 shows a general arrangement of apparatus in which a non-condens# ios Q .ssaeoe the whole off the energy of the Working fluid is derived primarily from the internal combustion chamber.

All the drawings are of a dia ammatic na ture, the piping, for example, eing in many instances represented by single lines; where desirable, similar parts of the apparatus in the different figures are denoted by the'same reference symbols.

In carrying my invention into effect according to one form em loying steam as the bulk of the working f'lui I provide any suitable form of steambboiler or generator, a, (see Fig. 4) and I preferably superheat the steam in an externa superheater, b, before passing it to one or more internal superheating chambers, c. A detail view of one form of' such a `chamber is shownin Figs. l and 2; according to this form, it consists of a cylindrical vessel,

- d, oneend of which communicates with a fixed nozzle, e,- of the turbine. This nozzle is so proportioned as regards cross sectional areathroughout its length as to provide for the complete expansion of the gases down to 25 the atmosphere. vThe Whole of the energy of the working f'luid being converted into velocity in the fixed nozzles, multiple impact reaction turbine wheels are em loyed for the -extraction of the energy and t ese are made of sufficient diameter to reducethe velocity of the rotating shaft to any required extent, the circumferential velocity being kept' sufficiently low b multiplying the number of stages in wbic `the extractioniof the velocity is effected. I A combustion tube or chamber,

f, is provided within the end of the internal superheating chamber, d, remote from the. nozzle and is preferably concentric with thechamber itself.. To this chamber, f, com- 40 pressed air is supplied from the compressor, n, (see Figs. 4, 5 and 6) by way of the pipe, h, and b another pipe, i'li uid or gaseous fuel or solid fuel in a finely divided state is admitted. The compressed air suppl may be arranged to ca in the fuel supp y in any suitable and wel known manner. The superheated steam from the external supereater, 6,(passes by way of the pipe, k, to the nozzle en of a space, l, surrounding the nozzle, e, for any desired proportion of 1ts length and also surrounding the chamber, d, and Ipasses along this space thus exerting a cool. mg effect to the end remote from the nozzle, where it asses within the chamber, d, b Way of ho es, such as m. The chamber, f, 1s preferably lined or 'partly filled' with refractory material to insure continued ignition, once this has been started. Any suitable form of igniter may be employed for effecting the ignition of the combustlble when starting. Instead of superheated steam, feed water may be circulated in the-space l, but the arrangement is less efficient from the thermodynamic point of view.y According to a modified form, the jacket,

l, may be dispensed with and the chamber, dandnozzle, e, lined over a portion or the whole of their combined surfaces with a suitable fire resisting material, the metal shell in this way not being Vdirectly ex )osed to the hot gases; in this case, the superfieated steam is led directly to the end of the chamber, d, remote from the nozzle, c, the holes, m,being of course, dis ensed with.

It will be o vious that if desirable a conibination of the two'systems of jacketing and lining with refractory material may be adopted,

In the operation of the a iparatus, comress'ed air and fuel are sup )hed to the com- 4230 stion chamber and ignited starting a flame therein. Superheated steam is then admitted into the internal superheatcr chamber and flows to the nozzle, being mixed with the flame, the temperature of the whole being thereby raised to, say '800 C., assuming the compressed air to be supplied at something like 300 lbs., per square inch; the working fluid, consistingvof steam and the products of combustion, issues through the nozzles, havingits heat .energy lconverted into velocity and dropping in temperature to somethin like 300 C. before' reaching the blades of tile multiple impact reaction turbine. Part of this turbine is indicated in'section in 95 Figs. 1 and 2, the moving and stationary blades being shown' respectively at o and r. The total useful velocity of the working fluid may be taken out with,say, something like six reactions and at a workable rim speed of the turbine Wheel.

Another modification of the internal superheater is shown in Fi 3, the arrangement being the same genera y as that already described with reference to Figs. 1 and 2 but in- 1 05 stead of one expanding nozzle, e, twoor more such nozzles are arranged all issuing directly from the combustion chamber, d.

If the turbine is to be worked'without a condenser, then the exhaust from theturbine is utilized either to su' erheat the steam or to heat the feed water sufficiently, it may be, to partially vaporize it) or to ,heat the compressed air for combustion or for any comblnation of these uses, so that its heat energy 1F15 f may beextracted as fully as possible. the example shown in Fig. 4, the turbine, s,

- is represented as coupled to a dynamo, t, the

boiler feed enteri by the pipe, u, and being preferably spraye intp the turbine exhaust, 12u fv, whence it passes by way of the pipe, w, to a het welll or reservoir A pump z, drawing vfrom this hot Well serves to feed the boiler,

the feed Water passing through the pi e, 2, to the regenerator, 3, situated in the tur me exhaust and thence through the pipe, 5, econog mizer, 6, and "pipe, 7, to the generator, a. I -prefer, however, to pass the exhaust from the primary turbine, s, as shown in Fig. .5, into an evaporator, 8, where a second fluid, say 130 this chamber-from the air compressor, n,

work .thence by Way of the pipe,

- pressure.

-stage with varying economy,

as the secondary-turbine.

- the pipe,

smsen water, is evaporated at about atmospheric pipe, 9, while Athe steam generated passes through a pipe, 10, to a secondary turbine, 11, which may or ma not spindle as the first.

secondary turbine, 11, 12, represented as of asses to a condenser, t e jet type ,and provided with the usual air pump, 13. A pum arranged conveniently with two Water cy inders, 14 and 15, serves on the one hand to feed the evaporator, 8, through the pi e, 16, and on the other hand to draw the con ensed exhaust from the primary turbine from the evaporator throug the pipe, 17 ,and return it by way of the econom1zer,6, to the generator, a. The secondary turbine, 11,l is preferably an isothermal expansion turbine as described in my prior application, No. 179407, with fire superheating between the stages, but any form of turbine may be used for the second according to the merit of the particular ty e adopted.

Referring to Fi .'6, a general arrangement is shown, in whic an isothermal expansion turbine of the type above referred to is used It will be seen that the hot gases from the furnace, 18, glass to the chimney, 19,'tlirough a ilue in whic tube elements are arranged constituting the' feedwater heater, or economizer, 6, boiler proper 20, reheaters, 21, and superheaters, 22 and 23; The feed pumpsZ 14 and 15, and the air compressor, n, are lndicated as driven by worm gearing, 25, from the main turbine shaft but any other convenient drive may be adopted. l 4

Starting from the main boiler feed pump,

15, the condensed exhaust from the turbine, s, 1s drawny from vthe evav orator 8, through the .pipe,17, and passes t ence the ipe, 5, to the economizer, 6, and boiler 20;

he steam generated in the boiler passes to' the superheater elements 22, and through 27, to the internal superheating c. Compressed air is supplied o Y way ofthe pi e, h, he supply of fuel being as shown in `t e detail Figs. -1 and-2.; After in the nozzle, e, the fluid does t e primary turbine, s, exhausting 28 to the evgporator, 8'where it partially condenses. he

chamb er,

exp andin heat thereby given up serves* to evaporate' 4the water drawn d b from 'tle hot-wolf1, afl, of the secon a tur ine, 11, way o t e pipe 29, and ed into the evagorator by the feed pump, 14, through the pipe, 16, the steam generated passing by wa of the pipe, 30, to the superheater, 23, an thence to the seeondary turbine, 11. After a partial expansion in the turbine, the steam returns to the flue through the pipe, 31. and is re-super- The non-condensable gases of the4 vprimary exhaust discharge by way of the be on the samel he exhaust ,from the the same reference symbols beingi which in this case serves portion may whole.

where the remaining` heated in the reheater, 21, before returning `to the turbine for a further expansion. O v

one reheater is shown in the drawing but several are preferably used as fully described in my previous patent above referred to. Finally, the steam exhausts to a denser, 12, into which cold water is in'eoted by way of the pipe u; anair pump and hotwell -are indicated -at 13 The primary and seconda tur ines are shown as in a previous modi cation coupled together vand drivingthe dynamo, t.

regenerator may -be arran ed, if desired, in the exhaust of the secon ary turbine.

In all the above forms of my invention the bulk of the Working Afluid is a condensible elastic fluid such as steam enerated in a separate steam generator... h such cases and :v res ectively.-

the air compressor need-.onlyabsorb about 15% of the useful power generated but I find that if the turbine be used non-condensing, i. e., non -vacuum-v condensin or atmospheric pressure condensing, an a regenerator be employed to lheat and partially evaporate the feed water it is quite practicable to complete the required evaporation by internal combustion so that the-separate steam generator can be'omitted, Even in such a case however the quantity of` products of combustion will not amount to more than one-third of the total working work done in the air compressor, in the latter case, becomes a greater proportion' of the useful work and may be'as much as 50%. In orderto attain economy, in a commercially'practicable apparatus, it is necessary, therefore, that this compression should be effected efficiently and that the compressor should not be too large and costly, as it tends to become in large plants. An example of a general arrangement'of apparatus suitable orfcarrying into effect the cycle just indicated is shown 1n Fr .7, use fo'r the-most part as in previous mo fications. The exhaustrom the turbine s, passes by way of the pipe,

as a regenerator, thecondensed portion of the exhaust being drawn off4 through the pipe, 32, by the fee pump, 33,' which forces it back through the regenerator by way of the pipe, 34, make up feed being introduced through the pipe, u. The. regenerator boiling point and. may evaporate a certain proportion of it under pressure. This pro- `amount to 'one third of the Passing the resulting mixture of steam and Water enters the internal-combustion chambers,- c,

ple) is evaporated and .the whole .superheated to the required extent. mainingV steps vof the cycle, viz, expansion-1n the` nozzles, e, and extraction of the resulting 28, tothe evaporator, 8,-

The refiuid. The

heats all the water to the two-thirds (for exams is@v . haust heat acting to assist multiple impact vturbine velocity in the multiple impact reaction turbine, s, have already been described with reference to previous modifications.

The air compressor may be of any suitable type; in the figures the compression is indiA cated as being effected in stages and although not shown in the draavings, coolers ma)Y be usedin conjunction with such stage compression in order to render the process on the whole substantially isothermal.

lla-ving now described my invention, what I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent is 1. In a turbine installation, the combination of a source of condens-able elastic fluid under pressure; a combustion chamber connected to said source; means other than said combustion cliamberfor heating said source; means for introducing into said chamber fuel and oxidizing means, the combustion of said fuel acting temperature; one or more de Laval type nozzles issuing from said chamber and proportioned to expand said fluid to exhaust pressure in a single stage together with. a multiple impact turbine receiving the-f`1uid from said nozzle or nozzles.

2. In a turbine installation, the combination of a source of condensable elastic fluid lunder pressure; a'combustion chamber connected to said source; means for introducing into said chamber fuel and oxidizing means the combustion of said fuel acting tov superheat said fluid to a high temperature; one or more de Laval type nozzles issuing from said chamber and proportioned to expand said fluid to exhaust pressure in a single stage together with a multiple impact turbine receiving the fluid from said nozzle and means for utilizing heat in the exhaust therefrom, ex-

Y in the production of saidelastic fluid. 1 l 3. In a turbine installation, the combination with a source of supply of condensable elastic fluid of an internal combustion superheater connected to said source of supply; means 'other than said combustion chamber forheat-ingsaid source; a multi ple impact turbine and one orA more single stage expansion nozzles interposed between the superheater and turbine.

4. In a turbine installation, the eombina. tion with a source of supply of condensable elastic fluid of an internal combustion superlieater arranged toreeeive the condensable fluid therefrom, ineans other than said combustion chamber for heating said source, a and one or more single stage expansion nozzles interposed between tlie superheater and turbine together with means for utilizing heat in the exhaust from said turbine, substantially as described. 5. ln a 'turbine installation, the combination of' a boiler; an external superlieater connected therewith; an internal combustion to superheat said fluid to ahigh superheater connected with said external superheater; one or more expansion nozzles connected with said internal combustion superheater and a multiple impact turbine receiving the fluid from said nozzles.

fi. In a turbine installation, the combination of a steam boiler; an external superlieater connected therewith; an internal combustion superheater connected with said external superheater; one or more single stage expansion nozzles receiving the fluid from said combustion superheater; a multiple i|u pact turbine coi'iperating with said nozzles and means for utilizing heat energy in the exhaust ot' said turbine.

7. in a turbine installation, tht` combina tion with a source of' condeusable fluidui der pressure of an independent internal coinbustion superheating chamber connected therewith; a flame chamber disposed within said combustion chamber; means for introducing into said flame chamber oxidizing means affthe maximum pressure of the c vclc und a fuel supply to said flame chamber.

8. In a turbine installation using condense able elastic fluid as the bulliof' the working fluid, the combination with a source of condensable fluid under pressure of an independent. internal combustionl superlieating chamber connected therewith; aflanitl chain-95 ber disposed Awithin said combustion chamber; means for introducing into said flame chamber oxidizing means at the maximum pressure. of' the cycle; a fuel suppl)v to said flame chamber; a-multiplc turbine and one or more single stage expansioniiozzles interposed betfween the superheater and thctur-v bine.

t). In a turbine installation, the eombination of a combustion chamber and a source of heat therefor; means for introducing-into said chamber the constituent elements from which the working medium is formed, thi` bulk of said working medium consisting ot' condensable elastic fluid; a vessel or cliani' ber other than said combustion chamber in which an ultimate constituent of' said working medium receives heat from vva second source; a de Laval type nozzle issuing from said combustion receiving the fluid from said nozzle.

l0. in a turbine installation, the combination with a sourci` of su )ply of'condensablc elastic fluid of an internal combustion superlieater arranged to receive the condensablc fluid therefrom; a multiple impact. primary turbine and one or more single stage expansion nozzles interposed between the superheater and turbine together with a secondariv turbine and means ing fluid of said' set-.ondmy turbine haust heat ol' said primary turbine. e ll. ln a turbine installation. the eoi'nbination with a soui'ee. of' supply of conden'sable by the exlli..

lui

chamber and a turbine 1li for evaporating the woi'lt- 125 elastic fluid of an internal combustion si-iper- `heater arranged zles issuinv' y s'zasoe to receive the condensable fluid therefrom, a multiple vimpact turbine and one ormore single stage expansion nozdirectly Jfrom said chamber together jacket means for cooling said nozzles. v

12. In a turbine installationfthe combination of a plurality of connected chambers; a source of eat for a fluid contained in one of said chambers said lluid receiving heat from said source by transmisswn through envelop thereof and means the containing' balance of heat to said fluid for imparting a from" a second source in another of said charnbers; nozzle means connected tothe second mentioned of said chambers and a turbine receiving the iiuid from said nozzle.

13. In combination, means for mixing condensable elastic luid with a relatively small bulk of the products of an exothermic chem-` ical reaction to superheat said condensable lluid;'means for givin velocity to said Working iuid s'opro uce rotary `motor means imping'ed on 'by said iluid to ether with means including an evaporator or utilizing admixture with av comparatively smallr bulk of a heating medium receiving heatY heat 'contained in the exhaust of said rotary means.

14. In combination, means for produc superheated condensable elastic fluid, sai means including an independent boiler; an internal combustion superheater connected to said fluid producing means; means for `ving velocity to the. Working fluid issuing om said internal combustion superheater together with rotary motor means impinged on by said uid.

15. In combination, means for enerating Acondens'able elastic lluid; means or adm1xing with said iluid a certain bulk of the products of an exothermic chemical reaction to highly heat said fluid, said admixing means including a vessel or chamber separate from said generating means; means for giving velocity to the Working iluid .produced by such admiXture and rotary means imp inged on by said fluid.

In Witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand in presence of two Witnesses. SEBASTIAN ZIANI DE FERRANTI. Witnesses: g

l HENRY H. GRUNING, vALBERT E. PARKER.

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