US8062715B2 - Fabrication of alloy variant structures using direct metal deposition - Google Patents
Fabrication of alloy variant structures using direct metal deposition Download PDFInfo
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- US8062715B2 US8062715B2 US11/140,752 US14075205A US8062715B2 US 8062715 B2 US8062715 B2 US 8062715B2 US 14075205 A US14075205 A US 14075205A US 8062715 B2 US8062715 B2 US 8062715B2
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Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C3/00—Selection of compositions for coating the surfaces of moulds, cores, or patterns
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C33/00—Moulds or cores; Details thereof or accessories therefor
- B29C33/38—Moulds or cores; Details thereof or accessories therefor characterised by the material or the manufacturing process
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/17—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C45/26—Moulds
- B29C45/27—Sprue channels ; Runner channels or runner nozzles
- B29C45/2701—Details not specific to hot or cold runner channels
- B29C45/2708—Gates
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/17—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C45/26—Moulds
- B29C45/37—Mould cavity walls, i.e. the inner surface forming the mould cavity, e.g. linings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
- C23C24/08—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat
- C23C24/10—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat with intermediate formation of a liquid phase in the layer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C26/00—Coating not provided for in groups C23C2/00 - C23C24/00
- C23C26/02—Coating not provided for in groups C23C2/00 - C23C24/00 applying molten material to the substrate
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/01—Selective coating, e.g. pattern coating, without pre-treatment of the material to be coated
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
Definitions
- This invention relates generally to additive manufacturing processes and, in particular, to the formation of alloy variant structures using laser-assisted direct metal deposition (DMD) processes.
- DMD direct metal deposition
- dies and molds In an effort to facilitate the fabrication die components and/or to accommodate variations in application requirements, dies and molds often include multiple components. Each section or mold component is fabricated from a homogenous metal alloy, which results in homogenous material properties within each die or mold component. The variation in material property requirements within a mold or die component, results in localized wear or and premature failure of the mold or die component in the areas which the application requirements exceed the material properties (mechanical and physical properties) inherent to the homogenous metal alloy.
- molds or dies are assembled and comprised of component parts to achieve the need for a variation in material properties within a mold or die.
- section and insert may be fabricated from dissimilar materials, or processed differently, as through heat treatment.
- Cladding is generally distinguished from alloying on the basis that cladding melts a relatively small amount of the base substrate material relative to the amount of the deposited material, and the powder system delivers a controlled volume of metal particles into this molten volume. The particles become dispersed throughout this molten volume and form a deposition of a desired composition on the outer layer of the substrate. Removal of the laser beam from the molten volume, such as by advancement of the substrate workpiece relative to the focal point of the beam, causes the molten volume to be rapidly chilled. The chilling occurs so rapidly that the volume often retains the characteristics of the molten mix.
- DMD direct metal deposition
- the monitored physical dimension is the height of the deposit
- the system further includes an interface to a computer-aided design (CAD) system including a description of an article to be fabricated, enabling the feedback controller to compare the physical dimension of the deposit to the description and adjust the energy of the laser in accordance therewith.
- CAD computer-aided design
- a DMD system for automatically fabricating an article typically includes a computer-aided design database including a description of the article to be fabricated, a work table for supporting the substrate, and translation means for moving the substrate relative to the laser and a raw material feeder.
- the worktable moves while the laser and feed means remain stationary, whereas, in a different configuration, the laser and feeder move while the work table remains stationary.
- both the laser/material feed and work table/substrate could be moved simultaneously, preferably under feedback control.
- DMD material composition may be varied during the deposition process.
- DMD is used to fabricate composite material structures which provide a combination of desirable physical and mechanical properties.
- the use of DMD facilitates the production of high-strength, abrasion-resistant laminate structures which also exhibit a high degree of thermal conductivity.
- DMD is used to deposit alternate layers or rows of a thermally conductive material, such as copper or a copper alloy, and a high strength, abrasion resistant thermal barrier material, such as tool steel.
- the resulting composite material structure has mechanical properties (i.e., yield strength, hardness and abrasion resistance) which exceed that of pure copper or copper-based alloys required for mold materials, thereby enhancing productivity while improving part quality in these and other applications.
- This invention overcomes shortcomings in the prior art through the use of direct-metal deposition (DMD) to fabricate alloy-variant material structures which provide a combination of desirable physical and mechanical properties.
- DMD direct-metal deposition
- use of the invention facilitates the production of high-strength, high-wear, and impact-resistant structures which decrease the likelihood of erosion, heat checking and brittle failure.
- Fabrication of die or mold components using the closed-loop DMD process and alloy variant materials may be used to tailor material requirements in various applications, including injection molds, die casting, thixomolding and other, more exotic tooling. Fabrication of die or mold components using the closed-loop DMD process and alloy variant materials, may be used address the local application requirements, including die component/insert configurations.
- the invention uses DMD to deposit a first material or alloy in an area exposed to high wear, such as the tooling gate area, with a second material or alloy being used elsewhere in the tool for greater impact resistance.
- the areas may be of a user-defined thickness to further improve longevity.
- the resulting composite material structure has mechanical properties (i.e., yield strength, hardness and abrasion resistance) which exceed that of the homogeneous compositions currently used for mold materials, thereby enhancing productivity while improving part quality in these and other applications.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram depicting equipment associated with a DMD system applicable to the invention.
- FIG. 2 is a simplified diagram representative of a die or mold to which the invention is applicable.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a laser-aided, computer controlled direct material deposition (DMD) system in schematic form.
- the system 10 applies layers of material 20 on a substrate 30 to fabricate an object or cladding.
- the system is preferably equipped with feedback monitoring to control of the dimensions and overall geometry of the fabricated article.
- the geometry of the article is provided by a computer-aided design (CAD) system.
- CAD computer-aided design
- the deposition tool path is generated by a computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) system for computer numerical control (CNC) machining with post-processing software for deposition, instead of software for removal as in conventional CNC machining.
- CAM software interfaces with a feedback controller 104 .
- the factors that affect the dimensions of material deposition include laser power, beam diameter, temporal and spatial distribution of the beam, interaction time, and powder flow rate. Adequate monitoring and control of laser power, in particular, has a critical effect on the ability to fabricate completed parts and products with complex geometries and within control tolerances. Accordingly, the feedback controller 80 of the direct material deposition system typically cooperates directly with the numerical controller 90 , which, itself, controls all functions of the direct material deposition system, including laser power.
- the laser source 110 of the DMD system is mounted above the substrate 30 and a layer of material 20 is deposited according to the description of the object.
- the laser has sufficient density to create a melt pool with the desired composition of substrate or previously deposited layer and cladding powder.
- the cladding powder typically metallic, is sprayed on the substrate preferably through a laser spray nozzle with a concentric opening for the laser beam, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,724,299, so that the powder exits the nozzle co-axially with the beam.
- a numerical controller 108 controls all operating components of the DMD system of FIG. 1 , including the operating conditions of the laser, receiving direction from the CAD/CAM system 106 for building the part or product.
- the numerical controller 108 also receives feedback control signals from the feedback controller 104 to adjust laser power output, and further controls the relative position of the substrate and laser spray nozzle.
- the CAD/CAM system 106 is equipped with software which enables it to generate a path across the substrate for material deposition.
- the laser is used to locally heat a spot on a substrate, forming a melt pool into which powder is fed to create a deposit having a physical dimension such as height.
- a physical dimension such as height.
- the extent of the physical dimension is controlled using an optical feedback loop.
- Optical detection means coupled to an optoelectric sensor are used to monitor the deposit, and a feedback controller is operative to adjust the laser in accordance with the electrical signal, thereby controlling the rate of material deposition.
- the physical dimension is the height of the deposit
- the system further includes an interface to a computer-aided design (CAD) system including a description of an article to be fabricated, enabling the feedback controller to compare the physical dimension of the deposit to the description and adjust the energy of the laser in accordance therewith.
- CAD computer-aided design
- the optical detection means preferably includes an apertured mask through which light from the deposit passes to reach the optoelectric sensor, and the feedback controller includes circuitry for adjusting the laser in accordance with the presence or absence of the light from the deposit. This allows the system to optically monitor the physical dimension of the deposit, and control the physical dimension in accordance with the description of the article to be fabricated.
- the deposition head preferably equipped with flying optics, is advanced to different localized region of the substrate until the fabrication of the article is completed, whether a finished piece or a tool such as a mold or die.
- DMD can be used to fabricate mold and die components featuring non-homogenous alloy variant materials.
- the process may be used to fabricate die or mold component parts comprised of dissimilar materials, including multiple metal alloys or cermets (ceramic/metal composites), each tailored to meet the application requirements associated with the localized area of the mold or die component.
- this is accomplished by blending powders or depositing metal powders which differ in composition to form an alloy variant structure.
- Local deposition of alloy variant materials, with mechanical and physical properties tailored to address the local application material property requirements, will avoid premature failure and increasing the useful purpose of the mold or die component part.
- Fabrication of die or mold components using the closed-loop DMD process and alloy variant materials may be used to tailor material requirements in various applications, including injection molds, die casting, thixomolding and other, more exotic tooling.
- FIG. 2 is a highly simplified drawing representative of a die or mold, having a gate 102 through which material is introduced, and one or more ports 104 through which excess material and/or trapped gas escapes.
- a gate 102 through which material is introduced
- ports 104 through which excess material and/or trapped gas escapes.
- actual configurations are substantially more complex, and include convoluted cavities, cooling channels, sensors and complex interfaces for opening/closing to facilitate part removal.
- the gate area sees the highest velocity of material due to high-speed injection, resulting in a greater exposure to thermal gradients.
- a higher wear material in conjunction with the gate area, but a tougher, perhaps more ductile, material in conjunction with other areas, including the interface associated with exposing the cavity.
- a homogenous material since a homogenous material must be used throughout each integral component, it is undesirable and impractical to use a high-wear throughout, since such materials tend to be brittle and unsuitable for other areas of the tool, which require greater impact resistance.
- a very precise tool may be constructed with material, composition varying from a high-wear material or alloy near the gate area, to a tougher, more impact-resistant material or alloy in conjunction with other areas of the tool.
- the gate area may experience heat checking through over-tempering, the gate area may be deposited using H19 steel, with a less brittle material such as H13 being used elsewhere in the tool.
- the transition between materials or alloys need not be abrupt, but may vary gradually from one region to another, thereby minimizing stress and other factors that may lead to cracking or other forms of premature failure.
- niobium- and tungsten-based materials/ceramic alloys are used to coat surfaces susceptible to erosion. These materials must be used sparingly due to their expense, however, it would be advantageous to have thick layers in areas such as the gate region to increase the life of the tool.
- existing methods used to deposit these exotic materials such as physical vapor deposition, flame-hardening and thermal spray techniques, true metallurgical bonds are not formed. Rather, thin coatings are applied, and although these provide for a certain level of wear and erosion resistance, they do tend to wear away and delaminate in time, resulting in the need for tool repair.
- alloy variant DMD may be used to address this problem by fabricating true, metallurgically sound layers of a user-defined thickness in areas such as the gate region which is exposed to the greatest extremes in temperature and potential wear. Indeed, in thixomolding and other exotic processes such as vacuum die casting, the entire gate area may be made from a niobium- or other rare-earth based material or ceramic based on tungsten or other materials, with gradual transitions to other parts of the tool, as desired for impact resistance and other desirable characteristics.
- the DMD process may alternatively be used to deposit alternate layers or rows of materials which are resistant to temperature, impact, and so forth.
- the resulting composite material structure has mechanical properties (i.e., yield strength, hardness and abrasion resistance) which also exceed that of the homogeneous materials and alloys which are currently used for mold materials, thereby enhancing productivity while improving part quality in these and other applications.
- the composite structure may use more than two alternating layers.
- a structure according to the invention may be comprised of three materials, including a thermally resistant layer, an interface or transition material, and a high strength mold material, preferably tool steel.
- the interface or transition material may be used to provide a metallurgical bond between the dissimilar materials, thereby avoiding delamination, potential crack formation and crack propagation during functional use.
- thermally resistant composite material comprised of two or more pure metals or metal alloys provides the capability to maintain the required structural and abrasion resistance associated with the molding process.
- Fabrication of alloy variant structures according to the invention provides the capability to fabricate high-strength, high-wear, and abrasion-resistant compositions at user-defined thicknesses required for use as a mold material for both plastic and metal molding processes.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims (7)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US11/140,752 US8062715B2 (en) | 1998-06-30 | 2005-05-31 | Fabrication of alloy variant structures using direct metal deposition |
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/107,912 US6122564A (en) | 1998-06-30 | 1998-06-30 | Apparatus and methods for monitoring and controlling multi-layer laser cladding |
US20259000P | 2000-05-09 | 2000-05-09 | |
US09/570,986 US6410105B1 (en) | 1998-06-30 | 2000-05-15 | Production of overhang, undercut, and cavity structures using direct metal depostion |
US09/670,670 US6472029B1 (en) | 1998-06-30 | 2000-09-27 | Fabrication of laminate structures using direct metal deposition |
US09/851,601 US20020110649A1 (en) | 2000-05-09 | 2001-05-09 | Fabrication of alloy variant structures using direct metal deposition |
US11/140,752 US8062715B2 (en) | 1998-06-30 | 2005-05-31 | Fabrication of alloy variant structures using direct metal deposition |
Related Parent Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US09/670,670 Continuation-In-Part US6472029B1 (en) | 1998-06-30 | 2000-09-27 | Fabrication of laminate structures using direct metal deposition |
US09/851,601 Continuation US20020110649A1 (en) | 1998-06-30 | 2001-05-09 | Fabrication of alloy variant structures using direct metal deposition |
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US20050224209A1 US20050224209A1 (en) | 2005-10-13 |
US8062715B2 true US8062715B2 (en) | 2011-11-22 |
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US09/851,601 Abandoned US20020110649A1 (en) | 1998-06-30 | 2001-05-09 | Fabrication of alloy variant structures using direct metal deposition |
US11/140,752 Expired - Fee Related US8062715B2 (en) | 1998-06-30 | 2005-05-31 | Fabrication of alloy variant structures using direct metal deposition |
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US09/851,601 Abandoned US20020110649A1 (en) | 1998-06-30 | 2001-05-09 | Fabrication of alloy variant structures using direct metal deposition |
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Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US10124531B2 (en) | 2013-12-30 | 2018-11-13 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | Rapid non-contact energy transfer for additive manufacturing driven high intensity electromagnetic fields |
US20170058392A1 (en) * | 2014-03-03 | 2017-03-02 | Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho (Kobe Steel, Ltd.) | Hard film and method for forming same, and die for use in hot forming of steel sheet |
US10233530B2 (en) * | 2014-03-03 | 2019-03-19 | Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho | Hard film and method for forming same, and die for use in hot forming of steel sheet |
US9650537B2 (en) | 2014-04-14 | 2017-05-16 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | Reactive polymer fused deposition manufacturing |
US11117195B2 (en) | 2018-07-19 | 2021-09-14 | The University Of Liverpool | System and process for in-process electron beam profile and location analyses |
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