US8000632B2 - Image forming apparatus and image forming method - Google Patents
Image forming apparatus and image forming method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US8000632B2 US8000632B2 US12/126,534 US12653408A US8000632B2 US 8000632 B2 US8000632 B2 US 8000632B2 US 12653408 A US12653408 A US 12653408A US 8000632 B2 US8000632 B2 US 8000632B2
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- contact
- secondary transfer
- transfer roller
- lubricant
- applying
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related, expires
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
- G03G15/14—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for transferring a pattern to a second base
- G03G15/16—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for transferring a pattern to a second base of a toner pattern, e.g. a powder pattern, e.g. magnetic transfer
- G03G15/1605—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for transferring a pattern to a second base of a toner pattern, e.g. a powder pattern, e.g. magnetic transfer using at least one intermediate support
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G2215/00—Apparatus for electrophotographic processes
- G03G2215/00016—Special arrangement of entire apparatus
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G2215/00—Apparatus for electrophotographic processes
- G03G2215/01—Apparatus for electrophotographic processes for producing multicoloured copies
- G03G2215/0103—Plural electrographic recording members
- G03G2215/0119—Linear arrangement adjacent plural transfer points
- G03G2215/0122—Linear arrangement adjacent plural transfer points primary transfer to an intermediate transfer belt
- G03G2215/0125—Linear arrangement adjacent plural transfer points primary transfer to an intermediate transfer belt the linear arrangement being horizontal or slanted
- G03G2215/0132—Linear arrangement adjacent plural transfer points primary transfer to an intermediate transfer belt the linear arrangement being horizontal or slanted vertical medium transport path at the secondary transfer
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G2215/00—Apparatus for electrophotographic processes
- G03G2215/16—Transferring device, details
- G03G2215/1604—Main transfer electrode
- G03G2215/1614—Transfer roll
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G2215/00—Apparatus for electrophotographic processes
- G03G2215/16—Transferring device, details
- G03G2215/1604—Main transfer electrode
- G03G2215/1623—Transfer belt
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G2215/00—Apparatus for electrophotographic processes
- G03G2215/16—Transferring device, details
- G03G2215/1647—Cleaning of transfer member
- G03G2215/1652—Cleaning of transfer member of transfer roll
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an image forming apparatus including, in a secondary transfer unit having a mechanism for bringing a secondary transfer roller into contact with and separating the secondary transfer roller from an image bearing member, a mechanism for further bringing the secondary transfer roller into contact with and separating the secondary transfer roller from a fur brush and an image forming method therefor.
- a transfer device includes a contact and separation mechanism for bringing a secondary transfer roller into contact with an image bearing member when the transfer device transfers a toner image formed on the image bearing member onto a sheet and separating the secondary transfer roller from the image bearing member when the transfer device does not transfer the toner image onto the sheet.
- a contact and separation driving device for a secondary transfer roller in which, in a secondary transfer unit having a mechanism for bringing a secondary transfer roller into contact with and separating the secondary transfer roller from an image bearing member, the number of components of a mechanism unit configuring the mechanism for performing a contact and separation operation is not increased and a device such as an electromagnetic clutch that requires electric control is not used (JP-A-2007-264546).
- An image forming apparatus includes an image transfer unit that transfers a reversed image based on a scanned original image onto an image bearing member as a toner image, a secondary transfer roller that comes into contact with the image bearing member and transfers the toner image onto a recording medium, a contact and separation unit that brings the secondary transfer roller into contact with and separates the secondary transfer roller from the image bearing member, a secondary-transfer-roller housing unit that houses the secondary transfer roller, a lubricant applying brush that comes into contact with the secondary transfer roller and applies a lubricant thereto, a lubricant-applying-brush housing unit that houses the lubricant applying brush and is configured to be movable along a groove provided in the secondary-transfer-roller housing unit, and an lifting and lowering member that is provided in another member not associated with the secondary-transfer-roller housing unit and lifts and lowers the lubricant-applying-brush housing unit, wherein the secondary transfer roller and the lubricant applying
- An image forming method is an image forming method for an image forming apparatus including an image transfer unit configured to transfer a reversed image based on a scanned original image onto an image bearing member as a toner image, a secondary transfer roller that comes into contact with the image bearing member and transfers the toner image onto a recording medium, and a contact and separation unit configured to bring the secondary transfer roller into contact with and separate the secondary transfer roller from the image bearing member, comprising: contacting the secondary transfer roller and a lubricant applying brush with and separating from each other in response to a contact and separation operation of the secondary transfer roller and the image bearing member, wherein the image forming apparatus includes a secondary-transfer-roller housing unit configured to house the secondary transfer roller, the lubricant applying brush that comes into contact with the secondary transfer roller and applies a lubricant thereto, a lubricant-applying-brush housing unit configured to house the lubricant applying brush and to be movable along a groove provided in the secondary-trans
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an image forming unit of an image forming apparatus according to a first embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing the structure of a secondary transfer unit
- FIG. 3 is a side view of the secondary transfer unit
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing ends of a secondary transfer roller and a fur brush unit in a state in which a pre-transfer guide is removed;
- FIG. 5 is a diagram for explaining a contact and separation operation of the secondary transfer roller
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the secondary transfer roller, the fur brush unit, and the like in a state in which the pre-transfer guide is removed;
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a state in which the secondary transfer roller is separate from a transfer belt
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a state in which the secondary transfer roller is in contact with the transfer belt
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the secondary transfer roller, the fur brush unit, and the like in a state in which a part of the pre-transfer guide is not shown;
- FIG. 10 is a perspective view showing a lifting and lowering member
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing a state in which the lifting and lowering member is attached to the pre-transfer guide
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing a state in which the secondary transfer roller is separate from the transfer belt.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a state in which the secondary transfer roller is in contact with the transfer belt.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an image forming unit of an image forming apparatus according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing the structure of a secondary transfer unit.
- FIG. 3 is a side view of the secondary transfer unit.
- an image forming unit 10 includes a laser unit 12 , developing devices 14 , a transfer belt (an image bearing member) 16 , a counter roller 17 , a sheet conveying path 18 , registration rollers 20 , a secondary transfer roller 22 , a fur brush 40 , a conveyance guide 24 , and a fixing device (a fixing unit) 26 .
- the laser unit 12 irradiates a laser beam optically modulated according to an image signal of an original scanned by a not-shown scanner unit or an image signal inputted from an external apparatus and forms electrostatic latent images on the developing devices 14 .
- the developing devices 14 reversely develop the electrostatic latent images and transfer toner images onto the transfer belt 16 .
- the sheet conveying path 18 is a conveying path for a sheet fed from a not-shown paper feeding unit.
- the registration rollers 20 correct inclination of the sheet immediately before an image is transferred thereon.
- the secondary transfer roller 22 is arranged downstream of the registration rollers 20 and opposed to the counter roller 17 to be capable of coming into contact with the transfer belt 16 .
- the conveyance guide 24 guides the sheet, which is conveyed out from the secondary transfer roller 22 , to the fixing device 26 .
- the fixing device 26 fixes an image transferred by the secondary transfer roller 22 on the sheet.
- the fur brush 40 and a lubricant case 41 that comes into press contact with the fur brush 40 and supplies a lubricant (zinc stearate) thereto are provided below the secondary transfer roller 22 .
- a unit configured by integrating the fur brush 40 and the lubricant case 41 is referred to as fur brush unit 42 .
- a cleaning blade 43 that scrapes off a residual toner adhering to the secondary transfer roller 22 is in contact with the secondary transfer roller 22 .
- a pre-transfer guide 44 is fixedly provided between the fur brush unit 42 and the sheet conveying path 18 .
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing ends of the secondary transfer roller 22 and the fur brush unit 42 in a state in which the pre-transfer guide 44 is removed.
- a bearing of the secondary transfer roller 22 is held by a secondary-transfer-roller holding case 45 .
- the secondary-transfer-roller holding case 45 has a guide groove 46 for guiding the fur brush unit 42 up and down.
- the fur brush unit 42 two shafts are provided on each of a front side and a rear side of the secondary transfer unit. The two shafts provided on each of the front side and the rear side move up and down along the guide groove 46 , whereby the fur brush unit 42 is capable of moving up and down.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram for explaining a contact and separation operation of the secondary transfer roller 22 .
- both ends of the secondary transfer roller 22 are rotatably supported by a pair of lever-like members 28 serving as a contact and separation mechanism.
- the secondary transfer roller 22 is supported to be movable between a first position and a second position.
- the respective lever-like members 28 are capable of swinging with these substantially upper positions in a longitudinal direction as fulcrums.
- the respective lever-like members 28 are always urged by an elastic force of not-shown springs in a direction of bringing the secondary transfer roller 22 into contact with the transfer belt 16 .
- Pushers 32 are disposed near lower ends 28 a of the lever-like members 28 , respectively. Distal ends 32 a of the pushers 32 press the lower ends 28 a of the lever-like members 28 , whereby the lever-like members 28 swing against the elastic force of the springs. Consequently, the secondary transfer roller 22 can be separated from the transfer belt 16 . On the other hand, the distal ends 32 a of the pushers 32 separate from the lever-like members 28 , whereby the lever-like members 28 swing with the elastic force of the springs to positions for bringing the secondary transfer roller 22 into contact with the transfer belt 16 .
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the secondary transfer roller 22 , the fur brush unit 42 , and the like in a state in which the pre-transfer guide 44 is removed.
- the entire secondary transfer unit is supported by a secondary-transfer-unit holding frame 47 .
- a fulcrum 48 is provided in an upper part of the secondary-transfer-unit holding frame 47 .
- the fulcrum 48 is connected to the secondary-transfer-roller holding case 45 . Therefore, the secondary-transfer-roller holding case 45 can rotate around the fulcrum 48 .
- a not-shown sheet metal is provided in the secondary-transfer-roller holding case 45 . As described above, the pushers 32 push the sheet metal, whereby the secondary-transfer-roller holding case 45 swings between the first position and the second position with the fulcrum 48 as a rotation axis.
- a rack 49 is provided below the fur brush unit 42 .
- Two compression springs 50 a and 50 b are attached between the rack 49 and the fur brush unit 42 .
- the compression springs 50 a and 50 b press the fur brush unit 42 .
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a state in which the secondary transfer roller 22 is separate from the transfer belt 16 .
- the fur brush unit 42 is pushed up by the compression springs 50 provided in the rack 49 and comes into contact with the secondary transfer roller 22 .
- the fur brush unit 42 moves up and down along the guide groove 46 . Therefore, a position where an upper shaft 52 a comes into contact with an upper end of the guide groove 46 is an upper limit position of the operation.
- a member of a wedge shape in section (hereinafter referred to as an lifting and lowering member) 54 is provided in the pre-transfer guide 44 .
- the lifting and lowering member 54 and the fur brush unit 42 are in a non-contact state.
- the secondary transfer roller 22 , the fur brush unit 42 , and the rack 49 integrally move in the left direction. Then, a distal end of a wedge of the lifting and lowering member 54 approaches a lower shaft 52 b .
- a cylindrical member 53 made of synthetic resin such as plastic is arranged on an outer periphery of the lower shaft 52 b .
- the cylindrical member 53 is configured to freely rotate around the lower shaft 52 b .
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a state in which the secondary transfer roller 22 is in contact with the transfer belt 16 .
- the fur brush unit 42 As a position of contact of the cylindrical member 53 and the slope of the lifting and lowering member 54 moves, the fur brush unit 42 is pushed downward. Therefore, at a point when this contact operation is completed, the fur brush unit 42 and the secondary transfer roller 22 are separated from each other.
- the cylindrical member 53 changes the position of contact with the lifting and lowering member 54 while rotating around the lower shaft 52 b . Therefore, the fur brush unit 42 smoothly moves downward without being affected by an unnatural force.
- the lower shaft 52 b and the lifting and lowering member 54 do not come into direct contact with each other.
- a material (synthetic resin) of the cylindrical member 53 is softer than a material (metal) of the lifting and lowering member 54 and the lower shaft 52 b . Therefore, there is little abrasion between the lower shaft 52 b and the lifting and lowering member 54 and it is possible to consume only the cylindrical member 53 .
- the fur brush 40 separates from the secondary transfer roller 22 when the secondary transfer roller 22 comes into contact with the transfer belt 16 .
- the fur brush 40 comes into contact with the secondary transfer roller 22 when the secondary transfer roller 22 separates from the transfer belt 16 .
- a contact and separation operation of the secondary transfer roller 22 and the fur brush 40 and a mechanism therefor are different from those in the first embodiment. Therefore, components identical with those in the first embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals and signs and explanation of details of the components is omitted.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the secondary transfer roller 22 , the fur brush unit 42 , and the like in a state in which a part of the pre-transfer guide 44 is not shown.
- the entire secondary transfer unit is supported by the secondary-transfer-unit holding frame 47 .
- the fulcrum 48 is provided in the upper part of the secondary-transfer-unit holding frame 47 .
- the fulcrum 48 is connected to the secondary-transfer-roller holding case 45 . Therefore, the secondary-transfer-roller holding case 45 can rotate around the fulcrum 48 .
- the not-shown sheet metal is provided in the secondary-transfer-roller holding case 45 . As described above, the pushers 32 push the sheet metal, whereby the secondary-transfer-roller holding case 45 swings between the first position and the second position with the fulcrum 48 as a rotation axis.
- Leaf spring members (hereinafter referred to as lifting and lowering members) 56 a and 56 b (lifting and lowering members 56 ) are provided on a front side and a rear side below the fur brush unit 42 .
- the lifting and lowering members 56 a and 56 b are attached to the pre-transfer guide 44 .
- the lifting and lowering members 56 a and 56 b press the fur brush unit 42 .
- FIG. 10 is a perspective view showing one of the lifting and lowering members 56 .
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing a state in which the lifting and lowering member 56 is attached to the pre-transfer guide 44 .
- the lifting and lowering member 56 includes an attaching section 57 , an intermediate section 58 , and a distal end section 59 .
- a hole for inserting a member for connecting the lifting and lowering member 56 to the pre-transfer guide 44 , for example, a bolt is provided in the attaching section 57 .
- the intermediate section 58 is folded in two stages and has two areas. An area close to the distal end section 59 of the intermediate section 58 and the fur brush unit 42 come into contact with each other.
- the intermediate section 58 is folded in two stages in order to effectively show a function of the leaf spring by setting a contact angle of the intermediate section 58 and the fur brush unit 42 to a predetermined angle. Therefore, the number of folding stages is not limited to two and may be three or more. In other words, two or more areas may be formed in the intermediate section 58 .
- a boss 60 as a projecting section is formed in the distal end section 59 .
- the boss 60 and the pre-transfer guide 44 come into contact with each other, whereby the lifting and lowering member 56 functions as the leaf spring and presses the fur brush unit 42 upward.
- a shape of the boss 60 is a spherical surface such that the boss 60 and the pre-transfer guide 44 come into contact with each other at one point.
- the shape of the boss 60 is not limited to the spherical surface and only has to be a shape of a convex curved surface.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing a state in which the secondary transfer roller 22 is separate from the transfer belt 16 .
- the fur brush unit 42 is in a non-contact state with the lifting and lowering member 56 .
- the secondary transfer roller 22 and the fur brush unit 42 integrally moves in the left direction.
- a lower part of the fur brush unit 42 approaches the intermediate section 58 and, before long, the lower part of the fur brush unit 42 and the intermediate section 58 come into contact with each other.
- the lifting and lowering member 56 is pressed and the boss 60 and the pre-transfer guide 44 come into contact with each other, whereby the lifting and lowering member 56 functions as the leaf spring and presses the fur brush unit 42 upward. As a result, the fur brush unit 42 is pushed up and comes into contact with the secondary transfer roller 22 .
- the lifting and lowering member 56 approaches to come into contact with the pre-transfer guide 44 while bending during the contact of the secondary transfer roller 22 .
- the lifting and lowering member 56 receives a reaction from the pre-transfer guide 44 and deformation of the leaf spring is controlled. Since the reaction is received from the pre-transfer guide 44 , a stress is prevented from being concentratedly exerted on the leaf spring.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a state in which the secondary transfer roller 22 is in contact with the transfer belt 16 .
- the fur brush unit 42 As a position of contact of the fur brush unit 42 and the intermediate section 58 of the lifting and lowering member 56 moves, the fur brush unit 42 is pushed upward. At a point when this contact operation is completed, the fur brush unit 42 and the secondary transfer roller 22 are in contact with each other.
- the fur brush 40 comes into contact with the secondary transfer roller 22 when the secondary transfer roller 22 comes into contact with the transfer belt 16 .
- the fur brush 40 separates from the secondary transfer roller 22 when the secondary transfer roller 22 separates from the transfer belt 16 .
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electrostatic Charge, Transfer And Separation In Electrography (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (11)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US12/126,534 US8000632B2 (en) | 2007-05-25 | 2008-05-23 | Image forming apparatus and image forming method |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US94025407P | 2007-05-25 | 2007-05-25 | |
US96958707P | 2007-08-31 | 2007-08-31 | |
US12/126,534 US8000632B2 (en) | 2007-05-25 | 2008-05-23 | Image forming apparatus and image forming method |
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US20080298864A1 US20080298864A1 (en) | 2008-12-04 |
US8000632B2 true US8000632B2 (en) | 2011-08-16 |
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US12/126,534 Expired - Fee Related US8000632B2 (en) | 2007-05-25 | 2008-05-23 | Image forming apparatus and image forming method |
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US (1) | US8000632B2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8103188B2 (en) * | 2008-02-22 | 2012-01-24 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Image forming apparatus |
US8131177B2 (en) * | 2008-02-22 | 2012-03-06 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Image forming apparatus |
JP5857552B2 (en) * | 2011-09-06 | 2016-02-10 | 富士ゼロックス株式会社 | Transfer device and image forming apparatus |
JP6653075B2 (en) * | 2015-10-16 | 2020-02-26 | 株式会社リコー | Transfer device and image forming device |
JP6888285B2 (en) * | 2016-12-06 | 2021-06-16 | 株式会社リコー | Transfer device and image forming device |
JP2018106063A (en) | 2016-12-27 | 2018-07-05 | エスプリンティンソリューション株式会社 | Image formation apparatus |
Citations (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH1039661A (en) * | 1996-07-23 | 1998-02-13 | Ricoh Co Ltd | Transfer device and image forming device mounted the same |
JP2001142322A (en) | 1999-11-15 | 2001-05-25 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Image forming device |
JP2001318543A (en) | 2000-05-08 | 2001-11-16 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Image forming device |
JP2001356619A (en) | 2000-06-15 | 2001-12-26 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Transfer device |
JP2003076159A (en) * | 2001-09-07 | 2003-03-14 | Ricoh Co Ltd | Image forming device |
US6690905B2 (en) * | 2001-07-18 | 2004-02-10 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Image forming apparatus including intermediate transfer element for preventing occurrence of white spot |
US20050254853A1 (en) * | 2004-05-17 | 2005-11-17 | Ken Yoshida | Image forming apparatus |
JP2006091122A (en) * | 2004-09-21 | 2006-04-06 | Ricoh Co Ltd | Image forming apparatus |
JP2007264546A (en) | 2006-03-30 | 2007-10-11 | Toshiba Corp | Transfer roller contact/separation driving device and image forming apparatus |
-
2008
- 2008-05-23 US US12/126,534 patent/US8000632B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH1039661A (en) * | 1996-07-23 | 1998-02-13 | Ricoh Co Ltd | Transfer device and image forming device mounted the same |
JP2001142322A (en) | 1999-11-15 | 2001-05-25 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Image forming device |
JP2001318543A (en) | 2000-05-08 | 2001-11-16 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Image forming device |
JP2001356619A (en) | 2000-06-15 | 2001-12-26 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Transfer device |
US6690905B2 (en) * | 2001-07-18 | 2004-02-10 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Image forming apparatus including intermediate transfer element for preventing occurrence of white spot |
JP2003076159A (en) * | 2001-09-07 | 2003-03-14 | Ricoh Co Ltd | Image forming device |
US20050254853A1 (en) * | 2004-05-17 | 2005-11-17 | Ken Yoshida | Image forming apparatus |
JP2006091122A (en) * | 2004-09-21 | 2006-04-06 | Ricoh Co Ltd | Image forming apparatus |
JP2007264546A (en) | 2006-03-30 | 2007-10-11 | Toshiba Corp | Transfer roller contact/separation driving device and image forming apparatus |
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US20080298864A1 (en) | 2008-12-04 |
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