US7940027B2 - Battery and methods with real time charge and discharge management - Google Patents
Battery and methods with real time charge and discharge management Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US7940027B2 US7940027B2 US11/875,575 US87557507A US7940027B2 US 7940027 B2 US7940027 B2 US 7940027B2 US 87557507 A US87557507 A US 87557507A US 7940027 B2 US7940027 B2 US 7940027B2
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- current
- charge
- battery
- maximum
- allowed
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active, expires
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 claims description 35
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 238000004422 calculation algorithm Methods 0.000 description 12
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000006399 behavior Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052987 metal hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 206010063493 Premature ageing Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000032038 Premature aging Diseases 0.000 description 1
- OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Cd] OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- -1 nickel metal hydride Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
- H01M10/443—Methods for charging or discharging in response to temperature
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the invention relates to batteries and in particular to a method to manage charge and/or discharge of a rechargeable battery.
- Rechargeable batteries are being used in various applications. In rechargeable batteries, the chemical reactions which take place at the positive and negative electrodes in each electrochemical cell are reversible. As the electrochemical nature of battery systems differ significantly, different chargers are necessary to address the different types of battery charging needs.
- Lithium Ion (Li-Ion) batteries are contemplated.
- Li-Ion batteries require specific electronics to control the charge thereof especially to prevent overcharging. It has been observed that overcharging of Li-Ion batteries produces Lithium deposition on the negative electrode surface which accelerates aging of the battery. So, applications designed for working with lead acid batteries or other types of batteries are not adapted to charge safely Li-Ion batteries. In particular, the usual open circuit charge voltage of the battery charger or current-generating equipment used for lead acid batteries would overcharge a Li-Ion battery.
- the maximum charging current that can be applied to a Li-Ion battery cell is limited by the maximum continuous current defined to avoid early aging of the battery.
- current pulses are limited by this maximum value even if a higher charging current during a very short time would not damage the electrochemical cell.
- the charge controller would typically not allow a charge current higher than the maximum continuous current for the battery.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,315,228 discloses a battery charge controller that calculates the state of charge dynamically for a nickel cadmium or nickel metal hydride electrochemical cell.
- the problem of maximum charging current is not hinted at in this document as it is specific to Lithium-Ion electrochemical cells.
- U.S. Pat. No. 2006/0255766 discloses a method for managing a battery pack for hybrid or electric vehicles. Set conditions are defined. Charging can be carried out when current or voltage is within predetermined values otherwise a pre-charge relay is turned off and a warning signal is provided to the user. The predetermined values are defined and remain constant throughout the battery life.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,557,188 discloses a battery system with charge and discharge control. This document does not disclose how limit values are defined.
- U.S. Pat. No. 7,164,256 discloses a method for determining if a requested electrical energy is available, for emergency breaking for instance.
- a battery model and a generator model are provided to determine the total power available in the vehicle electrical system.
- the battery model is updated continuously depending on aging. This document is however silent on how to define the maximum charging current allowed.
- discharge control is typically provided with any battery system to prevent too high discharge currents that would cause over heating of the electrochemical cells.
- the invention provides a solution for managing the charge and/or discharge of a battery by authorizing temporary current pulses and progressively reducing the allowed current to the values of the maximum continuous currents defined for the battery to avoid any damage of the battery.
- the invention provides a method to manage charge of a rechargeable battery comprising at least one electrochemical cell having a predetermined maximum continuous charge current allowed for given temperature and state of charge conditions, the method comprising the steps of:
- the overcharge capacity has a maximum value, for a given temperature and state of charge of the battery, defined as the overcharge capacity to allow a pulse charge current during a given time.
- the instantaneous maximum current allowed in charge is decreased when the overcharge capacity becomes less than a requested value to allow decrease of the charge current to return to the maximum continuous charge current with a maximum slope.
- the instantaneous maximum current allowed in charge has a maximum value defined as a function of a predetermined maximum charge voltage of the battery.
- the instantaneous maximum current allowed in charge has a maximum value comprised between 1.5 to 5 times the predetermined maximum continuous charge current allowed for given temperature and state of charge conditions.
- the maximum value of the instantaneous maximum current allowed in charge is reduced when the state of charge of the battery increases.
- the instantaneous maximum current allowed in charge is further determined as a function of an over thermal capacity.
- the over thermal capacity can be a function of the battery resistance.
- the invention also provides a method to manage discharge of a battery comprising at least one electrochemical cell having a predetermined maximum continuous discharge current allowed for given temperature and state of charge conditions, the method comprising the steps of:
- the over thermal capacity can be a function of the battery resistance.
- the over thermal capacity has a maximum value, for a given temperature and state of charge of the battery, defined as the over thermal capacity to allow a pulse discharge current during a given time.
- the instantaneous maximum current allowed in discharge is decreased when the over thermal capacity becomes less than a requested value to allow decrease of the discharge current to return to the maximum continuous discharge current with a maximum slope.
- the instantaneous maximum current allowed in discharge has a maximum absolute value defined as a function of a predetermined minimum discharge voltage of the battery.
- the instantaneous maximum current allowed in discharge has a maximum absolute value comprised between 1.5 to 4 times the predetermined maximum continuous discharge current allowed for given temperature and state of charge conditions.
- the maximum value of the instantaneous maximum current allowed in discharge is reduced when the state of charge of the battery decreases.
- the invention further provides a battery charge controller comprising a memory including a program that implements the method of the invention, wherein the controller limits or provides information allowing to limit the charge current to the determined value of the maximum current allowed in charge.
- the invention also provides a battery discharge controller comprising a memory including a program that implements the method of the invention, wherein the controller limits or provides information allowing to limit the discharge current to the determined value of the maximum current allowed in discharge.
- the invention also provides a battery comprising at least one electrochemical cell and a charge controller and/or a discharge controller according to the invention.
- the battery can be a Li-Ion battery.
- the invention also provides a computer readable medium comprising an algorithm implementing the method of the invention.
- FIG. 1 shows a representation of the overcharge capacity determined according to the method of the invention
- FIG. 2 shows a flowchart of the battery charge management according to a first embodiment of the method of the invention
- FIG. 3 shows a flowchart of the battery charge management according to a second embodiment of the method of the invention
- FIG. 4 shows a representation of the over thermal capacity determined according to the method of the invention
- FIG. 5 shows a flowchart of the battery discharge management according to the method of the invention
- FIG. 6 shows behavior curves of a battery according to the invention during charging
- FIG. 7 shows behavior curves of a battery according to the invention during discharging
- FIG. 8 shows behavior curves of a battery according to the invention during operation.
- the invention provides a method to manage charge and/or discharge of a rechargeable battery wherein the maximum authorized charge or discharge current is determined at every moment depending on the instantaneous current measured constantly. The limit values for the charge and discharge current are therefore dynamically determined at every moment. This method allows for temporary high currents to be applied or supplied.
- the method of the invention can be implemented in an algorithm stored on a computer readable medium.
- the battery is provided with parameters that depend on the electrochemical nature of the cells and on its dimensions.
- IMD_C maximum continuous current allowed in discharge (A);
- IMD_max maximum pulse current allowed in discharge (A);
- IMD_nom root mean square current allowed in continuous solicitation in discharge (A);
- CapTh_max maximum allowed over thermal capacity (A 2 *s);
- IMR_C maximum continuous current allowed in charge (A);
- IMR_max maximum pulse current allowed in charge (A);
- IM_therm_init initial value of the maximum current allowed due to thermal effect (A);
- IM_therm_nom root mean square current allowed in continuous solicitation in charge (A);
- Cap_max maximum allowed over charge capacity to allow pulses (A*s);
- Islope maximum current slope allowed by the application for charge and discharge (A/s);
- IMD_soc Factor of reduction of IMD for low state of charge
- IMR_soc Factor of reduction of IMR for high state of charge
- Vmin Seuil_min1: minimum discharge voltage allowed (V);
- Vmin Seuil_min2: hysteresis for discharge voltage control (V)
- Vmax Seuil_max1: maximum charge voltage allowed (V);
- Vmax Seuil_max2: hysteresis for charge voltage control (V)
- the invention proposes a method to determine a maximum current allowed in charge IMR and a maximum current allowed in discharge IMD at every moment in time. To provide these instantaneous maximum allowed current values, variables are further measured or determined:
- I instantaneous current which flow through the battery or cell (A); I>0 in charge and I ⁇ 0 in discharge;
- T battery or cell temperature (° C.)
- V battery or cell voltage (V)
- the invention proposes a method to determine a maximum current allowed in charge IMR that can be higher than the above defined parameter of continuous current allowed in charge IMR_C.
- the maximum current allowed in charge IMR is determined at every moment as a function of the measured current I that flows through the battery at that precise moment and as a function of an overcharge capacity Cap. Whenever the instantaneous charge current I is less than the maximum continuous current allowed in charge IMR_C, the overcharge capacity Cap is filled and whenever the instantaneous charge current I is higher than the continuous current allowed in charge IMR_C, the overcharge capacity Cap is emptied. When the overcharge capacity is totally emptied, the maximum current allowed in charge IMR is equal to the maximal continuous current allowed in charge IMR_C. Therefore, the overcharge capacity Cap determines the additional charge current that can be applied to the battery.
- overcharge capacity Cap is not limited to this relation; notably, a multiplying factor can be added to the above defined relation.
- FIG. 1 shows a representation of the overcharge capacity as a function of the SOC and for a given value of maximum charge voltage Vmax and for a given temperature.
- the overcharge capacity can not be unlimited. As explained above, for a Lithium-Ion battery, the limitation of charge current is defined to avoid lithium plating. The overcharge capacity must therefore be limited.
- the maximum allowed overcharge capacity could be defined, for a given temperature, as the overcharge capacity to allow a pulse charge current during a given time without causing premature aging, i.e. aging superior to the expected aging caused by a continuous charge.
- IMR_C predetermined maximum continuous charge current
- this value of Cap_max could be defined with respect to a charge current pulse of less or more than 10 seconds and of different intensity of I pulse depending on the battery type and applications.
- the overcharge capacity should also be limited to ensure that there is always enough overcharge capacity to decrease at a maximum rate from the instantaneous allowed charge current IMR to the maximum continuous charge current IMR_C to avoid brutal current decrease when the overcharge reservoir empties.
- Cap_req ( IMR ⁇ IMR — C ) 2 /2*Islope
- a decreasing current slope Islope equal to 10 A/s is appropriate for 10 to 200 kW hybrid applications.
- the decreasing current slope can be steeper when voltage limits are reached.
- the pulse current allowed in charge can also be limited to a predetermined value IMR_max, which can be equal to I pulse for example.
- IMR_max can also ensure that the maximum charge voltage Vmax of the battery remains less than a predetermined value whatever the reserve in the overcharge capacity is.
- Vmax can be higher than the voltage of the fully charged battery state. If the end of charge battery voltage is 4,0V, the maximum pulse current allowed in charge IMR_max could be limited to guarantee a charge voltage maximum Vmax of 4,1V for example. Overcharge will be avoided by IMR being a function of the state of charge (SOC) of the battery. This function defines a zero current for a state of charge of 100%, that is to say an open circuit voltage of 4.0V. The higher value of Vmax compared to the battery end of charge voltage allows to increase the charge current and power.
- SOC state of charge
- the value of the maximum continuous charge current depends on temperature, as this is well known from the skilled person.
- the value of the maximum continuous charge current also depends on the state of charge (SOC) of the battery, as this is well known from the skilled person.
- the maximum continuous charge current integrated in the algorithm IMR_C, the maximum pulse current allowed in charge IMR_max, the maximum overcharge capacity Cap_max and the requested overcharge capacity Cap_req can also depend on temperature T and on the state of charge of the battery SOC.
- IMR_max, Vmax and Cap_max are parameters of the battery, i.e. they are determined depending on the battery type. They can remain constant throughout the battery life time for given temperature and SOC conditions or be adjusted with the battery aging.
- the method of the invention proposes to determine the instantaneous maximum current allowed in charge IMR.
- the flow chart of FIG. 2 illustrates the calculation of this dynamic value of authorized charge current.
- This instantaneous maximum current allowed in charge IMR is calculated by an algorithm implemented in a charge controller associated with the battery or with each cell.
- IMR_in is the maximum current allowed in charge calculated during a previous function call.
- IMR_out is the instantaneous maximum current allowed determined according to the method of the invention.
- Islope the maximum current slope allowed by the application for charge
- Islope_V the maximum current slope allowed when voltage limits are reached.
- the period S is chosen when implementing the algorithm depending on the computing power of the controller and on the desired accuracy of the results.
- Islope and Islope_V are constant parameter of the battery. S can be chosen equal to 100 ms.
- the maximum current allowed in charge IMR is limited to a maximum predetermined value of IMR_max.
- the flow chart of FIG. 3 illustrates a variant embodiment of the flow chart of FIG. 2 wherein the maximum current allowed in charge IMR is also a limited by thermal effects represented by a variable IM_therm which is decreased when the pulse charge current lasts in time.
- the thermal effects limitation IM_therm can also be determined at every moment as a function of the measured current I that flows through the battery at that precise moment and as a function of an over thermal capacity Cap_Therm.
- the over thermal capacity Cap_Therm is filled and whenever the instantaneous charge current I is higher than the root mean square current allowed in continuous solicitation IM_therm nom, the over thermal capacity Cap_Therm is emptied.
- the over thermal capacity Cap_Therm determines the charge current that can be applied to the battery without over heating of the electrochemical cells connectors for example.
- Cap_Therm is similar to the over thermal capacity CapTh defined with respect to the maximum current allowed in discharge IMD described below.
- over thermal capacity Cap_Therm is not limited to these relations; notably, a multiplying factor can be added to the above defined relations.
- the over thermal capacity Cap_Therm could be defined according to one of the above expressions multiplied by the battery resistance.
- the function call of the algorithm implementing the present invention provides two values of maximum current allowed in charge: IM_therm_out and IMR_out1.
- the instantaneous maximum current allowed in charge IMR_out is the minimum of these two calculated values.
- the method of the invention provides an instantaneous value of authorized maximum charge current IMR that can be much higher than the continuous current allowed in charge for a given battery system without damaging the electrochemical cells. Fast charging can be achieved without any Lithium plating and without overheating the battery cells.
- the graphs of FIG. 6 show that the charge current IMR can reach 200 A whereas the continuous current allowed in charge is 50 A.
- the curves of FIG. 6 were simulated from a 6 cells Li-Ion battery referenced VL6P manufactured by the applicant.
- IMR_C 50 A at 50° C.
- IMR_max 200 A at 50° C.
- Cap_max 1500 A*s at 50° C.
- Islope_V 20 A/s
- IMR_soc 1 for SOC up to 75%
- IMR_soc 0,1 for SOC of 90%
- the overcharge capacity Cap fills in and the maximum current allowed in charge IMR is equal to the maximum value of 200 A.
- a pulse charge current of 200 A can thus be applied to the battery.
- the overcharge capacity Cap decreases and after 70 s it is emptied.
- the maximum current allowed in charge IMR then becomes equal to the maximum continuous charge current IMR_C allowed for this battery which is 50 A.
- the maximum current allowed in charge IMR is further decreased due to a state of charge SOC superior to 75% which decreases the parameters IMR_C and IMR_max accordingly.
- the voltage cell was limited to 4,1V and the maximum current allowed in discharge IMD was set to 250 A without any impact on the charge simulation.
- the invention proposes a method to determine a maximum current allowed in discharge IMD that can be higher than the above defined parameter of continuous current allowed in discharge IMD_C.
- the maximum current allowed in discharge IMD can be determined at every moment as a function of the measured current I supplied by the battery at that precise moment and as a function of an over thermal capacity CapTh.
- the over thermal capacity CapTh is filled and whenever the instantaneous discharge current I is higher than the continuous current allowed in discharge IMD_C, the over thermal capacity CapTh is emptied.
- the over thermal capacity CapTh determines the additional discharge current that can be supplied by the battery.
- over thermal capacity CapTh is not limited to these relations; notably, a multiplying factor can be added to the above defined relations.
- the over thermal capacity CapTh could also be defined taking into account the cell internal resistance.
- the over thermal capacity CapTh could be defined according to one of the above expressions multiplied by the battery resistance.
- FIG. 4 shows a representation of the overcharge capacity as a function of the SOC and for a given value of minimum discharge voltage Vmin.
- CapTh t+s CapTh t ⁇ S *[(abs( I ) ⁇ IMD - C ) 2 ]
- the over thermal capacity can not be unlimited. As explained above, the limitation of discharge current is needed to avoid over heating of the electrochemical cells connectors. Typically, the over heat limitation is based on an inner cell connector temperature increase of 30° C.; so that for an ambient temperature of 40° C., the internal connector temperature should remain less than 70° C. In case of over heating, the local high temperature can damage the separator and create short-circuit inside the cell. The over thermal capacity must therefore be limited.
- the maximum allowed over thermal capacity is defined to manage transient solicitation higher than the continuous allowed current IMD_C.
- the pulse duration to determine this maximum over thermal capacity can be 5 seconds, 10 seconds or 18 seconds or any other appropriate value.
- the discharge pulse current I pulse can be one and a half to four times the value of the predetermined maximum continuous discharge current IMD_C allowed for given temperature and state of charge conditions.
- the maximum over thermal capacity CapTh_max could also be defined taking into account the cell internal resistance.
- the over thermal capacity should also be limited to ensure that there is always enough over thermal capacity to decrease at a maximum rate from the instantaneous allowed discharge current IMD to the maximum continuous charge current IMD_C to avoid brutal current decrease when the over thermal reservoir empties.
- CapTh_req ( IMD ⁇ IMD — C ) 3 /3*Islope
- the pulse current allowed in discharge can also be limited IMD_max, to a value equal to Ipulse for example.
- IMD_max can also ensure that the minimum discharge voltage Vmin of the battery remains higher than a predetermined value whatever the reserve in the over thermal capacity is. Vmin can be lower than the minimum voltage in continuous discharge as it does not over discharge the battery.
- the value of the maximum continuous discharge current IMD_C can depends on temperature and state of charge (SOC) of the battery.
- SOC state of charge
- the maximum pulse current allowed in discharge IMD_max, the maximum over thermal capacity CapTh_max and the requested over thermal capacity CapTh-req can also depend on temperature T and on the state of charge of the battery.
- IMD_max, Vmin and CapTh_max are parameters of the battery, i.e. they are determined depending on the battery type and can remain constant throughout the battery life time for given temperature and SOC conditions.
- the method of the invention proposes to determine the instantaneous maximum current allowed in discharge IMD.
- the flow chart of FIG. 5 illustrates the calculation of this dynamic value of authorized discharge current.
- This instantaneous maximum current allowed in discharge IMD is calculated by an algorithm implemented in a discharge controller associated with the battery or with each cell.
- the discharge controller could be the same component as the charge controller or different.
- IMD_in is the maximum current allowed in discharge calculated during a previous function call.
- IMD_out is the instantaneous maximum current allowed determined according to the method of the invention.
- IMD _out1 IMD _in+ a
- IMD_out1 IMD_in.
- the maximum current allowed in discharge IMD is limited to a maximum predetermined value of IMD_max.
- the function call of the algorithm implementing the present invention will set the instantaneous maximum current allowed in discharge IMD_out to the maximum value between the calculated value IMD_out1 and the maximum continuous current allowed in discharge IMD_C.
- the method of the invention provides an instantaneous value of authorized maximum discharge current IMD that can be much higher (in absolute value) than the continuous current allowed in discharge for a given battery system without damaging the electrochemical cells by overheating. High power can therefore be provided to the application when requested on a short period of time without the risk of causing short-circuits inside the electrochemical cells.
- the graphs of FIG. 7 show that the discharge current IMD can reach 250 A whereas the continuous current allowed in discharge is ⁇ 100 A.
- IMD_C 100 A at 50° C.
- IMD_max 250 A at 50° C.
- IMD_nom 100 A at 5° C.
- CapTh_max 225000 A 2 *s
- Islope_V 20 A/s
- the maximum current allowed in discharge IMD is initially equal to the maximum pulse current IMD_max, i.e. ⁇ 250 A.
- the over thermal capacity CapTh therefore decreases and after about 20 s it is emptied; the maximum current allowed in discharge IMD then becomes equal to the maximum continuous discharge current IMD_C allowed for this battery which is ⁇ 100 A.
- the maximum current allowed in discharge IMD is further decreased due to a state of charge SOC inferior to 20% which decreases the parameters IMD_C and IMD_max accordingly.
- the voltage cell was kept above 2,5V.
- graphs of FIG. 8 show behavior curves of a battery according to the invention during operation including charge and discharge cycles. It can be seen that discharge or charge pulses are authorized within limits and that the maximum charge voltage Vmax of the battery remains less than a maximum value of 4,1V. It can also be seen that when the SOC reaches 80% the maximum charge voltage remains less than the end of charge voltage of 4,0V; overcharging is thereby avoided.
- the method of the invention thus makes it possible to increase the available power of the battery for hybrid applications and allow fast recharge whenever possible.
- the invention was described with reference to Li-Ion batteries because the problem of charge current is critical for this type of battery.
- the invention is not limited to Li-Ion batteries but could be used for any other type of secondary batteries having electrochemical cells such as Li-Ton-Polymer batteries or Nickel-Metal-Hydride batteries.
- the method to manage discharge according to the invention could also apply to non rechargeable batteries.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
Abstract
-
- measuring an instantaneous charge current (I);
- defining an overcharge capacity (Cap);
- determining an instantaneous maximum current allowed in charge (IMR) as a function of the overcharge capacity; and/or
- defining an over thermal capacity (CapTh);
- determining an instantaneous maximum pulse current allowed in discharge (IMD_max) as a function of the over thermal capacity.
Description
-
- measuring an instantaneous charge current;
- defining an overcharge capacity;
- determining an instantaneous maximum current allowed in charge as a function of the overcharge capacity.
-
- measuring an instantaneous charge current;
- defining an over thermal capacity;
- determining an instantaneous maximum current allowed in discharge as a function of the over thermal capacity.
Cap=∫(I−IMR — C)dt
Capt+s=Capt −S*(I−IMR-C)
Cap_max=(I pulse −IMR — C)*(pulse_duration)
Cap_req=(IMR−IMR — C)2/2*Islope
a=S*Islope;
b=S*Islope— V
IMR_out=IMR_in-b.
IMR_out1=IMR_in-a.
IMR_out1=IMR_in +a;
Cap_Therm=∫(I 2 −IMR C 2)dt or
Cap_Therm=∫(I−IMR C)2 dt
CapTh=∫(I 2 −IMD 2 −C)dt or
CapTh=∫(I−IMD −C)2 dt
CapTht+s=CapTht −S*[(abs(I)−IMD-C)2]
CapTh_max=(I pulse −IMD_nom)2*(pulse duration)
CapTh_req=(IMD−IMD — C)3/3*Islope
a=S*Islope;
b=S*Islope— V
IMD_out=IMD_in-b.
IMD_out1=IMD_in-a.
IMD_out1=IMD_in+a;
Claims (24)
Cap=∫(I−IMR c)dt
Cap_Therm=∫(I 2 −IMR C 2)dt
Cap_Therm=∫(I−IMR C)2 dt.
CapTh=∫(I 2 −IMD C 2)dt
CapTh=∫(I−IMD C)2 dt.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP07291228 | 2007-10-09 | ||
EP07291228A EP2048735B1 (en) | 2007-10-09 | 2007-10-09 | Charge management method for a battery |
EP07291228.0 | 2007-10-09 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20090091296A1 US20090091296A1 (en) | 2009-04-09 |
US7940027B2 true US7940027B2 (en) | 2011-05-10 |
Family
ID=38988020
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/875,575 Active 2029-12-09 US7940027B2 (en) | 2007-10-09 | 2007-10-19 | Battery and methods with real time charge and discharge management |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7940027B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2048735B1 (en) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20120091971A1 (en) * | 2010-10-14 | 2012-04-19 | Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. | Excessive current detection controls method |
US20140197805A1 (en) * | 2008-04-11 | 2014-07-17 | Apple Inc. | Diffusion-limited adaptive battery charging |
WO2015010860A1 (en) | 2013-07-04 | 2015-01-29 | Saft | Method and system for managing the charging of a rechargeable battery comprising several branches of electrochemical elements connected in parallel |
US9229510B2 (en) | 2010-11-25 | 2016-01-05 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Power management method for electro-chemical batteries in low capacity state |
US9651628B2 (en) | 2012-09-18 | 2017-05-16 | Apple Inc. | Method and apparatus for determining a capacity of a battery |
US9912008B2 (en) | 2013-11-12 | 2018-03-06 | Intec Energy Storage Corporation | Electrical energy storage device with non-aqueous electrolyte |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102116846B (en) * | 2011-01-04 | 2013-01-23 | 武汉理工大学 | Method for measuring energy efficiencies of storage batteries |
EP2720343B1 (en) * | 2011-06-10 | 2017-03-01 | Hitachi Automotive Systems, Ltd. | Battery control device and battery system |
TWI484682B (en) * | 2012-11-16 | 2015-05-11 | Univ Nat Cheng Kung | Method of battery charging |
DE102013213267A1 (en) | 2013-07-05 | 2015-01-08 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Method for battery management and battery management system |
FR3052926B1 (en) * | 2016-06-16 | 2019-07-12 | Bluebus | METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR MANAGING ELECTROCHEMICAL BATTERIES OF AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE IN CASE OF BATTERY FAILURE (S) |
WO2018067565A1 (en) * | 2016-10-03 | 2018-04-12 | Johnson Controls Technology Company | State of charge dependent plating estimation and prevention |
US11527780B2 (en) * | 2016-10-12 | 2022-12-13 | CPS Technology Services LLC | Battery model and control application calibration systems and methods |
CN112768810B (en) * | 2021-01-15 | 2022-03-25 | 中南大学 | Pulse charge-discharge-based low-temperature rapid preheating method and control system for lithium ion battery |
Citations (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4709202A (en) * | 1982-06-07 | 1987-11-24 | Norand Corporation | Battery powered system |
US5569999A (en) * | 1994-02-04 | 1996-10-29 | Mercedes-Benz Ag | System for monitoring the current drawn from traction batteries in electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles |
US5589757A (en) | 1994-01-26 | 1996-12-31 | Gnb Battery Technologies, Inc. | Apparatus and method for step-charging batteries to optimize charge acceptance |
US5619117A (en) * | 1982-06-07 | 1997-04-08 | Norand Corporation | Battery pack having memory |
US5847912A (en) * | 1996-05-03 | 1998-12-08 | Nat Semiconductor Corp | Active rectification and battery protection circuit |
US5990726A (en) * | 1995-09-14 | 1999-11-23 | Braun Aktiengesellschaft | Circuit configuration to detect excess temperature due to current flow |
US6037751A (en) | 1998-07-01 | 2000-03-14 | Gnb Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for charging batteries |
US6094034A (en) * | 1997-02-26 | 2000-07-25 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. | Method of charging a secondary battery and apparatus for the same |
US6107779A (en) * | 1997-04-14 | 2000-08-22 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Apparatus for detecting remaining capacity of battery |
US6353305B1 (en) * | 2000-05-26 | 2002-03-05 | Agere Systems Guardian Corp. | Battery charger where the charge current rate is set by a switch modulated with a variable duty cycle |
US20040212349A1 (en) | 2002-06-12 | 2004-10-28 | Yukio Tsuchiya | Battery pack and battery remaining power calculating method |
WO2007016661A2 (en) | 2005-08-02 | 2007-02-08 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Method and apparatus for operating a battery to avoid damage and maximize use of battery capacity |
US20070166610A1 (en) | 2006-01-16 | 2007-07-19 | Takuya Nakashima | Non-aqueous electrolyte battery, and power supply unit |
US7248929B2 (en) * | 1999-07-30 | 2007-07-24 | Advanced Bionics Corporation | Implantable devices using rechargeable zero-volt technology lithium-ion batteries |
US20070216366A1 (en) * | 2006-03-15 | 2007-09-20 | Shoichi Inamine | Method for judging service life of primary battery |
-
2007
- 2007-10-09 EP EP07291228A patent/EP2048735B1/en active Active
- 2007-10-19 US US11/875,575 patent/US7940027B2/en active Active
Patent Citations (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5619117A (en) * | 1982-06-07 | 1997-04-08 | Norand Corporation | Battery pack having memory |
US4709202A (en) * | 1982-06-07 | 1987-11-24 | Norand Corporation | Battery powered system |
US5589757A (en) | 1994-01-26 | 1996-12-31 | Gnb Battery Technologies, Inc. | Apparatus and method for step-charging batteries to optimize charge acceptance |
US5569999A (en) * | 1994-02-04 | 1996-10-29 | Mercedes-Benz Ag | System for monitoring the current drawn from traction batteries in electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles |
US5990726A (en) * | 1995-09-14 | 1999-11-23 | Braun Aktiengesellschaft | Circuit configuration to detect excess temperature due to current flow |
US5847912A (en) * | 1996-05-03 | 1998-12-08 | Nat Semiconductor Corp | Active rectification and battery protection circuit |
US6094034A (en) * | 1997-02-26 | 2000-07-25 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. | Method of charging a secondary battery and apparatus for the same |
US6107779A (en) * | 1997-04-14 | 2000-08-22 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Apparatus for detecting remaining capacity of battery |
US6037751A (en) | 1998-07-01 | 2000-03-14 | Gnb Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for charging batteries |
US7248929B2 (en) * | 1999-07-30 | 2007-07-24 | Advanced Bionics Corporation | Implantable devices using rechargeable zero-volt technology lithium-ion batteries |
US6353305B1 (en) * | 2000-05-26 | 2002-03-05 | Agere Systems Guardian Corp. | Battery charger where the charge current rate is set by a switch modulated with a variable duty cycle |
US20040212349A1 (en) | 2002-06-12 | 2004-10-28 | Yukio Tsuchiya | Battery pack and battery remaining power calculating method |
WO2007016661A2 (en) | 2005-08-02 | 2007-02-08 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Method and apparatus for operating a battery to avoid damage and maximize use of battery capacity |
US20070166610A1 (en) | 2006-01-16 | 2007-07-19 | Takuya Nakashima | Non-aqueous electrolyte battery, and power supply unit |
US20070216366A1 (en) * | 2006-03-15 | 2007-09-20 | Shoichi Inamine | Method for judging service life of primary battery |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
Passerini S et al: "Lithium-ion batteries for hearing aid applications-II. Pulse discharge and safety tests" Journal of Power Sources, Elsevier, Amsterdam, NL, vol. 90, No. 2, Oct. 1, 2000, pp. 144-152, XP004213453. |
Passerini S et al: "Lithium-ion batteries for hearing aid applications—II. Pulse discharge and safety tests" Journal of Power Sources, Elsevier, Amsterdam, NL, vol. 90, No. 2, Oct. 1, 2000, pp. 144-152, XP004213453. |
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20140197805A1 (en) * | 2008-04-11 | 2014-07-17 | Apple Inc. | Diffusion-limited adaptive battery charging |
US9071071B2 (en) * | 2008-04-11 | 2015-06-30 | Apple Inc. | Diffusion-limited adaptive battery charging |
US10044210B2 (en) | 2008-04-11 | 2018-08-07 | Apple Inc. | Diffusion-limited adaptive battery charging |
US20120091971A1 (en) * | 2010-10-14 | 2012-04-19 | Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. | Excessive current detection controls method |
US8624559B2 (en) * | 2010-10-14 | 2014-01-07 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Excessive current detection controls method |
US9229510B2 (en) | 2010-11-25 | 2016-01-05 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Power management method for electro-chemical batteries in low capacity state |
US9651628B2 (en) | 2012-09-18 | 2017-05-16 | Apple Inc. | Method and apparatus for determining a capacity of a battery |
WO2015010860A1 (en) | 2013-07-04 | 2015-01-29 | Saft | Method and system for managing the charging of a rechargeable battery comprising several branches of electrochemical elements connected in parallel |
US9912008B2 (en) | 2013-11-12 | 2018-03-06 | Intec Energy Storage Corporation | Electrical energy storage device with non-aqueous electrolyte |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2048735A1 (en) | 2009-04-15 |
US20090091296A1 (en) | 2009-04-09 |
EP2048735B1 (en) | 2012-08-08 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US7940027B2 (en) | Battery and methods with real time charge and discharge management | |
US9153991B2 (en) | System and method for fast charging of lithium-ion batteries with improved safety | |
KR101245788B1 (en) | Method and device for controlling the operating point of a battery | |
KR101588324B1 (en) | Method and device for charging rechargeable cells | |
CN106208223B (en) | Method for charging batteries and device | |
JP2002369391A (en) | Method and device for controlling residual capacity of secondary battery | |
US10873201B2 (en) | Battery management apparatus and method for protecting a lithium iron phosphate cell from over-voltage using the same | |
JPWO2008149475A1 (en) | Power supply system and battery pack control method | |
US10014706B2 (en) | Model-based fast-charging method based on lithium surface concentration | |
JP7016628B2 (en) | Combined power storage system | |
US8324864B2 (en) | Battery fast charging current control algorithm | |
CN104871022A (en) | Method for using an electrical energy storage system | |
CN113779794A (en) | Lithium ion battery SOP estimation method and system considering microcosmic constraint | |
US10147980B2 (en) | Method for battery management and battery management system | |
KR20160026673A (en) | Power Control System and Method for Adjusting an Input Power Limit of a DC-DC Voltage Converter | |
Karkuzhali et al. | Analysis of battery management system issues in electric vehicles | |
KR101178102B1 (en) | A battery charging discharging management system and operating method thereof | |
JP7137760B2 (en) | Charge/discharge control method for secondary battery | |
JP2019057357A (en) | Secondary battery system | |
WO2016203763A1 (en) | Storage apparatus, control apparatus, and moving body | |
CN112440807B (en) | Charging request target current control method for charging electric vehicle | |
JP6708120B2 (en) | Power storage system | |
Singh et al. | Comparative performance investigation of battery and ultracapacitor for electric vehicle applications | |
JP2009181910A (en) | Charging and discharging control method and charging and discharging control system for alkaline storage battery | |
JP4331473B2 (en) | Charge / discharge control device and charge / discharge control method for lead-acid battery |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: SAFT GROUPE SA, FRANCE Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:DESPREZ, PHILIPPE;BARRAILH, GERARD;BENJAMIN, SEBASTIEN;REEL/FRAME:020352/0598 Effective date: 20071115 |
|
STCF | Information on status: patent grant |
Free format text: PATENTED CASE |
|
FPAY | Fee payment |
Year of fee payment: 4 |
|
MAFP | Maintenance fee payment |
Free format text: PAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE FEE, 8TH YEAR, LARGE ENTITY (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: M1552); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY Year of fee payment: 8 |
|
FEPP | Fee payment procedure |
Free format text: 11.5 YR SURCHARGE- LATE PMT W/IN 6 MO, LARGE ENTITY (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: M1556); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY |
|
MAFP | Maintenance fee payment |
Free format text: PAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE FEE, 12TH YEAR, LARGE ENTITY (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: M1553); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY Year of fee payment: 12 |