US7619208B2 - Photoelectric encoder, scale and method of manufacturing scale - Google Patents
Photoelectric encoder, scale and method of manufacturing scale Download PDFInfo
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- US7619208B2 US7619208B2 US11/976,542 US97654207A US7619208B2 US 7619208 B2 US7619208 B2 US 7619208B2 US 97654207 A US97654207 A US 97654207A US 7619208 B2 US7619208 B2 US 7619208B2
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
- G01D5/26—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
- G01D5/32—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light
- G01D5/34—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells
- G01D5/347—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells using displacement encoding scales
- G01D5/34707—Scales; Discs, e.g. fixation, fabrication, compensation
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a photoelectric encoder for use in precise measurement, a scale incorporated in the photoelectric encoder as an element, and a method of manufacturing the scale.
- a photoelectric encoder has been utilized in the art for precise measurement of linear displacement, angular displacement and the like.
- photoelectric encoders There are many types of photoelectric encoders.
- a photoreceiver in which a plurality of photodiodes are arranged in an array manner; a scale disposed so as to be allowed to move relative to the photoreceiver and in which a reflection type of phase grating is formed; and a light source that emits light to the phase grating (See Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 10-163549, for example).
- signal light reflected and generated at the phase grating of the scale is received by the photoreceiver so that an amount of displacement such as liner displacement is calculated using an electric signal generated by photoelectric conversion of the signal light.
- phase grating Since the signal light received by the photoreceiver is generated by the phase grating of the scale, the phase grating is an extremely important element of such a photoelectric encoder. Thus, it is desired means for easily manufacturing a phase grating with high precision.
- the grating of the scale may be formed with high density in order to achieve the phase grating with high precision, there is a problem that the costs of manufacturing the scale with high density are increased.
- an aspect of the present invention is directed to a photoelectric encoder.
- the photoelectric encoder of the present invention includes: a scale having a grating formed thereon along a measuring axis; a light source operative to emit light to the scale so as to form a light spot on the grating; and a photoreceiver operative to receive reflected light from the scale.
- the light source and the photoreceiver are disposed so as to be allowed to move relative to the scale at least in a direction along the measuring axis, and the light source emits the light to the scale so that the photoreceiver receives the reflected light by the scale.
- the light source emits light with different wavelengths
- the scale includes a plurality of reflection portions that respectively reflect the light with different wavelengths.
- the photoelectric encoder Since the photoelectric encoder has the configuration described above, the light source emits the light with different wavelengths so that light with one of the different wavelengths is reflected by one of the plurality of reflection portions. Therefore, the amount of information may be increased in accordance with the number of the different wavelengths included in the light reflected by the scale. The increase of the amount of information results in a photoelectric encoder with high precision. Such a photoelectric encoder can be manufactured at a low cost.
- the scale includes the plurality of reflection portions respectively having different depths from a surface of the scale so that each of the plurality of reflection portions reflects the light with one of the different wavelengths in accordance with the depth thereof.
- the plurality of reflection portions are respectively made of a plurality of color resists, and each of the plurality of color resists reflects or absorbs the light with one of the different wavelengths. Additionally or alternatively, it is preferable that in the plurality of reflection portions, diffraction gratings are respectively formed in incidence planes thereof, and each of the diffraction gratings diffracts light with a predetermined wavelength.
- the light source selectively emits light with at least two wavelengths. It is preferable that the photoelectric encoder further includes: a wavelength separator operative to separate the reflected light received by the photoreceiver on the basis of each of the different wavelengths, wherein the light source emits light with a predetermined wavelength range.
- the present invention is directed to a scale operative to reflect light emitted by a light source.
- the scale is allowed to move relative to the light source and a photoreceiver that are incorporated in a photoelectric encoder.
- the scale includes a plurality of reflection portions each of which reflects light with one of different wavelengths.
- the plurality of reflection portions respectively have different depths from a surface of the scale so that each of the plurality of reflection portions reflects the light with one of the different wavelengths in accordance with the depth thereof.
- the plurality of reflection portions are respectively made of a plurality of color resists, and each of the plurality of color resists reflects or absorbs the light with one of the different wavelengths. Additionally or alternatively, it is preferable that in the plurality of reflection portions, diffraction gratings are respectively formed in incidence planes thereof, and each of the diffraction gratings diffracts light with a predetermined wavelength.
- the present invention is directed to a method of manufacturing a scale for configuration of a photoelectric encoder.
- the method of the present invention includes: preparing a substrate; and forming a plurality of reflection portions in a surface of the substrate at predetermined pitch intervals, the plurality of reflection portions respectively reflecting light with different wavelengths.
- the forming the plurality of reflection portions includes forming the plurality of reflection portions respectively having different depths from a surface of the substrate in the surface of the substrate at the predetermined pitch intervals, and one of the plurality of reflection portions reflects light with one of different wavelengths in accordance with the depth thereof.
- the plurality of reflection portions are respectively made of a plurality of color resists, and each of the plurality of color resists reflects or absorbs the light with one of different wavelengths.
- the forming the plurality of reflection portions includes irradiating lasers respectively having different outputs to the substrate to oxidize the substrate so that each of the plurality of reflection portions has one of the different depths.
- the method further includes: after forming the plurality of reflection portions, forming a transparent material on surfaces of the plurality of reflection portions and the surface of the substrate.
- a photoelectric encoder with high precision in which the manufacturing cost is reduced, a scale incorporated in the photoelectric encoder as an element, and a method of manufacturing the scale for the photoelectric encoder can be provided.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram that shows a configuration of a photoelectric encoder according to a first embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a top view of a scale of the photoelectric encoder according to the first embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 3 is an enlarged side cross-sectional view of the scale of the photoelectric encoder according to the first embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart that shows an operation of the photoelectric encoder according to the first embodiment of the present invention:
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram that shows a configuration of a photoelectric encoder according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a photoreceiver of the photoelectric encoder according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A′ shown in FIG. 6 that shows the photoreceiver of the photoelectric encoder according to the second embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 8 is a flowchart that shows an operation of the photoelectric encoder according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a top view of a scale of a photoelectric encoder according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a top view of a scale of a photoelectric encoder according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a top view of a scale of a photoelectric encoder according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 a top view of a scale of a photoelectric encoder according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram that shows a photoreceiver of the photoelectric encoder according to the sixth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram that shows an amount of light received in a blue light reception area in the case where the photoreceiver and the scale of the photoelectric encoder according to the sixth embodiment of the present invention are disposed in parallel;
- FIG. 15 is a diagram that shows the case where the scale is disposed so as to be inclined relative to the photoreceiver in the photoelectric encoder according to the sixth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 16 is a graph that shows a relative movement amount of the scale and the amount of light received in the blue light reception area in the case where scanning is carried out in a state where the scale is disposed so as to be inclined relative to the photoreceiver in the photoelectric encoder according to the sixth embodiment of the present invention;
- FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram that shows a configuration of a photoelectric encoder according to a seventh embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a top view of a scale of the photoelectric encoder according to the seventh embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram that shows a configuration of a photoelectric encoder according to an eighth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 20 is a top view of a scale of the photoelectric encoder according to the eighth embodiment of the present invention:
- FIG. 21 is a side cross-sectional view that shows a part of a scale of a photoelectric encoder according to a ninth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 22A is a side cross-sectional view that shows a part of the scale of the photoelectric encoder according to the ninth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 22B is a side cross-sectional view that shows a part of the scale of the photoelectric encoder according to the ninth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 23A is a top view that shows a part of the scale of the photoelectric encoder according to the ninth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 23B is a top view that shows a part of the scale of the photoelectric encoder according to the ninth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 24A is a diagram that shows a first method of manufacturing a scale of a photoelectric encoder of the present invention
- FIG. 24B is a diagram that shows the first method of manufacturing the scale of the photoelectric encoder of the present invention.
- FIG. 24C is a diagram that shows the first method of manufacturing the scale of the photoelectric encoder of the present invention.
- FIG. 24D is a diagram that shows the first method of manufacturing the scale of the photoelectric encoder of the present invention.
- FIG. 25A is a diagram that shows a second method of manufacturing a scale of a photoelectric encoder of the present invention.
- FIG. 25B is a diagram that shows the second method of manufacturing the scale of the photoelectric encoder of the present invention.
- FIG. 25C is a diagram that shows the second method of manufacturing the scale of the photoelectric encoder of the present invention.
- FIG. 25D is a diagram that shows the second method of manufacturing the scale of the photoelectric encoder of the present invention.
- FIG. 25E is a diagram that shows the second method of manufacturing the scale of the photoelectric encoder of the present invention.
- FIG. 26A is a diagram that shows the second method of manufacturing the scale of the photoelectric encoder of the present invention.
- FIG. 26B is a diagram that shows the second method of manufacturing the scale of the photoelectric encoder of the present invention.
- FIG. 26C is a diagram that shows the second method of manufacturing the scale of the photoelectric encoder of the present invention.
- FIG. 26D is a diagram that shows the second method of manufacturing the scale of the photoelectric encoder of the present invention.
- FIG. 27A is a diagram that shows a third method of manufacturing a scale of a photoelectric encoder of the present invention.
- FIG. 27B is a diagram that shows the third method of manufacturing the scale of the photoelectric encoder of the present invention.
- FIG. 27C is a diagram that shows the third method of manufacturing the scale of the photoelectric encoder of the present invention.
- FIG. 27D is a diagram that shows the third method of manufacturing the scale of the photoelectric encoder of the present invention.
- FIG. 27E is a diagram that shows the third method of manufacturing the scale of the photoelectric encoder of the present invention.
- FIG. 27F is a diagram that shows the third method of manufacturing the scale of the photoelectric encoder of the present invention.
- FIG. 27G is a diagram that shows the third method of manufacturing the scale of the photoelectric encoder of the present invention.
- FIG. 27H is a diagram that shows the third method of manufacturing the scale of the photoelectric encoder of the present invention.
- FIG. 27I is a diagram that shows the third method of manufacturing the scale of the photoelectric encoder of the present invention.
- FIG. 27J is a diagram that shows the third method of manufacturing the scale of the photoelectric encoder of the present invention.
- FIG. 27K is a diagram that shows the third method of manufacturing the scale of the photoelectric encoder of the present invention.
- FIG. 27L is a diagram that shows the third method of manufacturing the scale of the photoelectric encoder of the present invention.
- FIG. 27M is a diagram that shows the third method of manufacturing the scale of the photoelectric encoder of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram that shows the photoelectric encoder according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- the photoelectric encoder of the first embodiment is configured from: a light source 1 ; a scale 2 provided with a phase grating 21 for reflecting light generated by the light source 1 ; a photoreceiver 3 subjected to the light reflected by the phase grating 21 ; and a control section 4 for controlling drive of the photoreceiver 3 and for deriving a measurement value from the light received by the photoreceiver 3 .
- the control section 4 also controls On/Off of the light source 1 .
- the light source 1 includes a red light-emitting diode (LED) 11 and a blue LED 12 .
- the red LED 11 emits light with a center wavelength of 650 nm
- the blue LED 12 emits light with a center wavelength of 388 nm.
- the light source 1 includes an index scale 13 a at a position where the red LED 11 and the blue LED 12 emit light thereto.
- the index scale 13 a is provided on a long transparent substrate 13 .
- An optical grid 131 is formed on a surface the transparent substrate 13 , which is opposite to a surface that faces the red LED 11 and the blue LED 12 .
- the optical grid 131 is configured from a plurality of light shield portions 131 a that are arranged in a linear manner at predetermined pitch intervals (as one example of an array manner).
- the scale 2 is disposed so as to be spaced with a predetermined gap from the surface of the transparent substrate 13 that is opposite to the surface on which the optical grid 131 of the index scale 13 a is formed.
- the scale 2 is formed so as to have a length in a longitudinal direction longer than that of the index scale 13 a .
- a portion of the scale 2 is shown in FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 2 shows a top view of the scale 2 .
- FIG. 3 shows an enlarged side cross-sectional view of a part of the scale. The structure of the scale 2 will be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3 .
- the scale 2 is configured from a long substrate 22 made of a stainless steel material. One surface of the substrate 22 is opposed to the optical grid 131 of the index scale 13 a through the transparent substrate 13 .
- the phase grating 21 is formed in the surface of the substrate 22 . The light from the light source 1 is emitted to the phase grating 21 .
- the phase grating 21 includes first reflection portions 21 a each having a first depth and second reflection portions 21 b each having a second depth shallower than the first depth. For example, each of the first reflection portions 21 a has a depth L, while each of the second reflection portions 21 b has a depth M.
- Each of the first reflection portions 21 a is formed so as to have a width D/2 in a pitch direction and a length H in a direction perpendicular to the pitch direction.
- the first reflection portions 21 a are disposed at predetermined pitch intervals D so as to form an incremental pattern.
- the second reflection portions 21 b are disposed so as to define absolute positional data, such as . . . “1”, “1”, “0”, “1”, “0”, “1”, “1”, “0”, “1”, “0”, “1”, “0”, “1”, “0” . . .
- Each of the second reflection portions 21 b is formed so as to have a width D/4 in the pitch direction and a length H in the direction perpendicular to the pitch direction.
- the photoreceiver 3 is arranged on the surface of the transparent substrate 13 on which the optical grid 131 of the index scale 13 a is arranged through bumps 31 made of Au or the like.
- the photoreceiver 3 is disposed so that a receiving surface thereof faces the phase grating 21 .
- a charge-coupled device (CCD) or a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) may be utilized as the photoreceiver 3 , for example.
- the photoreceiver 3 , the transparent substrate 13 including the index scale 13 a , the red LED 11 and the blue LED 12 are accommodated within an enclosure (not shown).
- the enclosure is allowed to move relative to the scale 2 in a longitudinal direction of the scale 2 (“A” direction shown in FIG. 1 ).
- the scale 2 is allowed to move relative to the enclosure mentioned above in the “A” direction shown in FIG. 1 .
- the photoelectric encoder is of the linear type (one-dimensional type)
- the present embodiment can be applied to a two-dimensional type of photoelectric encoder.
- the light is emitted from the red LED 11 and the blue LED 12 at an angle ⁇ with respect to a perpendicular line to the surface of the substrate 22 .
- the light emitted to the substrate 22 is reflected on the surface of the substrate 22 or a bottom of each of the first reflection portions 21 a and each of the second reflection portions 21 b .
- the first reflection portion 21 a meets the relationship of the expression (1).
- the first reflection portion 21 a has the depth L for strengthening and reflecting red light (a wavelength thereof is 650 nm).
- the second reflection portion 21 b meets the relationship of the expression (2).
- the second reflection portion 21 b has the depth M for strengthening and reflecting blue light (a wavelength thereof is 388 nm).
- the first reflection portion 21 a and the second reflection portion 21 b have the refractive index “n” that meets requirements of the expressions (1) and (2).
- the first reflection portions 21 a formed as described above are utilized to measure incremental (INC) data by which an amount of the relative movement of the scale 2 can be calculated on the basis of the number of variation in the amount of reflection light by the first reflection portions 21 a at the predetermined pitch intervals.
- the second reflection portions 21 b are utilized to measure absolute position (ABS) data by which an amount of relative movement of the scale 2 can be calculated on the basis of variation in a specific pattern of the amount of reflection light by the second reflection portions 21 b.
- the control section 4 first causes the scale 2 to relatively move in the direction indicated by the “A” (Step S 101 ). Subsequently, the control section 4 causes the red LED 11 to emit red light (Step S 102 ), and the photoreceiver 3 thereby receives the reflected light. The control section 4 then measures first data (incremental data of equal pitches) on the basis of a reception light signal from the photoreceiver 3 (Step S 103 ). Subsequently, the control section 4 causes the red LED 11 to terminate the emission of the red light (Step S 104 ).
- control section 4 causes the blue LED 12 to emit blue light (Step S 105 ), and the photoreceiver 3 thereby receives the reflected light.
- the control section 4 measures second data (absolute position data) on the basis of a reception light signal from the photoreceiver 3 (Step S 106 ).
- the control section 4 causes the blue LED 12 to terminate the emission of the blue light (Step S 107 ).
- the control section 4 determines whether or not termination of the movement is accepted or whether or not the termination is detected (Step S 108 ).
- the control section 4 determines that the movement is terminated (“Yes” at Step S 108 )
- the control section 4 derives a result of the measurement from the number of variation of the first data during the movement and the variation pattern of the second data during the movement (Step S 109 ).
- the operation is then terminated.
- the control section 4 determines that the movement is not terminated (“No” at Step S 108 )
- the control section 4 repeatedly executes the operations of Steps S 102 to S 107 again.
- the photoelectric encoder By configuring the photoelectric encoder in this manner, two types of light with different wavelengths are emitted from the red LED 11 and the blue LED 12 so that the first reflection portion 21 a and the second reflection portion 21 b in the scale 2 respectively reflect the two types of light. Therefore, the amount of information includes wavelength information on the red light and the blue light that are reflected in the scale 2 . Namely, the amount of information is increased, whereby a photoelectric encoder with high precision can be provided.
- FIGS. 5 to 7 a configuration of a photoelectric encoder according to a second embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 5 to 7 .
- elements identical with those of the first embodiment are assigned to the same reference numerals of the first embodiment, and descriptions thereof are omitted.
- the photoelectric encoder of the second embodiment includes a scale 2 and a control section 4 that are the same as those of the first embodiment.
- a light source 1 ′ and a photoreceiver 3 ′ of the photoelectric encoder are different from those of the first embodiment.
- the light source 1 ′ of the second embodiment is differentiated from that of the first embodiment so as to include a white LED 14 in place of the read LED 11 and the blue LED 12 .
- the photoreceiver 3 ′ of the second embodiment includes a light filter unit 32 on the surface opposite to a surface to which the reflected light is emitted.
- the light filter unit 32 allows predetermined light to pass therethrough.
- the light filter unit 32 is configured from a red light filter 32 a and a blue light filter 32 b .
- the red light filter 32 a allows only red light to pass therethrough.
- the blue light filter allows only blue light to pass therethrough.
- the photoreceiver 3 ′ includes a red light reception area 3 ′ a for receiving only the red light passed through the red light filter 32 a and a blue light reception area 3 ′ b for receiving only the blue light passed through the blue light filter 32 b.
- the control section 4 first causes the scale 2 to relatively move in the direction “A” (Step S 201 ). Subsequently, the control section 4 causes the white LED 14 to emit the light (Step S 202 ). Red light of the reflected light passes through the red light filter 32 a , and is received on the red light reception area 3 ′ a of the photoreceiver 3 ′. The control section 4 measures first data (Step S 203 ). Likewise, blue light of the reflected light passes through the blue light filter 32 b , and is received on the blue light reception area 3 ′ b of the photoreceiver 3 ′. The control section 4 measures second data (Step S 204 ).
- the control section 4 determines whether or not termination of the movement is accepted or whether or not the termination is detected (Step S 205 ).
- the control section 4 determines that the movement is terminated (“Yes” at Step S 205 )
- the control section 4 causes the white LED 14 to terminate the emission (Step S 206 ).
- the control section 4 then derives a result of the measurement from the variation number and the variation pattern against the movement in the measured data (Step S 207 ), and the operation is terminated.
- the control section 4 determines that the movement is not terminated (“No” at Step S 205 )
- the control section 4 repeatedly executes the operations of Steps S 203 and S 204 again.
- FIG. 9 a photoelectric encoder according to a third embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 9 .
- elements identical with those of the first and second embodiments are assigned to the same reference numerals of the first and second embodiments, and descriptions thereof are omitted.
- the photoelectric encoder of the third embodiment includes a light source 1 , a photoreceiver 3 and a control section 4 that are the same as those of the first embodiment.
- a scale 2 a of the photoelectric encoder is different from that of the first embodiment.
- the second reflection portions 21 b are formed in a regular order of . . . “1”, “1”, “1”, “1”, “0”, “0”, “1”, “1”, “1”, “1”, “0”, “0” . . . in the case where it is defined that “1” indicates a state where the second reflection portion 21 b is interposed between adjacent two first reflection portions 21 a , and “0” indicates a state where the second reflection portion 21 b is not interposed between adjacent two first reflection portions 21 a.
- FIG. 10 a photoelectric encoder according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 10 .
- elements identical with those of the first and second embodiments are assigned to the same reference numerals of the first and second embodiments, and descriptions thereof are omitted.
- the photoelectric encoder of the fourth embodiment includes a light source 1 , a photoreceiver 3 and a control section 4 that are the sane as those of the first embodiment.
- a scale 2 b of the photoelectric encoder is different from that of the first embodiment.
- the second reflection portions 21 b are arranged in a predetermined region in an order of “0” . . . “0”, “1”, “1”, “0”, “0”, “1”, “0”, “1”, “0”, “1”, “0” . . . “0” in the case where it is defined that “1” indicates a state where the second reflection portion 21 b is interposed between adjacent two first reflection portions 21 a , and “0” indicates a state where the second reflection portion 21 b is not interposed between adjacent two first reflection portions 21 a.
- the photoelectric encoder By configuring the photoelectric encoder in this manner, the same effects of the first and second embodiments can be achieved. Further, since the second reflection portions 21 b are arranged only in the predetermined region of the scale 2 b so as to from a specific pattern as described above, the specific pattern can be utilized in useful for reading out as an origin or the like, for example.
- FIG. 11 a photoelectric encoder according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 11 .
- elements identical with those of the first and second embodiments are assigned to the same reference numerals of the first and second embodiments, and descriptions thereof are omitted.
- the photoelectric encoder of the fifth embodiment includes a light source 1 , a photoreceiver 3 and a control section 4 that are the same as those of the first embodiment.
- a scale 2 c of the photoelectric encoder is different from that of the first embodiment.
- the second reflection portions 21 b are continuously arranged only in a predetermined region in an order of “0” . . . “0”, “1”, “1”, “1”, “1”, “1”, “1”, “1”, “1”, “0” . . . “0” in the case where it is defined that “1” indicates a state where the second reflection portion 21 b is interposed between adjacent two first reflection portions 21 a , and “0” indicates a state where the second reflection portion 21 b is not interposed between adjacent two first reflection portions 21 a.
- the same effects of the first and second embodiments can be achieved. Further, since the second reflection portions 21 b are continuously arranged only in the predetermined region of the scale 2 b , the pattern can be utilized in useful for reading out as an origin or the like, for example.
- FIGS. 12 to 16 a photoelectric encoder according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 12 to 16 .
- elements identical with those of the first and second embodiments are assigned to the same reference numerals of the first and second embodiments, and descriptions thereof are omitted.
- the photoelectric encoder of the sixth embodiment includes a light source 1 and a control section 4 that are the same as those of the first embodiment.
- a scale 2 d and a photoreceiver 3 ′′ of the photoelectric encoder are different from those of the first embodiment.
- each of the second reflection portions 21 b ′ is interposed between the adjacent two first reflection portions 21 a so that the second reflection portions 21 b ′ are disposed successively.
- each of the second reflection portions 21 b ′ is formed so as to have a width of D/4 in the pitch direction and a length of H′ (H′ ⁇ H) in the direction perpendicular to the pitch direction.
- a red light filter 32 ′ a red light reception area 3 ′′ a and a blue light reception area 3 ′′ b are different from those of the second embodiment.
- a red light filter 32 ′ a and a blue light filter 32 ′ b are in series aligned in a relative movement direction.
- a light reception array of the blue light reception area 3 ′′ b is formed so as to be rotated at 90 degrees relative to the red light reception area 3 ′′ a .
- an “X” direction is a scanning axis direction.
- a “Y” direction extends along a surface of the blue light reception area 3 ′′ b and is perpendicular to the X direction at a center of the blue light reception area 3 ′′ b.
- an amount of light received on the blue light reception area 3 ′′ b always reaches a peak at “0” position in the Y direction as shown in FIG. 14 .
- a peak of the amount of light received on the blue light reception area 3 ′′ b becomes as shown in FIG. 16 .
- the peak of the amount of light received on the blue light reception area 3 ′′ b is shifted in the Y direction with the relative movement of the photoreceiver 3 ′′ in the X direction.
- FIGS. 17 and 18 a photoelectric encoder according to a seventh embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 17 and 18 .
- elements identical with those of the first and second embodiments are assigned to the same reference numerals of the first and second embodiments, and descriptions thereof are omitted.
- the photoelectric encoder of the seventh embodiment includes a light source 1 , a photoreceiver 3 and a control section 4 that are the same as those of the first embodiment.
- a scale 2 e of the photoelectric encoder is different from that of the first embodiment.
- the scale 2 e differs from the scale 2 of the first embodiment in that color resists 24 a are embedded in the first reflection portions 21 a each having a groove shape and color resists 24 b are embedded in the second reflection portions 21 b each having the groove shape.
- a wavelength of the light reflected or absorbed by the color resists 24 a is different from that reflected or absorbed by the color resists 24 b (for example, a wavelength of the red light and that of the blue light, or the like).
- the color resists 24 a of the first reflection portions 21 a form an incremental scale at 10/10 nm pitch intervals, for example.
- the color resists 24 b of the second reflection portions 21 b represent the absolute position.
- a pseudorandom code pattern may be utilized as a representation technique of the absolute position, for example.
- a maximal length sequence (M-sequence) is preferable as the pseudorandom code pattern.
- an origin pattern can be formed by the color resists 24 b of the second reflection portions 21 b so that the photoelectric encoder has a scale with the origin.
- a depth of each of the first reflection portions 21 a may be set so as to match reflection (or absorption) efficiency of light for the color resists 24 a .
- a depth of each of the second reflection portions 21 b may be set so as to match reflection (or absorption) efficiency of light for the color resists 24 b.
- the photoelectric encoder of the seventh embodiment By configuring the photoelectric encoder of the seventh embodiment in this manner, the same effects of the first and second embodiments can be achieved.
- the scale 2 e has a structure that the color resists 24 a , 24 b are respectively embedded in the first and second reflection portions 21 a , 21 b , an edge of data in reproduction can be sharpened so that a scale has high definition and high precision.
- FIGS. 19 and 20 a photoelectric encoder according to an eighth embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 19 and 20 .
- elements identical with those of the first and second embodiments are assigned to the same reference numerals of the first and second embodiments, and descriptions thereof are omitted.
- the photoelectric encoder of the eighth embodiment includes a light source 1 , a photoreceiver 3 and a control section 4 that are the same as those of the first embodiment.
- a scale 2 f of the photoelectric encoder is different from that of the first embodiment.
- the scale 2 f differs from the scale 2 of the first embodiment in that color resists 24 a , 24 b respectively functioning as the first and second reflection portions 21 a , 21 b are arranged on the substrate 22 .
- the scale 2 f has a structure that the color resists 24 a , 24 b respectively functioning as the first and second reflection portions 21 a , 21 b are formed on the substrate 22 , the scale 2 f can be easily manufactured compared with the case where first and second reflection portions are formed so as to have a groove shape and the color resists 24 a , 24 b are then respectively embedded in the first and second reflection portions.
- FIGS. 21 , 22 A, 22 B, 23 A and 23 B a photoelectric encoder according to a ninth embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 21 , 22 A, 22 B, 23 A and 23 B.
- elements identical with those of the first and second embodiments are assigned to the same reference numerals of the first and second embodiments, and descriptions thereof are omitted.
- the photoelectric encoder of the ninth embodiment includes a light source 1 , a photoreceiver 3 and a control section 4 that are the same as those of the first embodiment.
- a scale 2 g of the photoelectric encoder is different from that of the first embodiment.
- the scale 2 g differs from the scale 2 of the first embodiment in that first reflection portions 61 a and second reflection portions 61 b are arranged on the substrate 22 and diffraction gratings 71 a , 71 b are respectively formed at incident plane sides of the first reflection portions 61 a and the second reflection portions 61 b .
- Each of the first reflection portions 61 a and the second reflection portions 61 b is formed of a thin chromium film.
- the diffraction gratings 71 a each having a depth “ha” are aligned at same pitch intervals in each of the first reflection portions 61 a .
- the diffraction grating 71 b each having a depth “hb” different from the depth “ha” are aligned at same pitch intervals in each of the second reflection portions 61 b.
- each of the diffraction gratings 71 a serves to diffract and reflect the light with the wavelength “ ⁇ a” in a direction shown by an arrow of solid line in FIG. 22A and not to reflect the light in a direction opposite to an incidence direction of the light, shown by an arrow of dotted line in FIG. 22A .
- each of the diffraction gratings 71 b serves to diffract and reflect the light with the wavelength “ ⁇ b” in a direction shown by an arrow of solid line in FIG. 22A and not to reflect the light in an direction opposite to an incidence direction of the light, shown by an arrow of dotted line in FIG. 22A .
- diffraction light when the light with the wavelength “ ⁇ b” reaches the surface of the first reflection portion 61 a , diffraction light may be weakened due to mismatch of a condition of diffraction, thereby the light is reflected in the direction shown by an arrow of solid line in FIG. 22B .
- diffraction light when the light with the wavelength “ ⁇ a” reaches the surface of the second reflection portion 61 b , diffraction light may be weakened due to mismatch of a condition of diffraction, thereby the light is reflected in the direction shown by an arrow of solid line in FIG. 22B .
- the scale 2 g has a structure that the first reflection portions 61 a each having the diffraction grating 71 a and the second reflection portions 61 b each having the diffraction grating 71 b are formed on the substrate 22 , the scale 2 g can be easily manufactured compared with the case where the first and second reflection portions are formed in a substrate so as to have a groove shape.
- a substrate 22 is first prepared.
- the substrate 22 is a plate made of a stainless steel material.
- irradiation of a laser for example, an yttrium orthovanadate (YVO4) laser
- YVO4 yttrium orthovanadate
- the substrate 22 may be a plate made of titanium other than the plate made of a stainless steel material.
- the first reflection portions 21 a and the second reflection portions 21 b can be formed by mainly irradiating the laser having different outputs to the substrate 22 . Therefore, the scale 2 for a photoelectric encoder with high precision can be manufactured at a low cost.
- the transparent material 24 is formed on the surfaces of the substrate 22 , the first reflection portions 21 a and the second reflection portions 21 b , corrosion resistance of the first and second reflection portions 21 a , 21 b can be enhanced.
- FIG. 25A a substrate 22 is first prepared. Subsequently, resists 23 a are applied to (or formed on) a surface of the substrate 22 in a first pattern as shown in FIG. 25B . Subsequently, exposure to the substrate 22 is carried out to etch the substrate 22 . The resists 23 a are then removed from the substrate 22 so that first grooves 21 c are formed in the substrate 22 as shown in FIG. 25C . Transparent material 21 d is deposited on the substrate 22 by a vapor deposition as shown in FIG. 25D . Subsequently, the substrate 22 is subjected to a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process so that the first reflection portions 21 a are formed in the substrate 22 as shown in FIG. 25E .
- CMP chemical mechanical polishing
- resists 23 b are formed on the surface of the substrate 22 in a second pattern as shown in FIG. 26A .
- exposure to the substrate 22 is carried out to etch the substrate 22 .
- the resists 23 b are then removed from the substrate 22 so that second grooves 21 e are formed in the substrate 22 as shown in FIG. 26B .
- Transparent material 21 d is deposited on the substrate 22 by the vapor deposition as shown in FIG. 26C .
- the substrate 22 is subjected to a CMP process so that the second reflection portions 21 b are formed in the substrate 22 as shown in FIG. 26D .
- the scale 2 is manufactured.
- the first and second reflection portions 21 a , 21 b can be formed by mainly carrying out a step of forming the first and second grooves 21 c , 21 e by means of etching so that each of the first grooves 21 c has a depth different from that of each of the second grooves 21 e . Therefore, the scale 2 for a photoelectric encoder with high precision can be manufactured at a low cost.
- a third method of manufacturing a scale 2 will be described with reference to FIGS. 27A to 27M .
- a scale 2 g is specifically manufactured as the scale 2 will be described.
- a substrate 22 is first prepared, and a thin chromium film 61 as light reflection portions is formed on the substrate 22 as shown in FIG. 27A .
- a resist 91 is applied to a surface of the thin chromium film 61 as shown in FIG. 27B .
- patterns 91 a are formed in predetermined regions of the resist 91 for etching the thin chromium film 61 to a depth “ha” as shown in FIG. 27C .
- the predetermined regions include regions for formation of diffraction gratings 71 a of first reflection portions 61 a .
- the thin chromium film 61 is etched to the depth “ha” as shown in FIG. 27D .
- the resist 91 including the patterns 91 a is removed from the surface of the thin chromium film 61 so that the diffraction gratings 71 a are formed as shown in FIG. 27E .
- a resist 91 is then applied to the surface of the thin chromium film 61 again as shown in FIG. 27F .
- Patterns 91 b are formed in predetermined regions of the resist 91 for etching the thin chromium film 61 to a depth “hb” as shown in FIG. 27G .
- the predetermined regions include regions for formation of diffraction gratings 71 b of the second reflection portions 61 b .
- the thin chromium film 61 is etched to a depth “hb” as shown in FIG. 27H .
- the resist 91 including the patterns 91 b is removed from the surface of the thin chromium film 61 so that the diffraction gratings 71 b are formed as shown in FIG. 27I .
- a resist 91 is further applied to the surface of the thin chromium film 61 as shown in FIG. 27J .
- Patterns 91 c , 91 d are formed in the resist 91 for formation of the first reflection portions 61 a and the second reflection portions 61 b as shown in FIG. 27K .
- the thin chromium film 61 is then etched in accordance with the patterns 91 c , 91 d as shown in FIG. 27L .
- the resists 91 is removed as shown in FIG. 27M .
- the scale 2 g with which the first reflection portions 61 a each having the diffraction grating 71 a and the second reflection portions 61 b each having the diffraction gratings 71 b are provided is manufactured.
- the first and second reflection portions 61 a , 61 b can be formed by mainly carrying out a step of forming the diffraction gratins 71 a , 71 b by means of etching so that each of the diffraction gratings 71 a has a depth different from that of each of the diffraction gratings 71 b . Therefore, the scale 2 for a photoelectric encoder with high precision can be manufactured at a low cost.
- the light source emits the light with different wavelengths to the scale and the scale includes a plurality of reflection portions that reflect the light with the different wavelengths respectively.
- the scale includes a plurality of reflection portions that reflect the light with the different wavelengths respectively. Therefore, light with one of the different wavelengths is reflected by one of the plurality of reflection portions. Therefore, the amount of information can be increased in accordance with the number of the different wavelengths of light reflected by the scale. The increase in the amount of information results in a photoelectric encoder with high precision. Such a photoelectric encoder can be manufactured at a low cost.
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Abstract
Description
(where “m” indicates a positive integer.)
(“k” indicates a iositive integer.)
Claims (9)
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
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JP2006-291943 | 2006-10-27 | ||
JP2006291943 | 2006-10-27 | ||
JP2007275077A JP5347155B2 (en) | 2006-10-27 | 2007-10-23 | Photoelectric encoder, scale, and method of manufacturing scale |
JP2007-275077 | 2007-10-23 |
Publications (2)
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US20080099666A1 US20080099666A1 (en) | 2008-05-01 |
US7619208B2 true US7619208B2 (en) | 2009-11-17 |
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US11/976,542 Expired - Fee Related US7619208B2 (en) | 2006-10-27 | 2007-10-25 | Photoelectric encoder, scale and method of manufacturing scale |
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US (1) | US7619208B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1916505B1 (en) |
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US20150346000A1 (en) * | 2014-05-27 | 2015-12-03 | Mitutoyo Corporation | Scale and optical encoder |
US9488502B2 (en) | 2014-11-21 | 2016-11-08 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Optical encoder having a positioning device with light penetrating areas disposed between a light emitting module and a light separating structure |
US10247582B2 (en) | 2016-10-21 | 2019-04-02 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Optical encoding device including an encoding disc having diffracting patterns |
US10303270B2 (en) * | 2016-09-12 | 2019-05-28 | Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc | Linear encoder force transducer |
US11112278B2 (en) | 2019-12-31 | 2021-09-07 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Optical encoder comprising a width of at least one optical sensor array corresponds to an interpolation period of the encoder |
US11187559B2 (en) | 2018-12-26 | 2021-11-30 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Code disk, optical detector, optical absolute rotary encoder and encoded-value-outputting method with error detection and correction |
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JP5434379B2 (en) * | 2009-08-28 | 2014-03-05 | 株式会社ニコン | Scale body, position detection apparatus, stage apparatus, and exposure apparatus |
JP5560847B2 (en) * | 2010-03-31 | 2014-07-30 | 株式会社ニコン | Encoder |
JP5379761B2 (en) * | 2010-08-06 | 2013-12-25 | キヤノン株式会社 | Absolute encoder |
EP2527156A1 (en) * | 2011-05-25 | 2012-11-28 | RLS Merilna Tehnika D.O.O. | Apparatus and method for writing a pattern in a substrate |
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US20150346000A1 (en) * | 2014-05-27 | 2015-12-03 | Mitutoyo Corporation | Scale and optical encoder |
US9752901B2 (en) * | 2014-05-27 | 2017-09-05 | Mitutoyo Corporation | Scale and optical encoder |
US9488502B2 (en) | 2014-11-21 | 2016-11-08 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Optical encoder having a positioning device with light penetrating areas disposed between a light emitting module and a light separating structure |
US10303270B2 (en) * | 2016-09-12 | 2019-05-28 | Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc | Linear encoder force transducer |
US10247582B2 (en) | 2016-10-21 | 2019-04-02 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Optical encoding device including an encoding disc having diffracting patterns |
US11187559B2 (en) | 2018-12-26 | 2021-11-30 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Code disk, optical detector, optical absolute rotary encoder and encoded-value-outputting method with error detection and correction |
US11112278B2 (en) | 2019-12-31 | 2021-09-07 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Optical encoder comprising a width of at least one optical sensor array corresponds to an interpolation period of the encoder |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP2008134235A (en) | 2008-06-12 |
JP5347155B2 (en) | 2013-11-20 |
US20080099666A1 (en) | 2008-05-01 |
EP1916505A1 (en) | 2008-04-30 |
EP1916505B1 (en) | 2016-04-27 |
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