US7248950B2 - Fog tester apparatus - Google Patents

Fog tester apparatus Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US7248950B2
US7248950B2 US10/921,357 US92135704A US7248950B2 US 7248950 B2 US7248950 B2 US 7248950B2 US 92135704 A US92135704 A US 92135704A US 7248950 B2 US7248950 B2 US 7248950B2
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
light source
fog
aircraft
light
collimator
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related, expires
Application number
US10/921,357
Other versions
US20050228551A1 (en
Inventor
Richard Wolfe
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Elbit Systems of America LLC
Original Assignee
Kollsman Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Kollsman Inc filed Critical Kollsman Inc
Priority to US10/921,357 priority Critical patent/US7248950B2/en
Assigned to KOLLSMAN, INC. reassignment KOLLSMAN, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: WOLFE, RICHARD
Publication of US20050228551A1 publication Critical patent/US20050228551A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US7248950B2 publication Critical patent/US7248950B2/en
Assigned to ELBIT SYSTEMS OF AMERICA, LLC reassignment ELBIT SYSTEMS OF AMERICA, LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KOLLSMAN, INC.
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current
Adjusted expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Images

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
    • G09B9/00—Simulators for teaching or training purposes
    • G09B9/02—Simulators for teaching or training purposes for teaching control of vehicles or other craft
    • G09B9/08—Simulators for teaching or training purposes for teaching control of vehicles or other craft for teaching control of aircraft, e.g. Link trainer
    • G09B9/30—Simulation of view from aircraft
    • G09B9/36—Simulation of night or reduced visibility flight
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
    • G09B9/00—Simulators for teaching or training purposes
    • G09B9/02—Simulators for teaching or training purposes for teaching control of vehicles or other craft
    • G09B9/08—Simulators for teaching or training purposes for teaching control of vehicles or other craft for teaching control of aircraft, e.g. Link trainer
    • G09B9/16—Ambient or aircraft conditions simulated or indicated by instrument or alarm
    • G09B9/165—Condition of cabin, cockpit or pilot's accessories
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
    • G09B9/00—Simulators for teaching or training purposes
    • G09B9/02—Simulators for teaching or training purposes for teaching control of vehicles or other craft
    • G09B9/08—Simulators for teaching or training purposes for teaching control of vehicles or other craft for teaching control of aircraft, e.g. Link trainer
    • G09B9/30—Simulation of view from aircraft
    • G09B9/36—Simulation of night or reduced visibility flight
    • G09B9/38—Simulation of runway outlining or approach lights

Definitions

  • This invention relates to testing equipment and methods, in particular, an apparatus that can be used to test the fog-penetrating capability of infrared visibility improvement systems for aircraft.
  • the apparatus can be used for either a lab/production facility or for the flight line when it is installed in the aircraft.
  • EVS Kollsman Enhanced Vision System
  • this system consists of a Forward Looking IR (FLIR) Sensor, an electronics processing box and an infrared window installed in the aircraft radome.
  • Video processing software algorithms display an infrared image of the approaching lights, runways, taxiways, as well as other structures such as buildings, ground vehicles, lighted and unlighted aircraft, terrain, etc. The image is displayed to the pilot via any raster capable Head-Up Display (HUD) or a head-down display such as a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT).
  • HUD Head-Up Display
  • CRT Cathode Ray Tube
  • Another aspect of the invention is to provide an apparatus that can be calibrated such that a properly operating EVS is able to detect and display the simulated pattern on the HUD or head-down display.
  • Still another aspect of the invention is to provide a fog tester apparatus which contains a light source which emulates runway landing lights.
  • FIG. 1 is an illustration of the fog tester apparatus in accordance with the invention for the lab testing embodiment.
  • FIG. 2 is an illustration of the illustration of the flight line fog tester embodiment.
  • FIG. 1 the major components of invention are illustrated. All components are commercially available and were modified to meet specific Field of View and bandpass (frequency) requirements of the EVS.
  • the fog filter attenuation was derived from data obtained from NASA.
  • the MALS light source is a standard commercial item from General Electric Corporation.
  • the infrared transmissions are in the spectral filter bands of 1.3 to 2.5 microns.
  • Neutral density filter wheel 1 has five distinct filters. Each filter represents the intensity of the landing lights, which represents the increasing distances beyond the minimum detection area of the Runway Visible Range (RVR).
  • RVR Runway Visible Range
  • the infrared transmissions are in spectral filter bands of 1.3 to 2.5 microns. Wheel 1 is able to be heated by an external source to 10° C. above the ambient temperature.
  • the spectral filter transmission is preferably about 39.76%, ⁇ 0.0%, +5.0%.
  • the filters are used to simulate fog transmission from a minimum specified range to +4 second in flight range.
  • Fog filter 2 preferably has an average transmission of about 65%, from 1.3 to 2.5 microns.
  • Wide-field-of-View (WFOV) collimator 3 has an FOV sufficient to cover the EVS sensor FOV (22.5 vertical ⁇ 32 horizontal).
  • the FOV is preferably circular (about 40 degrees in diameter).
  • Collimator 3 is preferably the type made by Ophir of Israel. Although, other collimators having similar performance characteristics could be substituted.
  • MALS light source 4 are typical of those on airport runways. Pinholes, with an angular sub tense representing a MALS light @2 RVR is located at the WFOV collimator focal plane. These cables emulate five to six light sources at the plate, thus emulating a series of runway lights. The spacing of these 5 sources on the plate is 3.4 milli-radians apart.
  • Diffuser and integrating sphere 5 such as made by Labspheres of Littleton N.H. is used to provide a uniform background over the required FOV.
  • the density of the background can be controlled by the operator.
  • the flight line components are shown in FIG. 2 .
  • the invention in installed in an aircraft.
  • the fog filter attenuation was derived from data obtained from NASA.
  • the MALS light source is a standard item from the General Electric Corporation.
  • the infrared transmissions are in the spectral filter bands of 1.3 to 2.5 microns.
  • MALS Medium Intensity Approach Light Sources
  • the light is brought by fiber optic bundle (part of item 10 ) to the Diffuser/Pin Hole Source ( 12 ). This forms the light bundle into an object (series of dots) which forms the test pattern.
  • Pinholes, with an angular sub tense representing a MALS light are located at the focal plane of the collimator. Typical spacing of the pinholes will be equivalent to that of a 1200 ft runway visible range (RVR) and 200 ft. Decision height.
  • the Achromatic Objective Lens ( 16 ) collimates the light pattern. It has a field of view sufficient to cover the EVS field of view (32 degrees horizontal and 22.5 degrees vertical).
  • the Solar Light Source ( 18 ) acts as a background source simulating the solar spectrum and intensity.
  • the Solar Filter/Diffuser ( 20 ) provides uniformity to the solar background.
  • the Negative Lens ( 22 ) dispenses the radiation over the EVS field of view.
  • the Beam Splitter ( 24 ) combines the Solar Background with the MALS objects and superimposes these into the EVS.
  • the Simulated Fog Filter ( 26 ) will be designed such that its transmittance will be equivalent to viewing the runway light source at 1200 feet RVR and a decision height of 200 ft.
  • a single Simulated Filter is provided.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Educational Administration (AREA)
  • Educational Technology (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Traffic Control Systems (AREA)

Abstract

A testing apparatus for determining the enhanced vision capabilities of a system that is designed to assist a pilot in detecting lights and ground features in night and low visibility conditions. One embodiment of the apparatus is suitable for laboratory or production facilities, the other embodiment is used for the flight line by installing it in the aircraft. A simulated pattern is presented by the apparatus wherein the enhanced vision system (EVS) can be calibrated. Further, fog can also be simulated over the spectral band of the EVS. Runway landing lights are also able to be simulated using a readily available light source.

Description

This application claim benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/494,640 filed on Aug. 12, 2003.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to testing equipment and methods, in particular, an apparatus that can be used to test the fog-penetrating capability of infrared visibility improvement systems for aircraft. The apparatus can be used for either a lab/production facility or for the flight line when it is installed in the aircraft.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In order to increase safety in night and low visibility flying conditions, equipment has been developed, such as the Kollsman Enhanced Vision System (EVS), which assists the pilot in detecting lights and ground features such as runways, buildings and other aircraft. This added ability enables the aircraft to be landed in lower minimal landing conditions, improves flight safety and increases pilot situational awareness.
Basically, this system consists of a Forward Looking IR (FLIR) Sensor, an electronics processing box and an infrared window installed in the aircraft radome. Video processing software algorithms display an infrared image of the approaching lights, runways, taxiways, as well as other structures such as buildings, ground vehicles, lighted and unlighted aircraft, terrain, etc. The image is displayed to the pilot via any raster capable Head-Up Display (HUD) or a head-down display such as a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT).
In order to properly evaluate the operational characteristics of this type of device, a special tester is required that is not found with currently available devices. An on-aircraft tester is required if this evaluation is to be conducted on the aircraft rather than in a lab or production facility.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an aspect of the invention to provide a fog test apparatus that has the capability to measure fog-penetrating ability of an EVS over the entire wide field of view provided by the EVS.
Another aspect of the invention is to provide an apparatus that can be calibrated such that a properly operating EVS is able to detect and display the simulated pattern on the HUD or head-down display.
It is another aspect of the invention to provide a fog tester apparatus that can emulate fog conditions over the spectral band of the EVS.
Still another aspect of the invention is to provide a fog tester apparatus which contains a light source which emulates runway landing lights.
It is an aspect of the invention to provide a fog tester apparatus that quantitatively measures infrared transmissions at emulated fog conditions at predetermined distances from the source (typically the runway)
These aspects of the invention are not meant to be exclusive and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art when read in conjunction with the appended claims and accompanying description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an illustration of the fog tester apparatus in accordance with the invention for the lab testing embodiment.
FIG. 2 is an illustration of the illustration of the flight line fog tester embodiment.
 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
As shown in FIG. 1, the major components of invention are illustrated. All components are commercially available and were modified to meet specific Field of View and bandpass (frequency) requirements of the EVS. The fog filter attenuation was derived from data obtained from NASA. The MALS light source is a standard commercial item from General Electric Corporation. The infrared transmissions are in the spectral filter bands of 1.3 to 2.5 microns. Neutral density filter wheel 1 has five distinct filters. Each filter represents the intensity of the landing lights, which represents the increasing distances beyond the minimum detection area of the Runway Visible Range (RVR).
The infrared transmissions are in spectral filter bands of 1.3 to 2.5 microns. Wheel 1 is able to be heated by an external source to 10° C. above the ambient temperature. The spectral filter transmission is preferably about 39.76%, −0.0%, +5.0%. The filters are used to simulate fog transmission from a minimum specified range to +4 second in flight range.
Fog filter 2 preferably has an average transmission of about 65%, from 1.3 to 2.5 microns.
Wide-field-of-View (WFOV) collimator 3 has an FOV sufficient to cover the EVS sensor FOV (22.5 vertical×32 horizontal). The FOV is preferably circular (about 40 degrees in diameter). Collimator 3 is preferably the type made by Ophir of Israel. Although, other collimators having similar performance characteristics could be substituted.
Medium Intensity Approach Light Source (MALS) light source 4 are typical of those on airport runways. Pinholes, with an angular sub tense representing a MALS light @2 RVR is located at the WFOV collimator focal plane. These cables emulate five to six light sources at the plate, thus emulating a series of runway lights. The spacing of these 5 sources on the plate is 3.4 milli-radians apart.
Diffuser and integrating sphere 5 such as made by Labspheres of Littleton N.H. is used to provide a uniform background over the required FOV. The density of the background can be controlled by the operator.
The flight line components are shown in FIG. 2. In this embodiment, the invention in installed in an aircraft.
All components are commercially available and were modified to meet specific Field of View and band pass (frequency) requirements of the EVS. The fog filter attenuation was derived from data obtained from NASA. The MALS light source is a standard item from the General Electric Corporation. The infrared transmissions are in the spectral filter bands of 1.3 to 2.5 microns.
Medium Intensity Approach Light Sources (MALS) light Sources (10) are typical of those used on airport runways.
The light is brought by fiber optic bundle (part of item 10) to the Diffuser/Pin Hole Source (12). This forms the light bundle into an object (series of dots) which forms the test pattern. Pinholes, with an angular sub tense representing a MALS light are located at the focal plane of the collimator. Typical spacing of the pinholes will be equivalent to that of a 1200 ft runway visible range (RVR) and 200 ft. Decision height.
The Achromatic Objective Lens (16) collimates the light pattern. It has a field of view sufficient to cover the EVS field of view (32 degrees horizontal and 22.5 degrees vertical).
The Solar Light Source (18) acts as a background source simulating the solar spectrum and intensity.
The Solar Filter/Diffuser (20) provides uniformity to the solar background.
The Negative Lens (22) dispenses the radiation over the EVS field of view.
The Beam Splitter (24) combines the Solar Background with the MALS objects and superimposes these into the EVS.
The Simulated Fog Filter (26) will be designed such that its transmittance will be equivalent to viewing the runway light source at 1200 feet RVR and a decision height of 200 ft. A single Simulated Filter is provided.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, other versions are readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in of the preferred embodiments contained herein.

Claims (2)

1. A laboratory testing apparatus for testing the fog-penetrating capability of an infrared visibility improvement system used in aircraft, said apparatus comprising:
a light source for illuminating said apparatus, wherein said light source represents the medium intensity approach light that is found on aircraft runways;
a neutral density filter wheel having a plurality of filters that represent the intensity of landing lights at varying distances;
a heater associated with said filter wheel for heating said filter wheel above ambient temperature;
a fog filter adjacent to said filter wheel;
a wide field of view collimator interposed between said fog filter and said light source;
wherein said collimator has a field of view sufficient to cover the enhanced vision system sensor of said system;
a glass plate positioned at the focal plane of said collimator;
wherein said collimator further comprises a plurality of pinholes to emulate multiple light sources at said glass plate;
a diffuser and integrating sphere, controllable by an operator, for controlling the density of a background;
such that said apparatus is able to determine the fog-penetrating ability of the enhanced vision system over the entire wide field of view provided by said system.
2. A testing apparatus for testing the fog-penetrating capability of an infrared visibility improvement system in an aircraft, said apparatus comprising:
a MAL light source for illuminating said apparatus, wherein said light source represents the medium intensity approach light that is found on aircraft runways;
a fiber optic bundle that transmits the light from said light source;
a diffuser and pinhole source optically connected to said light source by said fiber optic bundle which provides a plurality of dots that comprise the light test pattern;
an achromatic objective lens collimates the light test pattern, wherein the pattern has a field of view sufficient to cover the enhanced vision system of the aircraft;
a solar light source which serves to provide a background source simulating the solar spectrum and intensity;
a solar filter diffuser optically connected to said solar light source wherein said diffuser provides uniformity to the solar background provided by said solar light source;
a negative lens adjacent to said diffuser which dispenses the radiation over the enhanced vision system field of view;
a beam splitter which combines the solar background provided by said solar light source with the light test pattern wherein said combined light signal is delivered into the enhanced vision system of said aircraft;
a fog filter that provides a transmittance that is equivalent to viewing a runway light source at 1200 feet RVR and at a decision height of 200 feet, such that the capability of the infrared visibility improvement system of said aircraft is thus determined;
a wide field of view collimator interposed between said fog filter and said light source;
wherein said collimator has a field of view sufficient to cover the enhanced vision system sensor of said system;
a glass plate positioned at the focal plane of said collimator;
wherein said collimator further comprises a plurality of pinholes to emulate multiple light sources at said glass plate;
a diffuser and integrating sphere, controllable by an operator, for controlling the density of the background;
such that said apparatus is able to determine the fog-penetrating ability of the enhanced vision system over the entire wide field of view provided by said system.
US10/921,357 2003-08-12 2004-08-12 Fog tester apparatus Expired - Fee Related US7248950B2 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10/921,357 US7248950B2 (en) 2003-08-12 2004-08-12 Fog tester apparatus

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US49464003P 2003-08-12 2003-08-12
US10/921,357 US7248950B2 (en) 2003-08-12 2004-08-12 Fog tester apparatus

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20050228551A1 US20050228551A1 (en) 2005-10-13
US7248950B2 true US7248950B2 (en) 2007-07-24

Family

ID=35061642

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10/921,357 Expired - Fee Related US7248950B2 (en) 2003-08-12 2004-08-12 Fog tester apparatus

Country Status (1)

Country Link
US (1) US7248950B2 (en)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20050090939A1 (en) * 2003-10-27 2005-04-28 Mills Aaron L. Vision based wireless communication system
US8797058B2 (en) * 2011-03-03 2014-08-05 International Business Machines Corporation Solar cell characterization system with an automated continuous neutral density filter
KR101786553B1 (en) * 2017-03-02 2017-10-17 주식회사 에스카 Monitoring camera having auto-focusing function based on complex filtering robust to change of visibility state and image monitoring system having the same
CN107908892B (en) * 2017-11-28 2021-07-06 中国民航大学 Enhanced vision system security analysis method based on model

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3675344A (en) * 1968-09-11 1972-07-11 Thorn Elect Components Ltd Controlled degradation of a visual scene
US4313726A (en) * 1979-06-29 1982-02-02 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of National Aeronautics And Space Administration Environmental fog/rain visual display system for aircraft simulators
US4419731A (en) * 1979-03-19 1983-12-06 The Secretary Of State For Defence In Her Britannic Majesty's Government Of The United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Northern Ireland Apparatus for estimating slant visibility in fog
US5894272A (en) * 1991-05-29 1999-04-13 Valeo Vision Lighting and/or indicating means for use in fog
US20020109872A1 (en) * 1992-11-27 2002-08-15 Hart Stephen J. Apparatus for making holograms including images of particular sizes

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3675344A (en) * 1968-09-11 1972-07-11 Thorn Elect Components Ltd Controlled degradation of a visual scene
US4419731A (en) * 1979-03-19 1983-12-06 The Secretary Of State For Defence In Her Britannic Majesty's Government Of The United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Northern Ireland Apparatus for estimating slant visibility in fog
US4313726A (en) * 1979-06-29 1982-02-02 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of National Aeronautics And Space Administration Environmental fog/rain visual display system for aircraft simulators
US5894272A (en) * 1991-05-29 1999-04-13 Valeo Vision Lighting and/or indicating means for use in fog
US20020109872A1 (en) * 1992-11-27 2002-08-15 Hart Stephen J. Apparatus for making holograms including images of particular sizes

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US20050228551A1 (en) 2005-10-13

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US7557734B2 (en) Airborne visibility indicator system and method
KR20130054285A (en) System and method for detecting adverse atmospheric conditions ahead of an aircraft
KR19990022060A (en) System to improve navigation and monitoring function at low cost
IL237717A (en) Detection, characterization and presentation of adverse airborne phenomena
Ryan et al. Night pilotage assessment of image fusion
Sabatini et al. A novel approach to night vision imaging systems development, integration and verification in military aircraft
KR101868094B1 (en) Signal Simulator for Infrared counter measure
US7248950B2 (en) Fog tester apparatus
US5070239A (en) Night vision goggle ambient illumination testing
CN114998771B (en) Display method and system for enhancing visual field of aircraft, aircraft and storage medium
Sabatini et al. Development and flight test of an avionics lidar for helicopter and UAV low-level flight
AU2011100797A4 (en) System and method for detecting adverse atmospheric conditions ahead of an aircraft
US10455199B1 (en) Image management system for reducing effects of laser beams
Van Binsbergen et al. Low-altitude laser propagation link over a marine surface
Sabatini et al. Night vision imaging systems design, integration, and verification in military fighter aircraft
RU2300486C1 (en) Flying vehicle landing support system
Sabatini et al. Experimental flight testing of night vision imaging systems in military fighter aircraft
Vollmerhausen et al. Using a targeting metric to predict the utility of an EO imager as a pilotage aid
McKinley et al. Ultraviolet sensor as integrity monitor for enhanced flight vision system (EFVS) approaches to Cat II RVR conditions
Vollmerhausen Design criteria for helicopter night pilotage sensors
Li et al. Human detection of drone invasion in a low‐altitude airspace: An application of signal detection theory
Kerr et al. Infrared-optical multisensor for autonomous landing guidance
Simard et al. Feature detection performance with fused synthetic and sensor images
Muensterer et al. Integration and flight testing of a DVE system on the H145
de Oliveira et al. Extended Ionized Gas Emission and Kinematics of the Compact Group Galaxies in Hickson Compact Group 16: Signatures of Mergers

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: KOLLSMAN, INC., NEW HAMPSHIRE

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:WOLFE, RICHARD;REEL/FRAME:016107/0506

Effective date: 20041222

FEPP Fee payment procedure

Free format text: PAYOR NUMBER ASSIGNED (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: ASPN); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY

AS Assignment

Owner name: ELBIT SYSTEMS OF AMERICA, LLC, TEXAS

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:KOLLSMAN, INC.;REEL/FRAME:023525/0384

Effective date: 20091114

FPAY Fee payment

Year of fee payment: 4

REMI Maintenance fee reminder mailed
LAPS Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
STCH Information on status: patent discontinuation

Free format text: PATENT EXPIRED DUE TO NONPAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE FEES UNDER 37 CFR 1.362

FP Lapsed due to failure to pay maintenance fee

Effective date: 20150724