US6667729B2 - Method of electrically addressing polymer fluorescent display element and polymer fluorescent display element - Google Patents
Method of electrically addressing polymer fluorescent display element and polymer fluorescent display element Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US6667729B2 US6667729B2 US09/852,627 US85262701A US6667729B2 US 6667729 B2 US6667729 B2 US 6667729B2 US 85262701 A US85262701 A US 85262701A US 6667729 B2 US6667729 B2 US 6667729B2
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- display element
- ambient light
- mode
- fqped
- display
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime, expires
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000005424 photoluminescence Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000128 polypyrrole Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002800 charge carrier Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000005281 excited state Effects 0.000 description 7
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 3
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium fluoride Chemical compound [Li+].[F-] PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000553 poly(phenylenevinylene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- -1 polyphenylenevinylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
- H10K59/80—Constructional details
- H10K59/8791—Arrangements for improving contrast, e.g. preventing reflection of ambient light
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/80—Constructional details
- H10K50/86—Arrangements for improving contrast, e.g. preventing reflection of ambient light
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/80—Constructional details
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/22—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources
- G09G3/30—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels
- G09G3/32—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED]
- G09G3/3208—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED] organic, e.g. using organic light-emitting diodes [OLED]
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for electrically addressing fluorescent display elements and a display element, and more particularly, to a method for electrically addressing fluorescent display elements to which display technologies such as organic light-emitting diode display (OLED) and the like are applied, and a display element.
- display technologies such as organic light-emitting diode display (OLED) and the like are applied, and a display element.
- LCD liquid crystal display
- FED field emission display
- VFD vacuum fluorescence display
- OLED organic light-emitting diode display
- An LCD has a drawback in that there is an aligned monodomain of a liquid crystal between polarizers in an idle state.
- the alignment of this domain can be changed by means an applied electric field. In this case, the light absorption based on the combination of liquid crystal and polarizers is changed.
- LCD displays dominate the market for flat-type displays and monitors.
- the LCD displays require low energy consumption when ambient light is present. However, if this is not the case, power consumption for additional lighting is required. Also, fast-moving images may be distorted due to a narrow angle of viewing and a low-switching speed of liquid crystals.
- the VFD and FED are unfavorably thick for use as display elements, have relatively high operating voltages and a high input power for heating the cathode, particularly in a VFD, and are unsuitable as flexible displays.
- OLEDs require injection of charge carriers for forming an excited state by recombination of charge carriers.
- the excited state decays under light emission (see EP 0423 283, U.S. Pat. No. 5,869,350 and EP 029 40 61).
- the OLEDs have a very short switching time and a wide angle of viewing. Compared with LCD displays requiring additional lighting, the OLEDs, which do not require adequate ambient light, consume less power. These advantages, however, are canceled when intense ambient light prevails. This is because visually sensed contrast is lowered due to the effect of ambient light.
- a method for electrically addressing a display element based on polymers and/or low molecular-weight organic materials by a fluorescence quenching effect due to an electric field includes the steps of changing positive voltages applied to bright pixels to be inversely related to the intensity of ambient light, and changing negative voltages applied to dark pixels to be related to the intensity of ambient light, whereby an organic light-emitting diode display (OLED) mode and a field quenching photoluminescence emission device (FQPED) mode are performed according to the intensity of ambient light of the display element.
- OLED organic light-emitting diode display
- FQPED field quenching photoluminescence emission device
- a display element based on polymers and/or low molecular-weight organic materials by a fluorescent quenching effect due to an electric field.
- the display element is adapted to operate in an organic light-emitting diode display (OLED) mode under dark ambient light and in a field quenching photoluminescence emission device (FQPED) mode under bright ambient light, the latter working based on the fluorescent quenching effect due to an electric field.
- OLED organic light-emitting diode display
- FQPED field quenching photoluminescence emission device
- the OLED mode is selected under dark ambient light and the FQPED mode is selected under bright ambient light. Accordingly, the light emitted from the OLED display can be prevented from being weakened due to the light from an external light source. For example, even under intense sunlight, the contrast of the OLED display increases. Therefore, in disregard of a change in the intensity of ambient light, the contrast can be maintained at a constant level. Also, power consumption can be reduced by using the FQPED mode.
- FIG. 1 shows the functioning principle of the OLED mode according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2 shows the functioning principle of the FQPED mode according to the present invention.
- FIG. 1 shows the functioning principle of the OLED mode according to the present invention
- FIG. 2 shows the functioning principle of the FQPED mode according to the present invention.
- a display element 4 based on the functioning principle of an OLED includes a voltage source 5 , a transparent contact 6 , e.g., of ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) and a metal contact 7 , e.g., of aluminum.
- charge carriers are injected in a first step as denoted by reference numeral 1 , for charge carrier recombination and excited state formation in a second step as denoted by reference numeral 2 .
- the excited state decays under light emission.
- the OLED mode based on the above-described functioning principle is applied in darkness and/or with weak ambient light.
- positive voltages are applied, which cause the brightness of the pixels to increase. Accordingly, fluorescent light due to charge carrier recombination is irradiated.
- a display element 8 based on the FQPED functioning principle includes a voltage source 5 , a transparent contact 6 , e.g., of ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) and a metal contact 7 , e.g., of aluminum, which are the same as those in FIG. 1 .
- an external light source 10 such as sunlight or inorganic light-emitting diode must be incident.
- a first step 1 an excited state is established by ambient light 10 .
- the excited state decays under emission of light 11 without an electric field. If an electric field is applied in reverse bias direction, dissociation of excited state into charge carriers is facilitated and the intensity of emitted light 11 will decrease.
- the charge carriers are removed by the contacts 6 and 7 .
- the first layer is at least one of polyethylenedioxothiophene (PEDOT), polyaniline, polypyrrole, and related materials.
- PEDOT polyethylenedioxothiophene
- the first layer is dried and a second layer made of a yellow emitting polymer based on a poly derivative, e.g., polyphenylenevinylene, is formed thereon to a thickness of, for example, 50 nm.
- a cathode layer is vapor-deposited.
- the cathode layer typically includes metals with low work functions.
- a thin layer of lithium fluoride combined with an aluminum layer or a barium layer combined with a layer of aluminum or silver is used. The thus-formed display panel is then encapsulated.
- the display can be illuminated with, for example, a blue light-emitting diode based on inorganic semiconductors. Under such conditions, polymers of bright pixels radiate yellow light. Also, as a reverse voltage of 16 V is applied to dark pixels, the corresponding pixels become significantly darker due to the above-described FQPED effect. Accordingly, the visually sensed contrast is not reduced even under bright ambient light such as sunlight. Thus, since photoluminescent light having an intensity directly related to the ambient light energy is irradiated, unnecessary power consumption under bright ambient light can be reduced.
- an OLED mode is selected under dark ambient light and an FQPED mode is selected under bright ambient light. Accordingly, the contrast created by the light emitted from the OLED display can be prevented from being weakened due to the light from an external light source. For example, even under intense sunlight, the contrast of the OLED display increases. Therefore, regardless of a change in the intensity of ambient light, the contrast can be maintained at a constant level. Also, power consumption can be reduced by using the FQPED mode.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Electroluminescent Light Sources (AREA)
- Control Of Indicators Other Than Cathode Ray Tubes (AREA)
- Control Of El Displays (AREA)
- Devices For Indicating Variable Information By Combining Individual Elements (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (6)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10042974.2 | 2000-09-01 | ||
DE10042974 | 2000-09-01 | ||
DE10042974A DE10042974B4 (en) | 2000-09-01 | 2000-09-01 | Method for electrically addressing fluorescent display elements and display |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20020027537A1 US20020027537A1 (en) | 2002-03-07 |
US6667729B2 true US6667729B2 (en) | 2003-12-23 |
Family
ID=7654544
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US09/852,627 Expired - Lifetime US6667729B2 (en) | 2000-09-01 | 2001-05-11 | Method of electrically addressing polymer fluorescent display element and polymer fluorescent display element |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6667729B2 (en) |
JP (1) | JP3872964B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR100570544B1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE10042974B4 (en) |
NL (1) | NL1018484C2 (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20040263045A1 (en) * | 2001-08-30 | 2004-12-30 | Smith Euan Christopher | Optoelectronic displays |
US20060050032A1 (en) * | 2002-05-01 | 2006-03-09 | Gunner Alec G | Electroluminiscent display and driver circuit to reduce photoluminesence |
DE102008001148A1 (en) | 2008-04-14 | 2009-10-15 | Bundesdruckerei Gmbh | Document with a built-in display and receiver device |
DE102008001149A1 (en) | 2008-04-14 | 2009-10-15 | Bundesdruckerei Gmbh | Document with a memory and receiver device |
Families Citing this family (12)
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JP3946671B2 (en) | 2002-07-23 | 2007-07-18 | 三星エスディアイ株式会社 | Image display device based on photon emission suppression element and image display method using the same |
EP1391868A1 (en) * | 2002-08-23 | 2004-02-25 | Samsung SDI Co. Ltd. | Method and apparatus for driving an emissive-reemissive active matrix display |
EP1391869B1 (en) | 2002-08-23 | 2013-10-09 | Samsung Display Co., Ltd. | Circuit for driving matrix display panel with photoluminescence quenching devices and matrix display apparatus incorporating the circuit |
US7119765B2 (en) * | 2002-08-23 | 2006-10-10 | Samsung Sdi Co., Ltd. | Circuit for driving matrix display panel with photoluminescence quenching devices, and matrix display apparatus incorporating the circuit |
KR20040021127A (en) * | 2002-09-02 | 2004-03-10 | (주)씨에스에프 | Electrical Comerce Method for Discounting Based on Repeated Purchase of Same Goods |
DE10313805B4 (en) * | 2003-03-21 | 2005-08-25 | Samsung SDI Co., Ltd., Suwon | Photoluminescent erasure indicator with backlight |
DE10314137B4 (en) * | 2003-03-25 | 2005-08-25 | Samsung SDI Co., Ltd., Suwon | Photoluminescent display element with antireflection coating |
EP1478026B1 (en) | 2003-05-15 | 2011-07-27 | Samsung Mobile Display Co., Ltd. | Photoluminescent display element and display based on photoluminescent elements |
JP4188846B2 (en) | 2003-05-15 | 2008-12-03 | 三星エスディアイ株式会社 | Luminescence suppression element and image display device based thereon |
DE10342408B4 (en) * | 2003-09-10 | 2008-09-11 | Samsung SDI Co., Ltd., Suwon | Dual photoluminescent display element, display and method |
DE102005015359B4 (en) * | 2005-03-30 | 2010-05-20 | Samsung Mobile Display Co. Ltd., Suwon | Inverted layer structure for organic light-emitting diodes and photoluminescence quenching elements |
KR20120119449A (en) * | 2011-04-21 | 2012-10-31 | 삼성디스플레이 주식회사 | Organic light emitting diode display |
Citations (7)
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EP0294061A1 (en) | 1987-05-21 | 1988-12-07 | Cambridge Display Technology Limited | Optical modulators based on polymers |
EP0423283B1 (en) | 1989-04-20 | 1995-01-25 | Cambridge Display Technology Limited | Electroluminescent devices |
US5838416A (en) * | 1997-02-13 | 1998-11-17 | Motorola, Inc. | Device and method for enhancing the viewing angle of a display |
US5869350A (en) | 1991-02-27 | 1999-02-09 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Fabrication of visible light emitting diodes soluble semiconducting polymers |
US6445489B1 (en) * | 1998-03-18 | 2002-09-03 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic displays and systems for addressing such displays |
US6456016B1 (en) * | 2001-07-30 | 2002-09-24 | Intel Corporation | Compensating organic light emitting device displays |
US6483245B1 (en) * | 2000-09-08 | 2002-11-19 | Visteon Corporation | Automatic brightness control using a variable time constant filter |
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JP3303470B2 (en) * | 1993-09-10 | 2002-07-22 | 富士ゼロックス株式会社 | Fluorescent method, fluorescent device, display device, switching device, fluorescent recording method, fluorescent recording medium, fluorescent recording and reading method, fluorescent recording and reading device, and fluorescent recording erasing method |
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US5719589A (en) * | 1996-01-11 | 1998-02-17 | Motorola, Inc. | Organic light emitting diode array drive apparatus |
US5952789A (en) * | 1997-04-14 | 1999-09-14 | Sarnoff Corporation | Active matrix organic light emitting diode (amoled) display pixel structure and data load/illuminate circuit therefor |
GB9709926D0 (en) * | 1997-05-15 | 1997-07-09 | Screen Tech Ltd | Liquid-crystal display |
WO1999040559A2 (en) * | 1998-02-06 | 1999-08-12 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Organic electroluminescent device |
KR100317281B1 (en) * | 1998-11-20 | 2002-01-15 | 구자홍 | method for driving self-emmitting display device |
IT1307134B1 (en) * | 1999-02-02 | 2001-10-29 | Fiat Ricerche | ELECTRONIC SCANNING DISPLAY, BASED ON PHOTOLUMINESCENT MATERIAL. |
-
2000
- 2000-09-01 DE DE10042974A patent/DE10042974B4/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2001
- 2001-01-16 KR KR1020010002323A patent/KR100570544B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2001-05-11 US US09/852,627 patent/US6667729B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-06-20 JP JP2001186409A patent/JP3872964B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-07-06 NL NL1018484A patent/NL1018484C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
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EP0294061A1 (en) | 1987-05-21 | 1988-12-07 | Cambridge Display Technology Limited | Optical modulators based on polymers |
EP0423283B1 (en) | 1989-04-20 | 1995-01-25 | Cambridge Display Technology Limited | Electroluminescent devices |
US5869350A (en) | 1991-02-27 | 1999-02-09 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Fabrication of visible light emitting diodes soluble semiconducting polymers |
US5838416A (en) * | 1997-02-13 | 1998-11-17 | Motorola, Inc. | Device and method for enhancing the viewing angle of a display |
US6445489B1 (en) * | 1998-03-18 | 2002-09-03 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic displays and systems for addressing such displays |
US6483245B1 (en) * | 2000-09-08 | 2002-11-19 | Visteon Corporation | Automatic brightness control using a variable time constant filter |
US6456016B1 (en) * | 2001-07-30 | 2002-09-24 | Intel Corporation | Compensating organic light emitting device displays |
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Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20040263045A1 (en) * | 2001-08-30 | 2004-12-30 | Smith Euan Christopher | Optoelectronic displays |
US7537947B2 (en) | 2001-08-30 | 2009-05-26 | Cambridge Display Technology Limited | Optoelectronic displays |
US20060050032A1 (en) * | 2002-05-01 | 2006-03-09 | Gunner Alec G | Electroluminiscent display and driver circuit to reduce photoluminesence |
US8026871B2 (en) * | 2002-05-01 | 2011-09-27 | Cambridge Display Technology Limited | Electroluminiscent display and driver circuit to reduce photoluminesence |
DE102008001148A1 (en) | 2008-04-14 | 2009-10-15 | Bundesdruckerei Gmbh | Document with a built-in display and receiver device |
DE102008001149A1 (en) | 2008-04-14 | 2009-10-15 | Bundesdruckerei Gmbh | Document with a memory and receiver device |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP3872964B2 (en) | 2007-01-24 |
KR100570544B1 (en) | 2006-04-12 |
JP2002091380A (en) | 2002-03-27 |
KR20020018540A (en) | 2002-03-08 |
NL1018484A1 (en) | 2002-03-05 |
NL1018484C2 (en) | 2008-02-14 |
US20020027537A1 (en) | 2002-03-07 |
DE10042974A1 (en) | 2002-03-28 |
DE10042974B4 (en) | 2008-04-30 |
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