US643990A - Superheater. - Google Patents

Description

Patented Feb. 20, I900.

H. SZAMATOLSKI.

SUPERHEATER.

(Application filed Dec. 30, 1899.)

(No Model.)

au vaufo v wdhwaaco UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

HUGO SZAMATOLSKI, OF FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN, GERMANY.

SUPERH EATER.

' SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 643,990, dated February 20, 1906.

Application filed December 30,1899. Serial No. 742,149. (No model.)

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, HUGO SZAMATOLSKI, a subject of the King of Prussia, German Emperor, residing at 13 Gutleutstrasse, Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Superheating Apparatus for Steam and other Fluids, of which the following is a specification.

This invention relates more particularly to steam-superheaters of the kind in which the steam has imparted to it an accelerated motion proportional to the increase in the temperature thereof. In the existing superheat- 15 ers of this class the said acceleration was pro duced by means of conduit-tubes of decreasing diameter in the direction toward the discharge-opening for the steam. The present improved construction of superheaters, on the other hand, is such that the flow is entirely independent of the diameters of a series of conduit-pipes connected together so as to form a continuous channel. By this means it is rendered possible not only to in- 2 5 sure the uniform heating of the superheating conduit-pipes, but also more particularly to effect a much better utilization of the hot combustion-gases employed for heating, this being attained by so arranging the super- 0 heating-tubes (which may have the same or diiferent diameters) relatively to each other that the sectional areas of the passages for the heating-gases are substantially equal in all zones of the superheater, for which purpose in the event of this not being already insured by the superheating pipes them- \selvesthat is, by their relative positions the object may be accomplished by a suitable arrangement of the partition-walls. Should this not be possible in certain cases, special structures maybe introduced (such as plates) either in the gas-fines or in the spaces be tween the superheating-pipes.

With tubular superheaters having pipes of decreasing diameter toward the dischargeopening and in which the reverse-current system is employed (which is generally the case) the smallest pipes are situated at the inletopening for the furnace-gases, which conse- 5o quently there find a comparatively-large sectional area for their passage between the said small pipes, which area gradually diminishes in the inward direction owing to the gradual increase in the size of the pipes. As a consequence the combustion-gases can in the first instance only come partially in contact with the superheating-pipesnamely, only that part thereof which comes into direct contact with the pipes-the remaining portion of the gases flowing through without exercising any superheating efiect upon the steam. The utilization of the heat of this portion of the gases is only effected at the inner part of the superheater, where the spaces between the pipes are reduced by reason of their increased diameter. Consequently it is' only at this point that a tolerably-effective utilization of the heat of the furnacegases is attained, while at the front part of the superheater such utilization is imperfect, and in consequence thereof the said gases leave the superheater at much too high a temperature, so that the apparatus does not work economically. In the present improved construction this defect is obviated by so arranging the superheatingpipes that whether they are of large or of small diameter each pipe is made to utilize the heat of the furnace-gases t0 the same extent, while the latter are made to heat all the pipes to the same extent whether they be large or small. By this means there results a material increase of the advantages which are obtained by the said system of accelerating the flow of the steam in proportion to the increase of temperature.

In carrying out the fundamental principle for the production of practically-equal sectional areas for the flow of the combustiom gases in all zones of the superheater the steam-conduit can be formed by pipe groups having a decreasing number of pipes in the direction toward the outlet of the steam, or

the decrease of the total sectional area of the a superheater constructed according to myinvention. Fig. 2 is a vertical section through a slightly-modified form of construction of superheater. Fig. 3 is a vertical section through the same superheater, taken at right angles to Fig. 2. Fig. at shows the interior of the upper steam-chamberA of Figs. 2 and 3, the caps e 6 being drawn in full lines. Fig. 5 is a plan of the lower steam-chamber A of Figs. 2 and 3, the caps e e 6 being indicated bydotted lines. Fig. 6 is across-section through one pipe of the superheater, showing also an end view of a steam-guiding piece therein located; and Fig. 7 shows a longitudinal section through a portion of a pipe and through one steam-guiding piece 7t 7t 7L2.

For the first above-named case an example is shown at Fig. 1 of the accompanying drawings. .There are here provided in addition to the single pipe a three groups of pipes, of which the one next the pipe at consists of the two pipes b I), while the next one consists of the four pipes c c c 0 and the last group (which is the first in respect of the direction of How of the steam) of five pipes cl d (Z d d. In this arrangement all the pipes are connected atboth ends to the steam-chambers A A, in which are partitions A by means of which the division of the pipes into the abovenamed groups is effected. The steam-chambers A A are consequently divided into separate compartments by these divisions, so that the steam entering the chamber A at A is made to pass first into the group of five pipes d to d, in which the drying of the steam, and also a small degree of superheating thereof, such as to 210 centigrade, is effected. The sectional area of the pipes should for this purpose be so calculated that the velocity of the steam therein amounts to about fifteen meters per second. The steam then passes out of the five pipes at to d into the four pipes c to 0 in which an increase of velocity takes place in consequence of the decrease of sectional area. This speed is then double when the steam passes through the pipes Z) b, and a .further doubling of the speed takes place in the pipe a, after which the steam, superheated to the required degree, issues at the maximum speed from the chamber A through the outlet A The separate parallel pipes can also be connected by the steam-chambers if pipes of varying cross-section be connected in series, such as either decreasing or increasing or partly-decreasing and partly-increasing section. With this arrangement, however, the leading of the steam from one tube into another or from one tube into a set of tubes or from one set of tubes into another set is not effected by the steam-chambers; but there are arranged within these special leadingcaps, which also form part of the present invention. These caps are subject to steampressure both from the steam-pipes and from the steam-chambers, and they are thus subject to an equilibrium of pressure, as the same pressure exists both inside and outside them. Such an arrangement is shown by way of example at Figs. 2 to 5 of the drawings in connection with a super-heater whose pipe groups have pipes of very diiferent sectional area, so that the requisite decreasing total sectional area of the pipes is in this case obtained independently of any decrease in the number of pipes by a suitable proportioning of the sectional areas of the separate pipes.

The steam entering the'chamber A, Fig. 2, through the branch pipe A passes first into the four pipes g g g g and from these through the guiding-caps e (shown in dotted lines in plan at Fig. 5) into the four pipes f, having a smaller sectional area than the pipes g, the caps (2 being in the lower steam-chamber A.

The upper steam-chamber A has four guidecaps e, (shown in plan at Fig. 4,) by means of which each of the pipes f is connected in such a manner to two considerably-smaller pipes d d, d Fig. 5, that these pipes at d also form a pipe group through which the steam flows in one and the same direction namely, from above downward.

Within the chamber A onlyasiugle guidecap e (indicated in dotted lines, Fig. 5) connects the whole of the eight pipesd to d with only two pipes c 0, Figs. 3 and 5, which in their turn are connected by means of the cap 6 to a single pipe I). This is again connected within the chamber A, by means of the cap e with two smaller pipes a a, from which the steam, superheated to the required high maximum temperature, flows at its highest speed. By this construction the total sectional area decreases gradually from the pipes g to g to the pipes at and a, so that by this means the acceleration of the steam will be obtained proportionately to the increase of temperature.

Another improvement consists in a guiding-piece which is introduced into the superheating-pipes. By means of this guidingpiece, of which there may be several in one and the same steam-pipe, every particle of the steam passing through the said pipe will be forced to come into contact with the sides of the pipe, so as to prevent'the steam from passing through the pipe in such a manner that a central portion of the steam passes through without coming in contact with the superheating-surfaces. It is for the purpose of causing this central column of steam to be directed against the walls of the pipe that the guiding-pieces are inserted, these being so arranged that they guide the steam on the one hand from the outside to the inside and on the other hand from the inside to the outside, so that a continual change of the two layers of steam takes place,and consequently every portion of the steam is brought under the influence of the heated walls of the tube.

Fig. 7 of the accompanying drawings shows a part-longitudinal section through a pipe with one of the said guide-pieces, while Fig. 6 shows a cross-section through the pipe and insertion-piece on line a: a: of Fig. 7. Each guide insertion-piece. consists of an annular tubular piece h, connected to a single tube h of smaller diameter, the connection between h and h being effected by separate channels 77?. The annular piece h fits closely against the steam -pipe, while the tube It, being of smaller diameter, is some distance from the steam-pipe. If the steam, for example, passes through the pipe in the direction of the arrow, the portion thereof which flows along the walls of the pipe will be caught up by the annular piece It and be led through the channels it into the tube h, whence the steam will pass along the central part of the pipe. On the other hand, the portion of the steam which has been flowing along the central part of the pipe will be deflected toward the walls of the pipe, as this steam will pass through the central space of the annular tube, and will pass through the spaces between the channels it to the outer side of the tube h. At the second and every following guide-piece the above-described action will be repeated. This action will also take place if the steam be led through the pipe in the contrary direction.

The number of insertion guide-pieces employed depends upon the length of the pipe, as also upon the velocity of the steam. In every case the introduction of such guidepieces enables one to obtain a very uniform superheating of the steam-that is to say, a very effective utilization of the heat of the combustion-gases. In other words, the exchange of heat between the steam passing through the interior of the pipes and the gases passing along the outer surface thereof is effected in a much more perfect manner by the use of these guide insertion-pieces than without them. This will also be the case when the pipe d is not actually used for superheating steam passing through it nor when the pipe is heated by combustion-gases externally, as this arrangement can be used not only for steam-superheaters, but also generally for any apparatus for the interchange of heatsuch, for instance, as for feed-water heaters and the like.

An essential advantage of the above-described construction as compared with known apparatus is to be found in that the said guide insertion-pieces only produce throttling of the steam to a minimum extent. The sec tional area of the steam-pipe or the like is only narrowed to an extent corresponding to the thickness of the walls of the annular tubular piece h and the passages H Having nowdescribed my invention, what I desire to secure by Letters Patent of the United States is 1. A steam-superheating apparatus having a series of communicating steam-pipes arranged in zones of pipes, the pipes in each zone being different in number from the number of pipes of another zone, the total crosssectional area of the pipes in the difierent zones decreasing in the direction of travel of the steam, and means for supplying heat to the pipes.

2. A steam-superheating apparatus having a series of communicating steam-pipes arranged in zones of difierent diameters, the total cross-sectional area of the spaces between the pipes being substantially equal in all the zones, and means for supplying heated gases to said spaces between the pipes.

3. In a superheating apparatus, the combi nation with a steam-chamber, and a series of steam-pipes terminating at said chamber, of a cap located within the steam-chamberover the ends of a plurality of said steam-pipes, whereby said pipes are put in communication with each other and the pressure on both sides of the cap is equalized, substantially as described.

4;. In a superheating apparatus, the combination, with a steam-chamber, and a series of steam-pipes leading into and from said chamber, and means for heating said pipes, of a steam-interchanging device located in one of said pipes and having two sets of passages, one set leading from the center of the pipe to its inner periphery and the other set leading from the inner periphery of said pipe to its center,whereby the inner and outer layers of steam in the said pipe are interchanged, substantially as described.

In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand in presence of two witnesses.

HUGO SZAMATOLSKI.

Witnesses RICHARD GUENTHER, CARL GRUND.

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