US5971347A - Vibration damper - Google Patents
Vibration damper Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US5971347A US5971347A US09/103,557 US10355798A US5971347A US 5971347 A US5971347 A US 5971347A US 10355798 A US10355798 A US 10355798A US 5971347 A US5971347 A US 5971347A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- flat
- disturbance
- bottom plate
- supporting plates
- top plate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F15/00—Suppression of vibrations in systems; Means or arrangements for avoiding or reducing out-of-balance forces, e.g. due to motion
- F16F15/02—Suppression of vibrations of non-rotating, e.g. reciprocating systems; Suppression of vibrations of rotating systems by use of members not moving with the rotating systems
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a disturbance-proof device for frames, and more particularly to such a disturbance-proof device designed for connection between two vertically spaced beams for absorbing shocks upon a disturbance.
- the conventional disturbance resistant design of a frame adopts the concept of its material features to resist disturbances.
- damage to frames still results due to a large deformation of members in frames caused by disturbances.
- Frames in certain areas where disturbances tend to occur must be specially designed so that vibration energy induced by disturbances can be absorbed or lessened and that the functions of frames can be ensured. Therefore, the present invention is developed to absorb the disturbance-induced energy and to increase the vibration resistibility of frames.
- This invention is directed to a disturbance-proof device for frames designed for connection between two vertically spaced beams for absorbing shocks upon a disturbance.
- the disturbance-proof device is designed for connection between two vertically spaced beams for absorbing shocks upon a disturbance, comprising a flat top plate, a flat bottom plate, and a plurality of flat supporting plate connected in parallel between the flat top plate and the flat bottom plate, each flat supporting plate having a substantially V-shaped profile with its width gradually reducing from the flat top plate toward the flat bottom plate, a flat top flange welded to the flat top plate, and a round rod at its bottom side inserted in between two parallel locating blocks raised from the bottom plate.
- each flat supporting plate has a substantially X-shaped profile with its width gradually increasing from a middle part thereof toward the flat top plate and the flat bottom plate in reversed directions.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a disturbance-proof device for frames according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a disturbance-proof device for frames according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a disturbance-proof device for frames according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a side plain view of a flat supporting plate for the third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a disturbance-proof device for frames according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a side plain view of a flat supporting plate for the fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a disturbance-proof device for frames according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 shows an application example of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 shows another application example of the present invention.
- a disturbance-proof device 10 is shown comprised of a flat bottom plate 26, a flat top plate 17, and a plurality of flat supporting plates 12 vertically connected in parallel between the flat top plate 17 and the flat bottom plate 26.
- the flat bottom plate 26 comprises pairs of parallel locating blocks 16 respectively raised from its top side.
- the flat supporting plates 12 are made from profiled T-section or I-section steel (or other metal).
- Each flat supporting plate 12 has a substantially V-shaped profile, a steel round rod 14 fixedly disposed at its bottom side and retained in one pair of locating blocks 16, a horizontal top flange 11 at its top side welded to the bottom side of the flat top plate 17.
- the flat top plate 17 has transverse rows of through holes 18 corresponding to the horizontal top flanges 11 of the flat supporting plates 12. Through the through holes 18, the horizontal top flanges 11 of the flat supporting plates 12 are welded to the flat top plate 17.
- a plurality of vertically spaced beams 20 are connected in parallel between two columns 27, and a plurality of disturbance-proof devices 10 are respectively connected between each two adjacent beams 20.
- the flat top plate 17 of each disturbance-proof device 10 is bounded to an upper beam 20, and the flat bottom plate 26 of each disturbance-proof device 10 is connected to bracings 22 which are in turn connected to a lower beam 20 or the columns 27 by bracings 22.
- the round rods 14 are moved with the respective flat supporting plates 12 in the respective pairs of parallel locating blocks 16 to absorb or lessen shocks.
- the flat top plate 17 and bottom plate 26 of each disturbance-proof device 10 may be respectively connected between two vertically spaced beams 20 by respective bracings 22 (see FIG. 9).
- the round rod 14 is relatively shorter than the length of the bottom side of the corresponding flat supporting plate 12, having a longitudinal groove (not shown) at the periphery along its length adapted to receive the bottom edge of the corresponding flat supporting plate 12.
- the flat supporting plate 12 is made from a profiled I-section steel, having a horizontal bottom flange 15 and a horizontal top flange 11; the horizontal bottom flange 15 of each flat supporting plate 12 is directly welded to the flat bottom plate 26; the flat top plate 17 is supported on the horizontal top flange 11 of each flat supporting plate 12.
- the flat supporting plate 12 is made from profiled I-section steel, having a substantially X-shaped profile, a flat top flange 11 welded to the flat top plate 17, and a flat bottom flange 15 welded to the flat bottom plate 26.
- the flat supporting plate 12 has a bottom side inserted into a hole 23 on the flat bottom plate 26 and supported on a ball 24.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)
- Vibration Prevention Devices (AREA)
- Buildings Adapted To Withstand Abnormal External Influences (AREA)
- Building Environments (AREA)
- Vibration Dampers (AREA)
- Glass Compositions (AREA)
- Surgical Instruments (AREA)
Abstract
A disturbance-proof device connected between two vertically spaced beams for absorbing shocks upon a disturbance, includes a flat top plate, a flat bottom plate, and a plurality of flat supporting plate connected in parallel between the flat top plate and the flat bottom plate, each flat supporting plate having a substantially V-shaped profile with its width gradually reducing from the flat top plate toward the flat bottom plate, a flat top flange welded to the flat top plate, and a round rod at its bottom side inserted in between two parallel locating blocks raised from the bottom plate.
Description
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a disturbance-proof device for frames, and more particularly to such a disturbance-proof device designed for connection between two vertically spaced beams for absorbing shocks upon a disturbance.
2. Description of the Prior Art
It is inevitable that a frame will be subjected to disturbances in its serving life. Although there have been many improvements in materials and manufacturing techniques, the disturbance-proof design of a frame still remains impractical without advanced development.
The conventional disturbance resistant design of a frame adopts the concept of its material features to resist disturbances. However, damage to frames still results due to a large deformation of members in frames caused by disturbances.
Frames in certain areas where disturbances tend to occur must be specially designed so that vibration energy induced by disturbances can be absorbed or lessened and that the functions of frames can be ensured. Therefore, the present invention is developed to absorb the disturbance-induced energy and to increase the vibration resistibility of frames.
This invention is directed to a disturbance-proof device for frames designed for connection between two vertically spaced beams for absorbing shocks upon a disturbance.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the disturbance-proof device is designed for connection between two vertically spaced beams for absorbing shocks upon a disturbance, comprising a flat top plate, a flat bottom plate, and a plurality of flat supporting plate connected in parallel between the flat top plate and the flat bottom plate, each flat supporting plate having a substantially V-shaped profile with its width gradually reducing from the flat top plate toward the flat bottom plate, a flat top flange welded to the flat top plate, and a round rod at its bottom side inserted in between two parallel locating blocks raised from the bottom plate. According to another embodiment of the present invention, each flat supporting plate has a substantially X-shaped profile with its width gradually increasing from a middle part thereof toward the flat top plate and the flat bottom plate in reversed directions.
The foregoing objects and summary provide only a brief introduction to the present invention. To fully appreciate these and other objects of the present invention as well as the invention itself, all of which will become apparent to those skilled in the art, the following detailed description of the invention and the claims should be read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Throughout the specification and drawings identical reference numerals refer to identical or similar parts.
Many other advantages and features of the present invention will become manifest to those versed in the art upon making reference to the detailed description and the accompanying sheets of drawings in which a preferred structural embodiment incorporating the principles of the present invention is shown by way of illustrative example.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a disturbance-proof device for frames according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a disturbance-proof device for frames according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a disturbance-proof device for frames according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a side plain view of a flat supporting plate for the third embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a disturbance-proof device for frames according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a side plain view of a flat supporting plate for the fourth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a disturbance-proof device for frames according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8 shows an application example of the present invention.
FIG. 9 shows another application example of the present invention.
For the purpose of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiment illustrated in the drawings. Specific language will be used to describe same. It will, nevertheless, be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended, such alterations and further modifications in the illustrated device, and such further applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated herein being contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates.
Referring to FIG. 1, a disturbance-proof device 10 is shown comprised of a flat bottom plate 26, a flat top plate 17, and a plurality of flat supporting plates 12 vertically connected in parallel between the flat top plate 17 and the flat bottom plate 26. The flat bottom plate 26 comprises pairs of parallel locating blocks 16 respectively raised from its top side. The flat supporting plates 12 are made from profiled T-section or I-section steel (or other metal). Each flat supporting plate 12 has a substantially V-shaped profile, a steel round rod 14 fixedly disposed at its bottom side and retained in one pair of locating blocks 16, a horizontal top flange 11 at its top side welded to the bottom side of the flat top plate 17. The flat top plate 17 has transverse rows of through holes 18 corresponding to the horizontal top flanges 11 of the flat supporting plates 12. Through the through holes 18, the horizontal top flanges 11 of the flat supporting plates 12 are welded to the flat top plate 17.
Referring to FIG. 8 and FIG. 1 again, a plurality of vertically spaced beams 20 are connected in parallel between two columns 27, and a plurality of disturbance-proof devices 10 are respectively connected between each two adjacent beams 20. The flat top plate 17 of each disturbance-proof device 10 is bounded to an upper beam 20, and the flat bottom plate 26 of each disturbance-proof device 10 is connected to bracings 22 which are in turn connected to a lower beam 20 or the columns 27 by bracings 22. Upon a disturbance, the round rods 14 are moved with the respective flat supporting plates 12 in the respective pairs of parallel locating blocks 16 to absorb or lessen shocks. Alternatively, the flat top plate 17 and bottom plate 26 of each disturbance-proof device 10 may be respectively connected between two vertically spaced beams 20 by respective bracings 22 (see FIG. 9).
Referring to FIG. 2, the round rod 14 is relatively shorter than the length of the bottom side of the corresponding flat supporting plate 12, having a longitudinal groove (not shown) at the periphery along its length adapted to receive the bottom edge of the corresponding flat supporting plate 12.
Referring to FIGS. 3 and 4, the flat supporting plate 12 is made from a profiled I-section steel, having a horizontal bottom flange 15 and a horizontal top flange 11; the horizontal bottom flange 15 of each flat supporting plate 12 is directly welded to the flat bottom plate 26; the flat top plate 17 is supported on the horizontal top flange 11 of each flat supporting plate 12.
Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, the flat supporting plate 12 is made from profiled I-section steel, having a substantially X-shaped profile, a flat top flange 11 welded to the flat top plate 17, and a flat bottom flange 15 welded to the flat bottom plate 26.
Referring to FIG. 7, the flat supporting plate 12 has a bottom side inserted into a hole 23 on the flat bottom plate 26 and supported on a ball 24.
It will be understood that each of the elements described above, or two or more together may also find a useful application in other types of methods differing from the type described above.
While certain novel features of this invention have been shown and described and are pointed out in the annexed claim, it is not intended to be limited to the details above, since it will be understood that various omissions, modifications, substitutions and changes in the forms and details of the device illustrated and in its operation can be made by those skilled in the art without departing in any way from the spirit of the present invention.
Without further analysis, the foregoing will so fully reveal the gist of the present invention that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily adapt it for various applications without omitting features that, from the standpoint of prior art, fairly constitute essential characteristics of the generic or specific aspects of this invention.
Claims (9)
1. A disturbance-proof device for connection between two vertically spaced beams to absorb shocks of a disturbance, comprising a flat top plate, a flat bottom plate, and a plurality of flat supporting plates connected in parallel between said flat top plate and said flat bottom plate, wherein each of said flat supporting plates has a substantially V-shaped profile with its width gradually reducing from said flat top plate toward said flat bottom plate for absorbing shocks from a disturbance, said flat top and said flat bottom plate are respectively for connecting to the two vertically spaced beams by respective bracings, said flat top plate being adapted to be fastened to an upper beam by a process selected from welding or bolting, and said flat bottom plate is adapted to be supported on a lower beam by bracings.
2. The disturbance-proof device of claim 1, wherein each of said flat supporting plates has a flat top flange and a flat bottom flange respectively connected to said flat top plate and said flat bottom plate.
3. The disturbance-proof device of claim 1, wherein said flat top plate has transverse rows of through holes corresponding to said flat supporting plates for welding said flat supporting plates thereto.
4. The disturbance-proof device of claim 1, wherein each of said flat supporting plates has a bottom side welded to a round rod, said round rod being inserted between two parallel locating blocks raised from said flat bottom plate.
5. The disturbance-proof device of claim 4, wherein said round rod has a longitudinal groove for receiving said bottom side of the corresponding flat supporting plate.
6. The disturbance-proof device of claim 1, wherein each of said flat supporting plates has a bottom side welded with a ball and inserted into a respective locating hole formed in said flat bottom plate.
7. The disturbance-proof device of claim 1, wherein each of said flat supporting plates is formed from profiled T-section metal.
8. The disturbance-proof device of claim 1, wherein each of said flat supporting plates are formed from profiled I-section metal.
9. A disturbance-proof device for connection between two vertically spaced beams to absorb shocks from a disturbance, comprising a flat top plate, a flat bottom plate, and a plurality of flat supporting plates connected in parallel between said flat top plate and said flat bottom plate, wherein each of said flat supporting plates is made from profiled I-section metal and has a substantially X-shaped profile with its width gradually increasing from a middle part thereof toward said flat top plate and said flat bottom plate in reversed directions for absorbing shocks from a disturbance, and said flat top plate and said flat bottom plate are respectively for connecting between said two vertically spaced beams by respective bracing.
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/103,557 US5971347A (en) | 1998-06-24 | 1998-06-24 | Vibration damper |
JP31536598A JP3421257B2 (en) | 1998-06-24 | 1998-10-20 | Motion damper |
CA002265024A CA2265024C (en) | 1998-06-24 | 1999-03-08 | Vibration damper |
IT1999TO000415A IT1307703B1 (en) | 1998-06-24 | 1999-05-18 | VIBRATION DAMPER |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/103,557 US5971347A (en) | 1998-06-24 | 1998-06-24 | Vibration damper |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US5971347A true US5971347A (en) | 1999-10-26 |
Family
ID=22295823
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US09/103,557 Expired - Fee Related US5971347A (en) | 1998-06-24 | 1998-06-24 | Vibration damper |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5971347A (en) |
JP (1) | JP3421257B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2265024C (en) |
IT (1) | IT1307703B1 (en) |
Cited By (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6679012B1 (en) * | 2002-06-26 | 2004-01-20 | Ching-Shyang Chen | Earthquake energy eliminator |
US20040074723A1 (en) * | 2001-09-11 | 2004-04-22 | Chong-Shien Tsai | Detachable and replaceable shock damper for use in structures |
US20040074161A1 (en) * | 2001-08-07 | 2004-04-22 | Kazuhiko Kasai | Damping intermediate pillar and damping structure using the same |
US20080174057A1 (en) * | 2007-01-22 | 2008-07-24 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Vibration control pedestal and installation method thereof |
US20080283712A1 (en) * | 2007-05-17 | 2008-11-20 | Yung-Feng Su | Seismic damper |
US20090064808A1 (en) * | 2007-09-06 | 2009-03-12 | Bose Corporation | Flexure pivots |
US20110107699A1 (en) * | 2008-01-24 | 2011-05-12 | Yoshimichi Kawai | Metal joint and building comprising the same |
CN102635176A (en) * | 2012-05-10 | 2012-08-15 | 南京工业大学 | Shear yield and bending yield combined type staged soft steel damper |
US8464477B2 (en) * | 2011-08-18 | 2013-06-18 | Larry Bowlus | Seismic base isloation and energy dissipation device |
CN103696502A (en) * | 2013-12-09 | 2014-04-02 | 南京工业大学 | Shearing and bending combined type grading yield soft steel damper |
CN103711225A (en) * | 2013-12-25 | 2014-04-09 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Low waistband head steel shear plate damper without rib |
US20150260076A1 (en) * | 2014-03-11 | 2015-09-17 | Sumitomo Riko Company Limited | Muffler hanger |
WO2016086283A1 (en) * | 2014-12-01 | 2016-06-09 | Cast Connex Corporation | Yielding link, particularly for eccentrically braced frames |
US10519029B2 (en) * | 2016-08-23 | 2019-12-31 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Micromechanical component |
US20230163719A1 (en) * | 2015-06-09 | 2023-05-25 | Nextracker Llc | Mass damper for solar tracker |
WO2024084282A1 (en) * | 2022-10-17 | 2024-04-25 | Bozzo Rotondo Luis Miguel | Buckling delayed shear link |
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CN110841345A (en) * | 2019-11-25 | 2020-02-28 | 江苏师范大学 | Protective cover of membrane filter press |
CN113152717B (en) * | 2021-04-02 | 2022-08-02 | 北京市建筑设计研究院有限公司 | Staged yield type mild steel damper and construction method thereof |
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US4117637A (en) * | 1975-10-14 | 1978-10-03 | William Henry Robinson | Cyclic shear energy absorber |
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US4499694A (en) * | 1982-06-18 | 1985-02-19 | Development Finance Corporation Of New Zealand | Cyclic shear energy absorber |
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JP3008592U (en) | 1994-07-07 | 1995-03-20 | ナショナル・サイエンス・カウンシル | Shear type vibration damping device |
-
1998
- 1998-06-24 US US09/103,557 patent/US5971347A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-10-20 JP JP31536598A patent/JP3421257B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1999
- 1999-03-08 CA CA002265024A patent/CA2265024C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-05-18 IT IT1999TO000415A patent/IT1307703B1/en active
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US2359915A (en) * | 1941-11-07 | 1944-10-10 | Hussman Carl | Antivibration shock absorber |
US3390854A (en) * | 1966-10-28 | 1968-07-02 | Grinnell Corp | Movable bearing support |
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US3952980A (en) * | 1974-10-29 | 1976-04-27 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Translatory shock absorber for attitude sensors |
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US4823522A (en) * | 1987-04-22 | 1989-04-25 | Bechtel International Corporation | Energy absorbing and assembly for structural system |
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Cited By (23)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20040074161A1 (en) * | 2001-08-07 | 2004-04-22 | Kazuhiko Kasai | Damping intermediate pillar and damping structure using the same |
US7076926B2 (en) * | 2001-08-07 | 2006-07-18 | Kazuhiko Kasai | Damping intermediate pillar and damping structure using the same |
US20040074723A1 (en) * | 2001-09-11 | 2004-04-22 | Chong-Shien Tsai | Detachable and replaceable shock damper for use in structures |
US6679012B1 (en) * | 2002-06-26 | 2004-01-20 | Ching-Shyang Chen | Earthquake energy eliminator |
US7988122B2 (en) * | 2007-01-22 | 2011-08-02 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Vibration control pedestal and installation method thereof |
US20080174057A1 (en) * | 2007-01-22 | 2008-07-24 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Vibration control pedestal and installation method thereof |
US20080283712A1 (en) * | 2007-05-17 | 2008-11-20 | Yung-Feng Su | Seismic damper |
US7797886B2 (en) * | 2007-05-17 | 2010-09-21 | Yung-Feng Su | Seismic damper |
US20100308201A1 (en) * | 2007-05-17 | 2010-12-09 | Yung-Feng Su | Seismic Damper |
US7856765B1 (en) * | 2007-05-17 | 2010-12-28 | Yung-Feng Su | Seismic damper |
US20090064808A1 (en) * | 2007-09-06 | 2009-03-12 | Bose Corporation | Flexure pivots |
US20110107699A1 (en) * | 2008-01-24 | 2011-05-12 | Yoshimichi Kawai | Metal joint and building comprising the same |
US8511025B2 (en) * | 2008-01-24 | 2013-08-20 | Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation | Metal joint and building comprising the same |
US8464477B2 (en) * | 2011-08-18 | 2013-06-18 | Larry Bowlus | Seismic base isloation and energy dissipation device |
CN102635176A (en) * | 2012-05-10 | 2012-08-15 | 南京工业大学 | Shear yield and bending yield combined type staged soft steel damper |
CN103696502A (en) * | 2013-12-09 | 2014-04-02 | 南京工业大学 | Shearing and bending combined type grading yield soft steel damper |
CN103711225A (en) * | 2013-12-25 | 2014-04-09 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Low waistband head steel shear plate damper without rib |
US20150260076A1 (en) * | 2014-03-11 | 2015-09-17 | Sumitomo Riko Company Limited | Muffler hanger |
US9593620B2 (en) * | 2014-03-11 | 2017-03-14 | Sumitomo Riko Company Limited | Muffler hanger |
WO2016086283A1 (en) * | 2014-12-01 | 2016-06-09 | Cast Connex Corporation | Yielding link, particularly for eccentrically braced frames |
US20230163719A1 (en) * | 2015-06-09 | 2023-05-25 | Nextracker Llc | Mass damper for solar tracker |
US10519029B2 (en) * | 2016-08-23 | 2019-12-31 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Micromechanical component |
WO2024084282A1 (en) * | 2022-10-17 | 2024-04-25 | Bozzo Rotondo Luis Miguel | Buckling delayed shear link |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2265024A1 (en) | 1999-12-24 |
JP3421257B2 (en) | 2003-06-30 |
ITTO990415A1 (en) | 2000-11-18 |
IT1307703B1 (en) | 2001-11-14 |
ITTO990415A0 (en) | 1999-05-18 |
JP2000008639A (en) | 2000-01-11 |
CA2265024C (en) | 2004-09-28 |
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