Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
  • A01N59/12—Iodine, e.g. iodophors; Compounds thereof
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
  • Y10T428/1334—Nonself-supporting tubular film or bag [e.g., pouch, envelope, packet, etc.]
  • Y10T428/1345—Single layer [continuous layer]
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
  • Y10T428/1352—Polymer or resin containing [i.e., natural or synthetic]
  • Y10T428/1397—Single layer [continuous layer]

Definitions

• the present invention is directed to minimizing loss of iodine from an iodophor solution, notably polyvinylpyrrolidone iodophor, which is stored within a packaging. More specifically, the present invention is directed to a method for minimizing this loss, and to the packaging provided therefor, in which a certain minimal level of additional iodide is provided, in addition to the iodophor solution, which prevents or minimizes leaching of iodine through the packaging itself.
• an iodophor solution notably polyvinylpyrrolidone iodophor
• iodophors Combination of elemental iodine and certain organic polymers, e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidone and detergent polymers, have been termed iodophors.
• the organic polymers used to form an iodophor comprise a broad range in molecular weight and chain length, and may be either ionic or non-ionic in character, as well as possessing either surfactant or non-surfactant properties.
• a loose bond forms between the iodine and organic polymer to form a complex.
• Aqueous solutions of up to about 30% in iodine content, may be prepared.
• the general method for the preparation of a iodophor complex is to bring into intimate contact, elemental diatomic iodine with the selected polymer, either in the dry or powder form or in the presence of a suitable solvent. Heat may be used to accelerate complex formation. Upon completion of the reaction, the iodophor complex of the respective polymeric carrier with iodine is obtained in certain reproducible proportions of one to the other.
• Iodophor preparations are described in terms of available or titratable iodine which is considered to be the iodine released from the complex to exert germicidal action thereof. However, such available iodine determinations do not reflect either the total iodine content of the iodophor, or its germicidal potency.
• the iodine moiety of polyvinylpyrrolidone (povidone)-iodine complex is present in an aqueous iodophor solution in the form of different thermodynamically stable anionic iodine species and diatomic iodine.
• the anionic iodine forms are capable of generating diatomic iodine in the course of their respective equilibrium reactions.
• the anionic species do not distribute themselves into an extracting solvent which removes only the nonionic iodine. Such iodine is generated in the course of the iodine equilibrium reaction and extraction thereof by a solvent fractionates the equilibrium state. The disturbed equilibrium reaction is soon re-established to restore new anionic iodine species, but now at a different concentration level since the previous aqueous iodine content of the solution has been reduced by the extracting solvent.
• iodophor iodine exerting microbicidal action exists in solution in dynamic equilibrium with ionic iodine species, removal of one or more of the iodine species results in formation of new equilibrium forms.
• An extracting solvent removes or consumes iodine from the iodophor solution in a manner similar to that of a microbial and organic load during degerming use of the iodophor solution.
• the amount of iodine available for germicidal action in an iodophor preparation therefore is the amount of iodine in equilibrium in the solution at the time of use.
• Such equilibrium iodine content represents the germicidal potency of the preparation, but not the total iodine content titrated for the preparation nor the apparent distribution of the iodine forms.
• iodophor solutions have been assayed in the art for available or titratable iodine, it is the equilibrium iodine which is the particular form of iodine present in the iodophor solution that is instantly available to exert microbicidal action.
• This form of iodine differs from titratable iodine and the other iodine species present in the iodophor solution. Therefore, the equilibrium iodine content of an iodophor solution is to be distinguished from its titratable iodine content.
• the titratable iodine content of an iodophor preparation includes the iodine reservoir of the iodophor preparation (povidone iodine), as well as the equilibrium iodine in solution:
• Povidone-iodine polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine or PVP-I USP (U.S. Pharmacopeia) is the raw material used in the preparation of all PVP-I containing formulations.
• Povidone-iodine is a complex of iodine with povidone. It contains not less than 9.0% by weight, and not more than 12% by weight of available-iodine (titratable iodine) calculated on a dry basis.
• Povidone Iodine USP has a specification for iodide ion of not more than 6.6% by weight on a dry basis.
• the level of iodide ions inherently present in any PVP-I formulation using PVP-I raw material therefore depends on the amount of iodide ion present in the raw material PVP-I used. For example, on a theoretical basis, if the PVP-I contains 6% by weight iodide ion, then a formulation containing 10% by weight of PVP-I would contain 0.6% by weight iodide ion. However, PVP-I raw material containing a level of iodide ion greater than specifications of the U.S. Pharmacopeia, could also be used in formulating a PVP-I containing product.
• the minimum amount of iodide ion inherently present in a PVP-I formulation could be as low as 0.0% by weight, while the maximum amount of iodide ion inherently present in such a PVP-I formulation would be the amount contributed by the PVP-I raw material used to formulate the same. For example, on a theoretical basis, if a formulation contains 0.36% by weight PVP-I, and the PVP-I contains the maximum iodide allowable of 6.6% by weight, then the formulation will have 0.0237% by weight iodide present.
• Iodophor solutions notably povidone-iodine
• have been packaged for medicinal use e.g. in soft plastic bottles or containers which can be used for various medicinal purposes, e.g. douching.
• elemental iodine equilibrium iodine
• the present invention is directed to a packaging containing organic iodophor solution, and an amount of additional iodide which improves the stability of the iodophor and minimizes leaching of iodine through the packaging.
• the iodophor is preferably polyvinyl pyrrolidone iodophor.
• the packaging is preferably formed from polyethylene, and is preferably a sealed plastic container, e.g. a squeezable plastic douche bottle.
• the packaging preferably contains up to about 4.0% of the additional iodide, more preferably up to about 1.5% of the additional iodide, and most preferably up to about 1.0% of the additional iodide, based on the iodophor solution.
• the packaging also preferably contains at least about 0.02% of the additional iodide, and more preferably at least about 0.07% of the additional iodide, based on the iodophor solution.
• the iodophor solution itself preferably comprises about 0.01%-0.03% of iodide therein, in addition to the additional amount of iodide that has been introduced, with this additional iodide preferably being KI.
• the present invention is also directed to a method for improving the stability of the iodophor and minimizing leaching of iodine from iodophor solution through packaging containing the same, which comprises introducing, into the packaging, an additional amount of iodide which improves the stability of the iodophor and minimizes leaching of iodine through the packaging.
• a conventional iodophor preparation e.g. the povidone-iodine
• the minimum amount of additional iodide (e.g. potassium iodide) for example, which must be added to such a formulation is most preferably about 0.076% by weight, based on the iodophor solution itself, while the maximum amount of additional iodide to be added to such a formulation is dictated by the nature of the formulation itself and packaging. In any event, preferably up to a maximum of about 1.5% by weight iodide, based on the iodophor solution, may be added into the packaging itself.
• the preferred amount of iodide added to the noted iodophor formulation depends on the nature of the formulation and on the packaging. For example, an optimal amount of additional iodide to be added would provide a formulation containing about 0.36% PVP-I and about 0.91% weight/volume iodide when the formulation is packaged in a low density, polyethylene packaging (all percents are used herein are weight/volume unless otherwise noted).
• This particular formulation results in the desired stability, as documented in Table X below (Example I2).
• Table X below (Example I2).
• the 3 Mo/40° C. data in Table X shows that for Examples 12, 13 and 14, the percent available iodine shows acceptable stability, while Examples 10 and 11 do not show as good stability.
• the same formulation in a different package may require a different, preferred level of iodide.
• the present invention is applicable to all halophors, including iodophors, with the iodophors being any iodine-releasing material, including surfactant-iodophors. While PVP-I is the preferred iodophor, the present invention is applicable to any iodine-releasing material.
• other iodophor complexes comprise non-ionic, cationic and anionic detergent carriers.
• An iodophor compound may be prepared with a commercially available non-ionic surface active agent as for example, the liquid non-ionic polyglycol ether type surface active agents which are obtained by condensing alkylene oxides with water-insoluble organic compounds containing at least six carbon atoms and having an active hydrogen, such as organic hydroxy compounds, i.e., alcohols, phenols, thiophene, primary and secondary amines, carboxylic and sulfonic acids and their amides.
• Non-ionic polyglycol ether type surface active agents of this class are well known in the art and are disclosed, together with methods for their preparation in U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,970,578 and 2,213,477. These agents may be represented by the general formula:
• R represents the residue of organic compound containing an active hydrogen
• R 1 represents hydrogen or lower alkyl
• ⁇ n ⁇ represents an interger of from 3 to 100 or higher, but usually from 6 to 50.
• non-ionic surfactants also may be used to prepare iodophors as, for example, the class of non-ionic surfactants characterized by the condensation of polyoxypropylene glycol with ethylene oxide containing various chain lengths.
• non-ionic agents are disclosed and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,674,619 and have the general formula:
• Y equals at least 15; and (C 2 H 4 ) z+z, equals 20-90 percent of the total weight of the compound.
• Pluronics a product of Wyandotte Chemicals Corporation of Wyandotte, Mich. and for purposes of brevity these non-ionic compounds will hereinafter be referred to as Pluronics.
• a suitable non-ionic surfactant iodophor complex may be prepared by dissolving in acidified water a sufficient quantity, as for example, between 90 and 99 percent by weight, of the selected non-ionic surface active agent as for example, octylphenoxypoly-(ethleneoxy) ethanol, wherein R is an octylphenoxy group, R' is a hydrogen and n is nine, and adding from 1 to 12 grams of iodide ion obtained from a soluble iodide salt including hydriodic acid, and from 0.1 to 1.0 percent by weight of iodate ion, all the while maintaining the pH of the solution to be below pH 3.
• the selected non-ionic surface active agent as for example, octylphenoxypoly-(ethleneoxy) ethanol, wherein R is an octylphenoxy group, R' is a hydrogen and n is nine, and adding from 1 to 12 grams of iodide ion obtained from
• nonylphenoxypoly-(ethyleneoxy) ethanol in place of octylphenoxypoly-(ethyleneoxy) ethanol described above, there may be substituted other members of this class of non-ionic detergents as for example, nonylphenoxypoly (ethyleneoxy) ethanol.
• anionic iodine complexed may also be prepared utilizing members of the group of anionic surface active agents represented by the formula:
• R is the radical CxH (2x+1) CO;x being an integer of from 5 to 17, R being selected from group consisting of hydrogen, (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl and cyclohexyl radicals and Y being selected from the group consisting of salt-forming cations.
• the preferred anionic detergent compounds are of the well known groups of anionic surface active agents known as alkanoyl taurates and alkylaryl sulfonate such as alkyl benzene sodium sulfonate and alkyl naphthyl sodium sulfonate.
• anionic detergent agents as a carrier for iodine in the preparation of iodophors
• from 90 to 99 percent by weight of the selected anionic iodine carrier is mixed with from 1 to 10 percent by weight of iodide ion and the whole is dissolved in acidulated water.
• from 0.1 to 1.0 percent of an iodate ion is added slowly until no further iodide ion is present in the solution upon testing.
• the solvent is evaporated to recover the formed iodophor complex in a substantially pure form.
• the well known cationic surfactant compounds as for example, the quaternary ammonium salts such as those formed by the alkylation of fatty amines; straight-chain fatty amine salts having from 8 to 18 carbon atoms in chain length, as for example, octadecyl maine; amino amides and imidazolines may be used.
• the manufacturing process as described above is used to result in a superior iodophor preparation than was hitherto known after the methods described in the prior art.
• a cationic detergent iodophor When a cationic detergent iodophor is to be prepared, then the same ratios of reagents are used, that is from 90 to 99 percent by weight of the selected cationic detergent compound is dissolved in acidulated aqueous solution and from 1 to 10 percent by weight of iodide ion is added together with from 0.01 to 1.0 percent of iodate ion. The mixture is stirred until no iodide ion is evident upon testing. The formed cationic detergent iodophor is recovered in a substantially pure form and exhibits an extraordinary stability.
• the amount of iodide present in iodophor formulations comes from the inherent quantity of iodide present in the iodophors.
• the minimum amount of additional iodide (e.g. potassium iodide) which must be added to such an iodophor formulation is preferably about 0.0765%, based on the overall iodophor solution, while a maximum amount of additional iodide which should be added to such a formulation, and is dictated by the nature of the formulation and the packaging, is preferably up to about 1.5% based on the iodophor preparation.
• a preferred amount of iodide to be added to a formulation naturally depends on the nature of the formulation and the packaging component, as noted above. An amount of iodide that gives the optimal desired characteristics (stability) in a formulation for a particular packaging component, is the goal. A preferred amount of added iodide preferably lies in the range of about 0.076% to 1.5%, depending upon the packaging.
• iodide examples include sodium iodide, potassium iodide, calcium iodide, and zinc iodide, with potassium iodide specifically being preferred.
• the present invention is extremely effective with all kinds of packaging that has been used to contain PVP-I formulations, i.e. most types of plastic materials which are permeable to iodine, such as low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, etc.
• the loss of iodine is a function of the type of plastic, wall thickness of the container thereof, and also of the temperature.
• the iodophor preparation with the additional iodide may be prepared in the following manner:
• pH of the batch is adjusted to the desired pH.
• a solution of 5% sodium hydroxide is used to adjust the pH when below the target pH.
• a solution of diluted hydrochloric acid is used the adjust to pH when above the target pH;
• the iodide could be added at any stage of the manufacturing process, such as (1) before the povidone-iodine, (2) with the povidone-iodine as a powder or solution, or (3) after the addition of the surfactant and fragance.
• the additional iodide could alternately be added to the iodophor raw material during manufacture or after manufacture.
• LDPE Low Density Polyethylene
• HDPE High Density Polyethylene
• the stability of the product is a function of the packaging at a given temperature.
• the present invention will demonstrate, as documented below, that stability (even in one of the the worst situations when packaged in Low Density Polyethylene) can be greatly improved when an additional amount of Iodide is included in the formula.
• Iodide present in the iodophor solution was about 0.03%. Added Iodide was 0.076%
• Iodide present in the iodophor solution was about 0.018%. No additional Iodide was added.
• Form-fill seal bottles are plastic containers which are manufactured from a thermoplastic granulate, filled, and sealed in the same automatic machine.
• a plastic tube is extruded from melted plastic granulate.
• blow-molding compressed air is blown into the tube, pushing out the warm plastic walls until they conform to the shape of a surrounding mold.
• a metered amount of product is introduced into the formed container.
• the container is sealed, the mold opens and the finished, filled container is released on to a conveyor.
• “Natural” polyethylene contains no added pigment.
• the “White” polyethylene contains a pigment (such as Titanium Dioxide) to render the plastic white.
• Iodide present in the Iodophor solution was about 0.018%. Added Iodide was 0.15%.
• Iodide present in the Iodophor solution was about 0.018%.
• Added Iodide was 0.228%.
• Iodide present in the Iodophor solution was about 0.018%. Added Iodide was 0.342%.
• Iodide present in the Iodophor solution was about 0.023%. Added Iodide was 0.285%.
• Iodide present in the Iodophor solution was about 0.022%. Added Iodide was 0.42%.
• Iodide present in the Iodophor solution was about 0.018%. Added Iodide was 0.61%.
• Example 10 The resulting solution was examined for stability in Low Density Polyethylene and glass at 40° C. and Room Temperature.
• a comparative stability Table of Example 10 to Example 14 is presented after the Example 14 formula in Tables X and XI.
• Iodide present in the Iodophor solution was about 0.018%. Added Iodide was 0.76%.
• the resulting solution was examined for stability in Low Density Polyethylene and glass at 40° C. and Room Temperature.
• Iodide present in the Iodophor solution was about 0.018%. Added Iodide was 0.91%.
• the resulting solution was examined for stability in Low Density Polyethylene and glass at 40° C. and Room Temperature.
• Iodide present in the Iodophor solution was about 0.018%. Added Iodide was 1.14%.
• the resulting solution was examined for stability in Low Density Polyethylene and glass at 40° C. and Room Temperature.
• Iodide present in the Iodophor solution was about 0.018%. Added Iodide was 1.52%.
• the resulting solution was examined for stability in Low Density Polyethylene and glass at 40° C. and Room Temperature.
• Iodide present in the Iodophor solution was about 0.03%. No additional iodide was added.
• Example 15 was examined for stability in low density polyethylene at 40° C. and room temperature.
• Tables XII and XIII a comparative stability profile of Example 15 to Example 20 is presented. This series of examples demonstrates the effect of iodide on stability in the same package.
• Iodide present in the Iodophor solution was about 0.03%. Added Iodide was 0.076%.
• Iodide present in the Iodophor solution was about 0.03%. Added Iodide was 0.019%.
• Iodide present in the Iodophor solution was about 0.03%. Added Iodide was 0.038%.
• Iodide present in the Iodophor solution was about 0.03%. Added Iodide was 0.056%.
• Iodide present in the Iodophor solution was about 0.03%. Added Iodide was 0.076%.
• Example 4 the formulation with no additional iodide included
• the percent available iodine decreases from an initial value of 0.036% to 0.034% in container 1, i.e. the glass control, after 3 Mo/40° C., namely a decrease of 5.5%.
• container 3 namely the low density polyethylene form fill sealed bottle
• the percent available iodine decreased from an initial value of 0.036% to 0.005%, namely a decrease in percent available iodine of 88.1%.
• Example 5 where 0.15% iodide was added to the iodophor formulation in accordance with the present invention, this addition did not greatly improve the stability in container 1, namely the glass container as noted in Table V, as expected. However, in all other plastic containers, a dramatic improvement in stability is documented, especially in container 3. From Table V, it is seen that the percent available iodine for container 3 has dropped from an initial level of 0.036% to 0.020%, namely a decrease in percent available iodine of only 44.4%. Typically, for PVP-I containing products, the U.S. Pharmacopeia allows a 20% overage from label claim and requires a minimum 85% of label after 3 Mo/40° C. stability testing.
• Example 7 the percent available iodine after 3 Mo/40° C. with respect to container 3, drops to 0.026% from an initial level of 0.036%, namely a drop of 27.7% from the initial level which is within the U. S. Pharmacopeia guidelines of maximum allowable drop of 35%
• the percent average iodine drops from 0.036% to 0.020% after 3 Mo/40° C. when there is no iodide added to the formula as documented in Table 4 of Example 4, namely a drop of 44.4%.
• the percent available iodine drops from 0.036% only to 0.031%, namely a drop of only 13.9% as documented in Table V of Example 5.
• Iodide present in the Iodophor solution was about 0.18%. No additional Iodide was added.
• Iodide present in the Iodophor solution was about 0.18%. Added Iodide was 0.15%.
• Iodide present in the Iodophor solution was about 0.18%. Added Iodide was 0.228%.
• the resulting solution was examined for stability in the following packages at 56° C., and 45° C.
• Iodide present in the Iodophor solution was about 0.18%. Added Iodide was 0.342%.
• the resulting solution was examined for stability in the following packages at 56° C., and 45° C.
• Iodide present in the Iodophor solution was about 0.023%. Added Iodide was 0.285%.
• the resulting solution was examined for stability in the following packages at 56° C., and 45° C.
• the resulting solution was examined for stability in the following packages at 56° C., and 45° C.

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• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
• Zoology (AREA)
• Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
• Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
• Plant Pathology (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
• General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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• Dentistry (AREA)
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• Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
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• Medical Preparation Storing Or Oral Administration Devices (AREA)
• Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
• Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
• Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
• Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
• Packging For Living Organisms, Food Or Medicinal Products That Are Sensitive To Environmental Conditiond (AREA)

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