US4980283A - Renin-inhibitory pepstatin phenyl derivatives - Google Patents

Renin-inhibitory pepstatin phenyl derivatives Download PDF

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Publication number
US4980283A
US4980283A US07/360,626 US36062689A US4980283A US 4980283 A US4980283 A US 4980283A US 36062689 A US36062689 A US 36062689A US 4980283 A US4980283 A US 4980283A
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Prior art keywords
renin
pepstatin
compound
strain
salts
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US07/360,626
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Leeyuan Huang
Joseph Dunn, Jr.
Lawrence Koupal
Jerrold Liesch
Otto Hensens
H. Boyd Woodruff
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Merck and Co Inc
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Merck and Co Inc
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Assigned to MERCK & CO., INC. reassignment MERCK & CO., INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: DUNN, JOSEPH JR., HENSENS, OTTO, HUANG, LEEYUAN, KOUPAL, LAWRENCE, LIESCH, JERROLD M., WOODRUFF, H. BOYD
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K5/02—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing at least one abnormal peptide link
    • C07K5/0205—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing at least one abnormal peptide link containing the structure -NH-(X)3-C(=0)-, e.g. statine or derivatives thereof
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
    • Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
    • Y10S435/822—Microorganisms using bacteria or actinomycetales
    • Y10S435/886—Streptomyces
    • Y10S435/898—Streptomyces hygroscopicus
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S530/00—Chemistry: natural resins or derivatives; peptides or proteins; lignins or reaction products thereof
    • Y10S530/86—Renin inhibitors

Definitions

  • the present invention is concerned with a novel pepstatin phenyl derivative of the formula, C 40 H 59 N 5 O 9 , which selectively inhibits the proteolytic enzyme, renin, and is a useful starting material for the preparation of statine and the benzyl analog of statine; with pharmaceutical compositions containing the novel compound of the present invention as an active ingredient; and with methods of treating hypertension and congestive heart failure and methods of diagnosis which utilize the novel compound of the present invention.
  • Renin is an endopeptidase secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney, which cleaves its plasma substrate, angiotensinogen, specifically at the 10-11 peptide bond, i.e., between Leu 10 and Leu 11 in the equine substrate, as described by Skeqqs et al, J. Exper. Med. 1957, 106, 439, or between the Leu 10 and Val 11 in the human renin substrate, as elucidated by Tewksbury et al., Circulation 59, 60, Supp. II: 132, Oct. 1979.
  • Renin cleaves angiotensinogen to split off the decapeptide, angiotensin I, which is converted by angiotensin-converting enzyme to the potent presser substance anqiotensin II.
  • angiotensin I which is converted by angiotensin-converting enzyme to the potent presser substance anqiotensin II.
  • the renin anqiotensin system plays an important role in normal cardiovascular homeostasis and in some forms of hypertension.
  • Inhibitors of anqiotensin I converting enzyme have proven useful in the modulation of the renin-anqiotensin system and consequently, specific inhibitors of the limiting enzymatic step that ultimately regulates anqiotensin II production, the action of renin on its substrate, have also been sought as effective investigative tools and as therapeutic agents in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.
  • pepstatin N acylated pentapeptide, (pepstatin), having the structure: ##STR2##
  • pepstatin N acylated pentapeptide, (pepstatin), having the structure: ##STR2##
  • This pentapeptide was reported to be an. inhibitor of aspartyl proteases such as pepsin, cathepsin D, and renin, with an I 50 ratio against pepsin and renin generally in the range of 300 to 1000, depending on the sensitivity of the assay.
  • pepstatin reduces blood pressure in vivo after the injection of hog renin into nephrectomized rats, but pepstatin has not found very wide application as an experimental agent because of its limited solubility and its inhibition of a variety of other acid proteases in addition to renin.
  • the present invention discloses a new renin-inhibitory pepstatin derivative of the formula: ##STR3## and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof.
  • Pharmaceutically-acceptable salts of the Formula I compound include acid addition salts, such as acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy ethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate,2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate,
  • the base salts of these compounds include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as sodium and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts, salts with organic bases such as dicyclohexylamine salts, N-methyl -D glucamine, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and so forth.
  • the basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quaternized with such agents as lower alkyl halides, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chloride, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates like dimethyl, diethyl and dibutyl; and diamyl sulfates or long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides or aralkyl halides like benzyl and phenethyl bromides and others. Conventional methods of preparing these water or oil soluble or dispersible salts may be used.
  • lower alkyl halides such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chloride, bromides and iodides
  • dialkyl sulfates like dimethyl, diethyl and dibutyl
  • a pharmaceutical composition for treating renin-associated hypertension and congestive heart failure comprising a pharmaceutical carrier, optionally with an adjuvant, and a therapeuticaly-effective amount of the peptide of the formula I.
  • a pharmaceutical carrier optionally with an adjuvant
  • a therapeuticaly-effective amount of the peptide of the formula I a pharmaceutical carrier for treating renin-associated hypertension and congestive heart failure.
  • the actual amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration, as determined within the professional competence of the attending physician.
  • the present invention also encompasses the use of the novel peptide of formula I as a starting material for the preparation of the peptide bond-isostere statine and its benzyl analog, by acid hydrolysis and chromatography.
  • the inhibitor/statine starting material of the present invention may be prepared by the aerobic fermentation of a new strain of the microorganism, Streptomyces hygroscopicus (isolated from the forest soil of a small, isolated island of Japan, with a biologically-pure culture of which being maintained as Merck Culture Collection MA6044, deposited under the Budapest Treaty with the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md., on June 8, 1987, under Accession No.
  • ATCC 53628 ATCC 53628
  • other natural or artificial mutants or variants derived by physical or chemical mutagens such as ultraviolet irradiation or nitrosoguanidine treatment, or recombinant techniques, such as protoplast fusion, plasmid incorporation, gene transfer, and the like
  • Streptomyces hygroscopicus culture or of other species of the genus, Streptomyces capable of producing the desired inhibitor compound.
  • the cultural characteristics of this new strain of Streptomyces hyqroscopicus include: Morphology: Sporophores form short compact spirals clustered along the aerial hyphae, and as the culture ages, these spores coalesce to form large moist clusters.
  • ISP Medium 4 Inorganic salts-starch agar
  • Peptone-iron-yeast extract agar (ISP Medium 6)
  • the controlled aerobic fermentation of this new strain of Streptomyces hygroscopius is conducted in a suitable nutrient media which contains sources of assimilable carbon (such as from any of a wide variety of carbohydrates, including glucose, fructose, maltose, sucrose, xylose, and the like), especially in the presence of nitrogen sources, including proteinaceous materials (such as yeast hydrolysates, primary yeast, soybean meal, hydrolysates of casein, distillers solubles, cornsteep liquor, tomato paste, amino acids, figs, malts, cottonseed flour, lard water, animal viscera, and the like) and nutrient inorganic salts (such as the customary salts capable of yielding sodium, calcium, potassium, cobalt, manganese, iron, magnesium, ammonium, phosphate, sulfate, chloride, carbonate, and the like) at temperatures ranging from about 24° to 32° C., optimally at about 28° C., in a pH controlled to 6.
  • Any of a wide variety of media which contain at least carbon and nitrogen sources (preferably in a ratio of nutritional nitrogen sources to nutritional carbon sources of from 1:2 to 2:1, particularly in a ratio of from 0.8 to 1.2), with optional additional nutrients supplied by mineral salts and trace metals, may be used.
  • the inoculum for the fermentation may come from a small aliquot (seed) of vegetative growth in a seed medium which supports rapid growth of the microorganism or directly from spores, which is then inoculated into a production medium for large scale fermentation under optimum conditions.
  • seed small aliquot
  • spores spores
  • the maximum yield of the inhibitor is achieved within about 24 to 200 hours, particularly in from 24 to 36 hours, although variations in the medium or in the microorganism will alter the rate of production and/or its yield.
  • the accumulated products of the fermentation may then be separated and recovered from the broth by conventional chromatographic means.
  • Such a separation might include filtration of the fermentation broth to separate mycelia from liquid supernatant.
  • the supernatant is shaken with an equal volume of a moderately polar, water-immiscible solvent, such as chloroform, ethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone, and the like, and the layers are allowed to settle.
  • the mycelia are stirred vigorously (homogenized) with several volumes of solvents, such as acetone, ethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone, or the like, which will dissolve most of the pepstatin phenyl derivatives located within the mycelia.
  • the combined mycelia and supernatant organic extracts are concentrated to a small volume under reduced pressure.
  • the resultant mass is subjected to a series of solvent partioning and washing steps, using petroleum ether, hexane, ether, methylene chloride, methanol and similar solvents.
  • Adsorption and partition chromatographies, gel filtration, reversed-phase liquid chromatography and the like may be used, in conjunction with eluents of proper polarity and solubilizing characteristics to afford the desired pepstatin phenyl derivative.
  • novel peptide of the present invention possesses a high degree of activity in treating renin-associated hypertension and congestive heart failure in humans, as well as in other warm-blooded animals, such as mice, rats, horses, dogs, cats, etc.
  • renin-associated hypertension and congestive heart failure comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment, a therapeutically-effective amount of a peptide of the formula I.
  • the peptide of the present invention may be administered orally, parenterally (including subcutaneous injections, intravenous, intramuscular, intrasternal injection or infusion techniques), by inhalation spray, or rectally in dosage unit formulations containing conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, excipients, adjuvants and other vehicles.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable preparation, for example, as a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension.
  • This suspension may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
  • the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
  • Suitable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
  • fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables.
  • compositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable nonirritating excipient, such as cocoa butter or polyethylene glycol, which is solid at ordinary temperatures by liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug.
  • a suitable nonirritating excipient such as cocoa butter or polyethylene glycol
  • Dosage levels of the order of 0.1 to 4.0 grams per day parenterally are useful in the treatment of the above indicated conditions, with oral doses three-to-ten times higher.
  • renin-associated hypertension and hyperaldosteronism are effectively treated parenterally by the administration of from 1.0 to 50 milligram of the compound per kilogram of body weight per day.
  • the specific dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, route of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination and the severity of the particular condition undergoing therapy.
  • the renin-inhibitory peptides of the present invention may also be utilized as diagnostic methods for the purpose of establishing the significance of renin as a causative or contributory factor in hypertension or congestive heart failure in a particular patient.
  • a novel peptide of the present invention is administered to a patient, in a single dose of from 0.1 to 10 mg per kg of body weight, preferably by intravenous injection, although other routes of parenteral administration are also suitable, at a hypotensive dosage level and as a single dose, and there may result a transitory fall in blood pressure. This fall in blood pressure, if it occurs, then indicated supranormal plasma renin levels.
  • a frozen spore stock of the culture ATCC (Merck Culture Collection MA6044) was prepared by suspending the contents of a lyophilized preparation in 1 ml of sterile distilled water and applying its content to the surface of several BYME agar plates.
  • a frozen vial containing the spores of the culture MA6044 was thawed and 0.1 ml of its contents used to inoculate a 250 ml baffled flask containing 50 ml of KE medium.
  • This seed was incubated at 28° C. for 2 days at 220 rpm.
  • the inhibitor prepared according to this procedure demonstrated 97% renin inhibition, at a 1:10 dilution with 50% methanol, within 32 hours; and the titer remained at 91-100% inhibition through the remaining incubation period.
  • a frozen vial containing the spores of Merck Culture Collection MA6044 was thawed and 0.1 ml of its contents used to inoculate a 250 ml baffled flask containing 50 ml of R2 medium. This medium was incubated at 28° C. for 4 days at 220 rpm and at the end of the incubation period the broths were placed into a equal volume of methanol and centrifuged prior to assay. All samples were diluted with 50% methanol to determine titer endpoint.
  • the methanol solution was again concentrated to dryness and the residue again redissolved in methanol at 102.4 mg/ml then diluted with water to 12.5 ml (pH 2.8) and extracted sequentially with 100 ml of hexane twice, with 100 ml of methylene chloride twice and 100 ml of ethyl acetate three times.
  • the combined ethyl acetate extracts were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and dried in a vacuum.
  • the residue was redissolved in methanol to about 50 ml, with 35 mg residue/ml, and the solution was passed through an LH-20 column and the active fraction eluted with 10:1 ethyl acetate/MeOH. This fraction was then pooled and further purified by Zorbax reverse phase C 18 high performance liquid chromatography, with the active fraction from the Zorbax column being eluted with 42.5% acetonitrile/0.2% acetic acid, collected and dried.
  • the yield of the purified component was 4.6 mg.
  • Example 1 The compound of Example 1 was evaluated against renin, employing a solid phase radioimmunossay adapted and modified from the assay of Ikedo et al., W. of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 54, 423-428, 1982), and pepsin assays as illustrated below:
  • Example 2 Ten ⁇ l of the test inhibitor/broth extract from Example 1 was mixed with 5 ⁇ l of 0.11M phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and 0.25 ml of 0.1M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, containing 0.05% sodium azide and one mg/ml of bovine serum albumin. Twenty ⁇ l of 2 ⁇ g renin enzyme prepared from hog kidney was added and the mixture was incubated at 37° C. for 20 minutes. The enzyme reaction was initiated by adding 20 ⁇ l of substrate solution which was prepared by dissolving 4 mg of angiotensinogen in 4 ml of 0.1M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, containing 0.05% sodium azide and 1 mg/ml of BSA.
  • the activity of the test compound was calculated based on the standard curve of known amount of angiotensin I.
  • Pepsin Assay Methodology Seventy-five ⁇ l of 50% aqueous MeOH extract of the test broths/inhibitor from Example 1, by 0.4 ml of 0.06N HCl and 25 ⁇ l of 0.15 ⁇ g pepsin was added to a test tube, mixed and incubated at 37° C. for 10 minutes. The enzyme reaction was initiated by adding 0.05 ml of 14 C-hemoglobin substrate containing 0.2 mg of hemoglobin and 0.003 ⁇ g of 14 C-methemoglobin.
  • the activity for the test compound was calculated by the percentage of 14 C-hemoglobin being solublized.
  • the compound of Example 1 shows a dose-related inhibition against both enzymes.
  • the I 50 for the compound of Example 1 in renin was estimated to be 70 ng/ml which is about four times more potent than that of pepstatin A.
  • the I 50 for the compound of Example 1 in pepsin was estimated to be 0.56 ng/ml which is about one-half of the activity of pepstatin A.
  • the I 50 ration of the compound of Example 1 is about ten times better than that of pepstatin A.

Abstract

A phenyl derivative of pepstatin A, which is much more potent than pepstatin in inhibiting renin enzyme activity and has significantly greater selectivity for renin over pepsin inhibition than does pepstatin, which is useful in treating hypertension and congestive heart failure.

Description

This is a division of application Ser. No. 103324 filed 10-1-87 now U.S. Pat. No. 4,874,745.
The present invention is concerned with a novel pepstatin phenyl derivative of the formula, C40 H59 N5 O9, which selectively inhibits the proteolytic enzyme, renin, and is a useful starting material for the preparation of statine and the benzyl analog of statine; with pharmaceutical compositions containing the novel compound of the present invention as an active ingredient; and with methods of treating hypertension and congestive heart failure and methods of diagnosis which utilize the novel compound of the present invention.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Renin is an endopeptidase secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney, which cleaves its plasma substrate, angiotensinogen, specifically at the 10-11 peptide bond, i.e., between Leu 10 and Leu 11 in the equine substrate, as described by Skeqqs et al, J. Exper. Med. 1957, 106, 439, or between the Leu 10 and Val 11 in the human renin substrate, as elucidated by Tewksbury et al., Circulation 59, 60, Supp. II: 132, Oct. 1979. Renin cleaves angiotensinogen to split off the decapeptide, angiotensin I, which is converted by angiotensin-converting enzyme to the potent presser substance anqiotensin II. Thus, the renin anqiotensin system plays an important role in normal cardiovascular homeostasis and in some forms of hypertension.
Inhibitors of anqiotensin I converting enzyme have proven useful in the modulation of the renin-anqiotensin system and consequently, specific inhibitors of the limiting enzymatic step that ultimately regulates anqiotensin II production, the action of renin on its substrate, have also been sought as effective investigative tools and as therapeutic agents in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.
Renin antibody, pepstatin, phospholipids, and substrate analogs, including tetrapeptides and octa- to tridecapeptides, with inhibition constants (Ki) in the 10-3 to 10-6 M region, have been studied.
Many efforts have been made to prepare a specific renin inhibitor based on pig renin substrate analogy, which as been shown to correlate well with and predict human renin inhibitor activity. The octapeptide amino acid sequence extending from histidine-6 through tyrosine-13 ##STR1## has been shown to have kinetic parameters essentially the same as those of the full tetradecapeptide renin substrate.
Kokubu e-t al., Biochem. Pharmacol., 22, 3217-3223, 1973, synthesized a number of analogs of the tetrapeptide found between residues 10 to 13, but while inhibition could be shown, inhibitory constants were only of the order of 10-3 M. Analogs of a larger segment of renin substrate were synthesized,
Burton et al., Biochemistry 14: 3892-3898, 1975, and Poulsen et al., Biochemistry 12: 3877-3882, 1973, but a lack of solubility and weak binding (large inhibitory constant) have proven to be major obstacles to obtaining effective renin inhibitors.
In the case of pepstatin, Umezawa et al , in J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 23: 259-262, 1970, reported the isolation (from culture filtrates of actinomyces) of that N acylated pentapeptide, (pepstatin), having the structure: ##STR2## This pentapeptide was reported to be an. inhibitor of aspartyl proteases such as pepsin, cathepsin D, and renin, with an I50 ratio against pepsin and renin generally in the range of 300 to 1000, depending on the sensitivity of the assay. Gross et al., Science 175:656, 1972, reported that pepstatin reduces blood pressure in vivo after the injection of hog renin into nephrectomized rats, but pepstatin has not found very wide application as an experimental agent because of its limited solubility and its inhibition of a variety of other acid proteases in addition to renin.
It has now been found that a novel phenyl derivative of pepstatin is about four times more potent than pepstatin A in inhibiting renin activity and has an I50 ratio of renin to pepsin which is about ten fold less than that for pepstatin A. This new phenyl derivative, therefore, offers significant therapeutic advantages for the treatment of high blood pressure and congestive heart failure in mammals. This derivative is also a useful starting material for the preparation of statine, a synthetic amino acid, which has been successfully substituted into renin substrates as a peptide bond isostere at the 10-11 position.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention discloses a new renin-inhibitory pepstatin derivative of the formula: ##STR3## and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof.
Pharmaceutically-acceptable salts of the Formula I compound include acid addition salts, such as acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy ethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate,2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, succinate, tartrate, thiocyanate, tosylate, and undecanoate. The base salts of these compounds include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as sodium and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts, salts with organic bases such as dicyclohexylamine salts, N-methyl -D glucamine, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and so forth. Also, the basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quaternized with such agents as lower alkyl halides, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chloride, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates like dimethyl, diethyl and dibutyl; and diamyl sulfates or long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides or aralkyl halides like benzyl and phenethyl bromides and others. Conventional methods of preparing these water or oil soluble or dispersible salts may be used.
There is further provided in the present invention a pharmaceutical composition for treating renin-associated hypertension and congestive heart failure, comprising a pharmaceutical carrier, optionally with an adjuvant, and a therapeuticaly-effective amount of the peptide of the formula I. The actual amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration, as determined within the professional competence of the attending physician.
The present invention also encompasses the use of the novel peptide of formula I as a starting material for the preparation of the peptide bond-isostere statine and its benzyl analog, by acid hydrolysis and chromatography.
The inhibitor/statine starting material of the present invention may be prepared by the aerobic fermentation of a new strain of the microorganism, Streptomyces hygroscopicus (isolated from the forest soil of a small, isolated island of Japan, with a biologically-pure culture of which being maintained as Merck Culture Collection MA6044, deposited under the Budapest Treaty with the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md., on June 8, 1987, under Accession No. ATCC 53628), or of other natural or artificial mutants or variants derived by physical or chemical mutagens (such as ultraviolet irradiation or nitrosoguanidine treatment, or recombinant techniques, such as protoplast fusion, plasmid incorporation, gene transfer, and the like) produced or derived from the Streptomyces hygroscopicus culture or of other species of the genus, Streptomyces, capable of producing the desired inhibitor compound.
The cultural characteristics of the producing organism were compared with culture descriptions of other Streptomyces species described in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, Eighth Edition, 1974, Williams & Wilkens, Baltimore, Md., and the International Streptomyces Project reports: Shirling, E. B. & D. Gottlieb, "Cooperative description of type cultures of Streptomyces, II. Species description from first study", Intern. J. Syst. Bateriol. (IJSB) 18: 69 189, 1968;"III. Additional species descriptions from first and second studies", IJSB 18: 279 392, 1968;"IV. Species descriptions from the second, third, and fourth studies", IJSB, 19: 391 512, 1969;"V. Additional descriptions", IJSB 22: 265 394, 1972. By this method, the producing organism was identified as a new strain of the known species, Streptomyces hyqroscopicus.
The cultural characteristics of this new strain of Streptomyces hyqroscopicus (wherein V=vegetative growth: A=aerial mycelium: and SP=soluble pigment; and all readings were taken after three weeks at 28° C., unless noted otherwise, with the pH of all media approximately neutral [6.8-7.2]) include: Morphology: Sporophores form short compact spirals clustered along the aerial hyphae, and as the culture ages, these spores coalesce to form large moist clusters.
Yeast extract malt extract agar (ISP Medium 2)
V: Reverse - grayish-tan
A: Flat, granular, gray mixed with much white, giving speckled salt/pepper appearance, edged with dk gray
SP: None
Oatmeal agar (ISP Medium 3)
V: Reverse - dark gray
A: Flat, granular, dark gray mixed with some white
SP: None
Inorganic salts-starch agar (ISP Medium 4)
V: Reverse - dark gray
A: Flat, granular, dark gray, becoming moist as culture ages
SP: None shows hydrolysis of starch
Glycerol asparagine agar (ISP Medium 5)
V: Reverse - dark gray
A: Med. gray mixed with some white, edged in dark gray, flat, granular
SP: None
Peptone-iron-yeast extract agar (ISP Medium 6)
V: Grayish tan
A: None
SP: None
Melanin: Negative
Tyrosine agar (ISP Medium 7)
V: Reverse - grayish tan
A: Light gray mixed with some white, edged with dark gray
SP: None
Czapek-dox agar
V: Reverse - tan
A: Grayish-white, flat, granular
SP: None
Egg albumin agar
V: Reverse - grayish tan
A: Med. gray mixed with white, edged with dark gray, flat, granular
SP: None
Carbon utilization
Pridham-Gottlieb basal medium (ISP Medium 9)+1% carbon source; +=growth; ±=growth poor or questionable; -=no growth as compared to negative control (no carbon source)
______________________________________                                    
        Glucose +                                                         
        Arabinose                                                         
                +                                                         
        Cellulose                                                         
                -                                                         
        Fructose                                                          
                +                                                         
        Inositol                                                          
                +                                                         
        Lactose ±                                                      
        Maltose +                                                         
        Mannitol                                                          
                +                                                         
        Mannose +                                                         
        Raffinose                                                         
                +                                                         
        Rhamnose                                                          
                -                                                         
        Sucrose +                                                         
        Xylose  +                                                         
______________________________________
Temperature range (Yeast extract-dextrose+salts agar)
28° C. - Good growth and sporulation
37° C. - Poor vegetative growth - no aerial hyphi
42° C. - No growth
50° C. - No growth
Oxygen requirements (Stab culture in yeast extract-dextrose +salts agar)
Aerobic
The controlled aerobic fermentation of this new strain of Streptomyces hygroscopius is conducted in a suitable nutrient media which contains sources of assimilable carbon (such as from any of a wide variety of carbohydrates, including glucose, fructose, maltose, sucrose, xylose, and the like), especially in the presence of nitrogen sources, including proteinaceous materials (such as yeast hydrolysates, primary yeast, soybean meal, hydrolysates of casein, distillers solubles, cornsteep liquor, tomato paste, amino acids, figs, malts, cottonseed flour, lard water, animal viscera, and the like) and nutrient inorganic salts (such as the customary salts capable of yielding sodium, calcium, potassium, cobalt, manganese, iron, magnesium, ammonium, phosphate, sulfate, chloride, carbonate, and the like) at temperatures ranging from about 24° to 32° C., optimally at about 28° C., in a pH controlled to 6.8-7.4 by the use of suitable organic buffers incorporated into the fermentation medium. Any of a wide variety of media which contain at least carbon and nitrogen sources (preferably in a ratio of nutritional nitrogen sources to nutritional carbon sources of from 1:2 to 2:1, particularly in a ratio of from 0.8 to 1.2), with optional additional nutrients supplied by mineral salts and trace metals, may be used.
The inoculum for the fermentation may come from a small aliquot (seed) of vegetative growth in a seed medium which supports rapid growth of the microorganism or directly from spores, which is then inoculated into a production medium for large scale fermentation under optimum conditions. Usually the maximum yield of the inhibitor is achieved within about 24 to 200 hours, particularly in from 24 to 36 hours, although variations in the medium or in the microorganism will alter the rate of production and/or its yield. The accumulated products of the fermentation may then be separated and recovered from the broth by conventional chromatographic means.
Such a separation might include filtration of the fermentation broth to separate mycelia from liquid supernatant. The supernatant is shaken with an equal volume of a moderately polar, water-immiscible solvent, such as chloroform, ethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone, and the like, and the layers are allowed to settle. The mycelia are stirred vigorously (homogenized) with several volumes of solvents, such as acetone, ethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone, or the like, which will dissolve most of the pepstatin phenyl derivatives located within the mycelia. The combined mycelia and supernatant organic extracts are concentrated to a small volume under reduced pressure. The resultant mass is subjected to a series of solvent partioning and washing steps, using petroleum ether, hexane, ether, methylene chloride, methanol and similar solvents.
Adsorption and partition chromatographies, gel filtration, reversed-phase liquid chromatography and the like may be used, in conjunction with eluents of proper polarity and solubilizing characteristics to afford the desired pepstatin phenyl derivative.
The novel peptide of the present invention possesses a high degree of activity in treating renin-associated hypertension and congestive heart failure in humans, as well as in other warm-blooded animals, such as mice, rats, horses, dogs, cats, etc.
Therefore, in accordance with the present invention there is still further provided a method of treating renin-associated hypertension and congestive heart failure, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment, a therapeutically-effective amount of a peptide of the formula I.
For these purposes, the peptide of the present invention may be administered orally, parenterally (including subcutaneous injections, intravenous, intramuscular, intrasternal injection or infusion techniques), by inhalation spray, or rectally in dosage unit formulations containing conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, excipients, adjuvants and other vehicles.
The pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable preparation, for example, as a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables.
The peptides of this invention may also be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration of the drug. These compositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable nonirritating excipient, such as cocoa butter or polyethylene glycol, which is solid at ordinary temperatures by liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug.
Dosage levels of the order of 0.1 to 4.0 grams per day parenterally are useful in the treatment of the above indicated conditions, with oral doses three-to-ten times higher. For example, renin-associated hypertension and hyperaldosteronism are effectively treated parenterally by the administration of from 1.0 to 50 milligram of the compound per kilogram of body weight per day. It will be understood, however, that the specific dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, route of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination and the severity of the particular condition undergoing therapy.
The renin-inhibitory peptides of the present invention may also be utilized as diagnostic methods for the purpose of establishing the significance of renin as a causative or contributory factor in hypertension or congestive heart failure in a particular patient.
Both in vivo and in vitro methods may be employed. In the in vivo method, a novel peptide of the present invention is administered to a patient, in a single dose of from 0.1 to 10 mg per kg of body weight, preferably by intravenous injection, although other routes of parenteral administration are also suitable, at a hypotensive dosage level and as a single dose, and there may result a transitory fall in blood pressure. This fall in blood pressure, if it occurs, then indicated supranormal plasma renin levels.
The following Examples are intended to be representative and not limiting.
EXAMPLE 1
A frozen spore stock of the culture ATCC (Merck Culture Collection MA6044) was prepared by suspending the contents of a lyophilized preparation in 1 ml of sterile distilled water and applying its content to the surface of several BYME agar plates.
______________________________________                                    
 BYME Agar                                                                
______________________________________                                    
Yeast Extract (Difco) 4.0 g/L                                             
Malt Extract (Difco)  10.0 g/L                                            
Glucose               4.0 g/L                                             
3-N-(Morpholino)-propane-sulfonic                                         
                      5.8 g/L                                             
acid                                                                      
pH 7.2                                                                    
______________________________________
These plates were incubated at 28° C. for 10-14 days, with the resulting spores being harvested and suspended in buffered 0.5% methylcellulose, prior to freezing at -80° C.
A frozen vial containing the spores of the culture MA6044 was thawed and 0.1 ml of its contents used to inoculate a 250 ml baffled flask containing 50 ml of KE medium.
______________________________________                                    
KE                                                                        
Glucose          1.0 g/L                                                  
Dextrin          10.0 g/L                                                 
Beef Extract     3.0 g/L                                                  
Ardamine pH      5.0 g/L                                                  
NZ Amine ε                                                        
                 5.0 g/L                                                  
MgSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2 O                                                     
                 0.05 g/L                                                 
Phosphate Buffer 2.0 ml                                                   
CaCO.sub.3       0.5 g/L                                                  
pH 7.0-7.2                                                                
Phosphate Buffer                                                          
K.sub.2 HPO.sub.4                                                         
                 91.0 g/L                                                 
Na.sub.2 HPO.sub.4                                                        
                 95.0 g/L                                                 
pH 7.0                                                                    
______________________________________
This seed was incubated at 28° C. for 2 days at 220 rpm.
A 2% seed inoculum was then used to inoculate a 3L stirred fermentation vessel containing R2 medium
______________________________________                                    
 R2                                                                       
______________________________________                                    
Glucose              19.0 g/L                                             
Yeast Extract (Difco)                                                     
                     7.0 g/L                                              
Edamine (Sheffield)  7.0 g/L                                              
Amisoy (Sheffield)   7.0 g/L                                              
Malt extract (Difco) 6.0 g/L                                              
NaH.sub.2 PO.sub.4   1.4 g/L                                              
N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-                                          
                     13.0 g/L                                             
ethanesulfonic acid                                                       
pH 7.0                                                                    
______________________________________
in which sterile glucose had been added after the medium was sterilized by steam treatment. The vessel was kept at 28° C. and stirred at 500 rpm, with 0.75L/min air flow for 48 hours, with the remainder of the fermentation period being at 700 rpm, with 1.25L/min air flow.
The inhibitor prepared according to this procedure demonstrated 97% renin inhibition, at a 1:10 dilution with 50% methanol, within 32 hours; and the titer remained at 91-100% inhibition through the remaining incubation period.
EXAMPLE 2
A frozen vial containing the spores of Merck Culture Collection MA6044 was thawed and 0.1 ml of its contents used to inoculate a 250 ml baffled flask containing 50 ml of R2 medium. This medium was incubated at 28° C. for 4 days at 220 rpm and at the end of the incubation period the broths were placed into a equal volume of methanol and centrifuged prior to assay. All samples were diluted with 50% methanol to determine titer endpoint.
Samples produced according to this procedure exhibited 90% renin inhibition at a 1:4 dilution.
EXAMPLE 3
Forty liters of whole broth were acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid to pH 2.8 and extracted twice with 12 liters of ethyl acetate. The combined soluble extracts were concentrated in vacuo to dryness, and the residue was washed with hexane and redissolved in methanol.
The methanol solution was again concentrated to dryness and the residue again redissolved in methanol at 102.4 mg/ml then diluted with water to 12.5 ml (pH 2.8) and extracted sequentially with 100 ml of hexane twice, with 100 ml of methylene chloride twice and 100 ml of ethyl acetate three times. The combined ethyl acetate extracts were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and dried in a vacuum.
The residue was redissolved in methanol to about 50 ml, with 35 mg residue/ml, and the solution was passed through an LH-20 column and the active fraction eluted with 10:1 ethyl acetate/MeOH. This fraction was then pooled and further purified by Zorbax reverse phase C18 high performance liquid chromatography, with the active fraction from the Zorbax column being eluted with 42.5% acetonitrile/0.2% acetic acid, collected and dried.
The yield of the purified component was 4.6 mg.
Employing low resolution mass spectra and high resolution mass measurements recorded on a Finnigan-MAT212 mass spectrometer in the electron impact mode (EI, 90 eV) and positive Fast Atom Bombardment [(+)FAB] spectra obtained on a MAT731 mass spectrometer, as well as a 1 H-NMR spectrum recorded at room temperature on a Varian XL-400 NMR spectrometer in CD3 OD, and comparing the resulting spectral data to those of known pepstatins, a compound of Formula I was identified as that purified component.
EXAMPLE 4
The compound of Example 1 was evaluated against renin, employing a solid phase radioimmunossay adapted and modified from the assay of Ikedo et al., W. of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 54, 423-428, 1982), and pepsin assays as illustrated below:
A. Renin Assay Methodology
Ten μl of the test inhibitor/broth extract from Example 1 was mixed with 5 μl of 0.11M phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and 0.25 ml of 0.1M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, containing 0.05% sodium azide and one mg/ml of bovine serum albumin. Twenty μl of 2 μg renin enzyme prepared from hog kidney was added and the mixture was incubated at 37° C. for 20 minutes. The enzyme reaction was initiated by adding 20 μl of substrate solution which was prepared by dissolving 4 mg of angiotensinogen in 4 ml of 0.1M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, containing 0.05% sodium azide and 1 mg/ml of BSA.
After 20 minutes' incubation at 37° C., the enzyme reaction was stopped by the addition of 100 μl of 125 I-angiotensin I tracer-pepstatin. A solution which was prepared by mixing 10 μl of 0.5 mg 125 I-angiotensin I containing 200 μl of 16 mg/ml of pepstatin A in dimethyl formamide and eight ml of 0.1M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, and 0.05% sodium azide. One antibody coated ball was then added to each assay tube and the tube was vortexed and incubated at room temperature for 3 hours. Two ml of water was then added to each tube and the solution was aspirated, with the tube with the ball being counted in a γ-counter.
The activity of the test compound was calculated based on the standard curve of known amount of angiotensin I.
BN
Pepsin Assay Methodology Seventy-five μl of 50% aqueous MeOH extract of the test broths/inhibitor from Example 1, by 0.4 ml of 0.06N HCl and 25 μl of 0.15 μg pepsin was added to a test tube, mixed and incubated at 37° C. for 10 minutes. The enzyme reaction was initiated by adding 0.05 ml of 14 C-hemoglobin substrate containing 0.2 mg of hemoglobin and 0.003 μg of 14 C-methemoglobin.
After 45 minutes incubation at 37° C., 0.1 of 2% hemoglobin in 0.6N HCl was added to the above solution and the enzyme reaction was stopped by adding 0.5 ml of 10% trichloroacetic acid. The tube was mixed and centrifuged for 5 minutes at 500 xg. One ml of supernatant was mixed with 10 ml of scintillation fluid and the radioactivity was counted.
The activity for the test compound was calculated by the percentage of 14 C-hemoglobin being solublized.
C. Test Results and Analysis
The compound of Example 1 shows a dose-related inhibition against both enzymes. The I50 for the compound of Example 1 in renin was estimated to be 70 ng/ml which is about four times more potent than that of pepstatin A. The I50 for the compound of Example 1 in pepsin was estimated to be 0.56 ng/ml which is about one-half of the activity of pepstatin A.
Thus, the I50 ratios of both compounds against renin and pepsin assays are summarized below:
______________________________________                                    
              I.sub.50 ratio of renin/pepsin                              
______________________________________                                    
Compound of Example 1                                                     
                 125                                                      
Pepstatin A     1160                                                      
______________________________________
The I50 ration of the compound of Example 1 is about ten times better than that of pepstatin A.

Claims (4)

What is claimed is:
1. A biologically-pure culture of the strain of the organism, Streptomyces hygroscopicus, American Type Culture Collection deposit ATCC 53628, capable of producing a compound of the formula: ##STR4##
2. A process for producing a compound according to claim 1, comprising growing a strain of Streptomyces hygroscopicus in a suitable nutrient medium by aerobic fermentation under controlled operating conditions for a time period of from 24 to 200 hours, then separating the products of the aerobic fermentation, and recovering said compound.
3. A process according to claim 2, wherein the suitable nutrient medium comprises a ratio of nutritional nitrogen sources to nutritional carbon sources of from 0.5 to 2.0.
4. A process according to claim 2, wherein the strain of Streptomyces hygroscopicus is that strain deposited with the American Type Culture Collection as ATCC 53628,the suitable nutrient medium comprises a ratio of nutritional nitrogen sources to nutritional carbon sources of from 0.8 to 1.2, the controlled operating conditions comprise temperatures of from 24° to 32° C. in a pH of 6.8-7.4, and the time period is from 24 to 36 hours.
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