US4288232A - Ester containing fuel composition - Google Patents
Ester containing fuel composition Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US4288232A US4288232A US06/105,424 US10542479A US4288232A US 4288232 A US4288232 A US 4288232A US 10542479 A US10542479 A US 10542479A US 4288232 A US4288232 A US 4288232A
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- slurry
- fuel
- percent
- weight
- coal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
- C10L1/322—Coal-oil suspensions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
- C10L1/324—Dispersions containing coal, oil and water
Definitions
- the present invention relates in general to combustible fuel slurries containing liquid hydrocarbon fuel and particulate carbonaceous material, and more particularly, to the prevention or substantial reduction of the settling of the particulate carbonaceous material in the liquid hydrocarbon.
- This reference teaches mixing oil with a solid fuel, which may be any of the coals from lignite to anthracite, or peat, coke, or wood, provided that at least 2/3 of the dry solid fuel is combustible and that the fuel is pulverized so that 95 percent of it will pass through a 100 mesh screen and 85 percent of it will pass through a 200 mesh screen.
- a solid fuel which may be any of the coals from lignite to anthracite, or peat, coke, or wood, provided that at least 2/3 of the dry solid fuel is combustible and that the fuel is pulverized so that 95 percent of it will pass through a 100 mesh screen and 85 percent of it will pass through a 200 mesh screen.
- This reference teaches the use of 30 weight percent of coal, 1.5 to 1.2 percent of "fixateur” and the remainder fuel oils, such as pressure-still oil or tar or coal tar. It teaches the use as "fixateur” of lime-rosin-grease (made by heating 8
- the Johnson et al reference also discusses the matter of stabilizers.
- U.S. Pat. No. 3,907,134 issued Sept. 23, 1975 and 4,082,516, issued Apr. 4, 1978, to Grant W. Metzger, disclose the combination of solid particulate carbonaceous material such as powdered coal, a liquid hydrocarbon fuel such as Bunker C (No. 6) fuel oil, a stabilizing agent, preferably starch, and a viscosity reducing agent, preferably a detergent, more preferably soap, in the '134 patent and anionic surfactants in the '516 patent.
- a stabilizing agent preferably starch
- a viscosity reducing agent preferably a detergent, more preferably soap
- compositions comprising a suspension of solid particulate carbonaceous material in a liquid hydrocarbon fuel are obtained by including in the mixture a small but effective amount of a fatty acid ester of a polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymer.
- the fatty acid has about 12 to 22 carbon atoms in the acyl group, and the polyoxyalkylene groups have a molecular weight of about 500 to 2000 and contain 0 to about 60 percent by weight polyoxyethylene groups.
- small amounts of water and/or aromatic hydrocarbon solvent have been found to improve antisettling properties in some cases.
- the combustible fuel slurry of the present invention is principally comprised of a solid particulate carbonaceous material and a liquid hydrocarbon fuel.
- solid particulate carbonaceous material shall include such materials as bituminous and anthracite coals, coke, petroleum coke, lignite, charcoal, peat, etc., and combinations thereof.
- liquid hydrocarbon fuel shall include crude and refined hydrocarbon based oils, including without limitation by enumeration, petroleum fuel oils, heavy residual oils and crude oils, and the like. More particularly, liquid hydrocarbon fuel oils having a viscosity in the range of about 50 to about 300 seconds Saybolt Universal at 175° F. are preferred. Bunker C (No. 6) residual fuel oil is particularly useful in the slurry of the present invention.
- the particulate carbonaceous material be powered or pulverized to a size which will enable substantially the entire quantity employed in the slurry to pass through a 100 mesh sieve or screen and 80 percent to pass through a 200 mesh screen. While such screening results in relatively small particle sizes, the particles are considerably larger than colloidal size, and some particles larger than a 200 mesh screen but less than 100 mesh can be tolerated.
- the cost of pulverizing or grinding coal or the like to a size appreciably below 200 mesh, particularly colloidal size begins to increase dramatically, which could eliminate the economic advantages of the present slurry. It has been found that such additional grinding does not produce any material advantage in the practice of the present invention.
- the solid particulate carbonaceous material shall be referred to herein as coal although it is to be understood that it includes bituminous and anthracite coals, coke, petroleum coke, lignite, charcoal, peat, etc., and combinations thereof.
- the liquid hydrocarbon fuel will be referred to herein as oil although it is to be understood that it includes petroleum fuel oils, heavy residual oils, crude oils and the like.
- the proportion of coal to oil by weight will range from about 20:80 to 55:45.
- it is generally difficult to obtain a satisfactory composition whenever the percentage of coal exceeds 43 percent by weight because the mixture tends to become viscous and too difficult to pump.
- a stabilizer in accordance with the present invention, it is possible to obtain a composition which performs satisfactorily even at equal weights of coal and oil and even up to 55 percent by weight coal.
- a preferred range is 40:60 to 50:50 coal to oil by weight, neglecting for the present any other ingredients present in minor quantities. Stabilization is easier to achieve if the coal particles are finer and/or the percentage of coal used is greater.
- a stabilizer there is used as a stabilizer at least one fatty acid ester of a polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene copolymer.
- the fatty acid has about 12 to 22 carbon atoms in the acyl group, and, while it may be a mixture of monoesters with di and higher esters, it is predominantly monoesters.
- the polyoxypropylene and polyoxyethylene groups have a total molecular weight of about 500 to 2000 and contain 0 to about 60 percent by weight polyoxyethylene groups. It has been found that monostearate esters are particularly effective.
- Preferred stabilizer compositions include the fatty acid esters of block polymers which correspond to the formula:
- y is the residue of an organic compound having from about 1 to 6 carbon atoms and containing x reactive hydrogen atoms in which x has a value of at least one, m has a value such that the oxyethylene content of the molecule is from about 0 to 60 weight percent and n has a value such that the total molecular weight of the polyoxyalkylene groups is from about 500 to 2000.
- Compositions of this type are more particularly described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,674,619 and 2,677,700.
- fatty acid esters of block polymers which correspond to the formula:
- Y, n, m and x all have values as set forth above. Compositions of this type are more particularly described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,036,118.
- compounds falling within the scope of the definition for Y include, for example, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, glycerine, pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane, ethylene diamine and the like.
- the oxypropylene chains optionally, but advantageously, contain small amounts of ethylene oxide and the oxyethylene chains also optionally, but advantageously, contain small amounts of alkylene oxides such as propylene oxide and butylene oxide.
- the proportion of stabilizer used may range from 0.05 to 5 percent by weight, preferably 0.1 to 1.0 percent by weight, of the total of coal, oil, stabilizer and any other components in the overall composition. In any event, a proportion sufficient to give a substantial stabilizing effect is required and, in most cases, the addition of a proportion greater than about 1.0 percent merely adds to the cost without conferring any corresponding benefit.
- Water may be optionally present in the composition. Ordinarily, at least a small proportion of water will be present, because it is common to have water present during the operation of grinding coal as a measure to control the development of dust, and it is difficult, costly and time-consuming to remove all the water after the grinding operation, before the coal is mixed with the oil. Thus, water may be present in an amount up to about 10 percent, preferably up to about 6 percent, by weight taking the total of the coal, water, stabilizer and oil as 100 percent.
- Suitable solvents for this purpose are: benzene, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, other substituted aromatic organic solvents, preferably, higher boiling aromatic organic solvents and mixtures thereof.
- the solvent may be employed in an amount from about 0 to 5, and preferably 0.05 to 1.0, percent by weight, taking the total of coal, solvent, oil and any other additives as 100 percent.
- the stabilizer may be mixed with the other ingredients in any suitable manner. Usually, it is desirable to have the fuel oil at a temperature such that viscosity is relatively low, so that the mixture may be readily stirred. A preferred temperature range is about 120°-150° F. In principle, however, the manner of mixing the stabilizer with the other ingredients is not important, so long as a homogeneous mixture is obtained.
- coal/oil mixture is poured into a 10 centimeter long by 25 millimeter diameter plastic tube up to about 9 centimeters in height. The top of the tube is then closed with a rubber stopper.
- the tubes are stored at the temperatures and for the time intervals stated in the examples before analysis.
- the coal/oil mixture is then sliced into five sections of equal length.
- the coal content is analyzed by dissolving individual sections in warm toluene and filtering it through a piece of No. 1 Whatman paper under water aspirator vacuum.
- the coal is washed with more toluene repeatedly until the yellow color (oil) disappears from the filter paper.
- the coal and the filter paper are then dried for two hours in an 80°-100° C. oven and weighed.
- the efficacy of the stabilizing agent will be apparent from the extent to which there is a difference in the coal content between the material in the upper portion of the cylindrical sample and the material in the lower portion. It is not necessary to analyze all sections since the determination of coal content is long and tedious. In general, the determinations of the top or second section and either or both of the bottom two sections should be sufficient for comparison. The results depend, of course, upon the viscosity of the fuel oil used, the fineness of the coal, the percentage of coal used, and the temperature and time of storage. When there is substantially no stabilizing effect, the percentage of coal in the topmost part of the sample will be very low, on the order of three percent or less, and possibly less than one percent.
- the percentage of coal in the topmost and bottommost portions of the sample should be substantially the same, even with a relatively high storage temperature, such as 150° F., and a long storage time, such as three weeks or more. However, results substantially less than this are often satisfactory for the desired application. A reasonable degree of stabilization after three or even one day is often sufficient.
- an average eastern bituminous coal was pulverized to 80 percent passing through a 200 mesh screen.
- Five stabilized coal/oil mixtures were prepared using No. 6 (Bunker C) fuel oil as the liquid hydrocarbon fuel. About 100 grams of fuel oil for each mixture were heated to 122°-125° F. The stabilizer was then added to the oil in amount of 0.20 percent by weight of the total coal/oil mixture. Water was added to the oil in the percentages shown below by weight of the total coal/oil mixture and all three were mixed for about five minutes with a three-blade impeller. The pulverized coal was then slowly mixed into the oil in sufficient amount to have the coal/oil weight ratio shown below. Upon completion of the coal addition, the slurry was mixed for another five minutes.
- Stabilizer No. 1 is the stearic acid ester of 1000 molecular weight polypropylene glycol said product being primarily the monostearate.
- Stabilizer No. 2 is a stearate ester of a polyoxy-ethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymer which is essentially monoester with very little diester and wherein the molecular weight of the polyoxypropylene groups is 1000 and the percentage of oxyethylene groups is 50 percent of the copolymer.
- coal/oil mixtures Two 100 gram 30/70 by weight coal/oil mixtures were prepared as described in Examples 1-5, containing 0.2 percent of stabilizer No. 2 (described above) and aromatic solvent in amounts set forth below and no water.
- the solvent is relatively inert with respect to the other components and has the following properties:
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Y[(C.sub.3 H.sub.6 O).sub.n (C.sub.2 H.sub.4 O).sub.m H].sub.x
Y[(C.sub.2 H.sub.4 O).sub.n (C.sub.3 H.sub.6 O).sub.m H].sub.x
TABLE I ______________________________________ Coal Content (%) Coal/ Section Ex- Oil 5 Ratio ample Stabi- wt. Water 1 (bot- Layer No. lizer ratio wt. % Days (top) 3 tom) 1:5 ______________________________________ 1 1 30/70 0 3 24 25 28 0.85 7 24 27 38 0.63 2 2 30/67.5 2.5 3 24 28 28 0.85 7 26 27 36 0.72 3 2 30/69.0 1.0 7 28 30 35 0.80 4 1 30/67.5 2.5 3 29 28 30 0.96 7 30 29 29 1.04 5 2 30/67.5 2.5 1 30 29 29 1.04 ______________________________________
______________________________________ Boiling Range Initial 395° F. Min. End 500° F. Max. Flash Point (COC) 190° F. Min. Aniline Point (mixed) 50-60 ASTM D611-51T Specific Gravity, 0.964-0.985 60/60° F. Appearance Clear Light Yellow % Aromatics 98.0 ± 1.0 Kauri Butanol, cc 108 ± 2 ______________________________________
TABLE II ______________________________________ Solvent % by Wt. Ratio Example of the Layer Layer Layer Layer No. Stabilizer Day 2 4 5 2:5 ______________________________________ 6 50 0 28 28 27 1.03 3 32 33 41 0.75 4 31 33 41 0.75 7 22 35 44 0.50 7 25 0 30 28 27 1.07 3 30 33 39 1.77 7 27 37 44 0.62 ______________________________________
Claims (11)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US06/105,424 US4288232A (en) | 1979-12-19 | 1979-12-19 | Ester containing fuel composition |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US06/105,424 US4288232A (en) | 1979-12-19 | 1979-12-19 | Ester containing fuel composition |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US4288232A true US4288232A (en) | 1981-09-08 |
Family
ID=22305775
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US06/105,424 Expired - Lifetime US4288232A (en) | 1979-12-19 | 1979-12-19 | Ester containing fuel composition |
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Country | Link |
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US (1) | US4288232A (en) |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4537600A (en) * | 1983-03-30 | 1985-08-27 | Chiyoda Chem. Engineering & Constr. Co. | Method for the preparation of pitch-in-water slurry |
US4637822A (en) * | 1981-11-02 | 1987-01-20 | Basf Corporation | Coal-oil slurries containing a surfactant |
US5096461A (en) * | 1989-03-31 | 1992-03-17 | Union Oil Company Of California | Separable coal-oil slurries having controlled sedimentation properties suitable for transport by pipeline |
US5100438A (en) * | 1986-04-07 | 1992-03-31 | Henkel Corporation | Ester-amides of polycarboxylic acids as rheological additives for coal-water slurries |
US20070084801A1 (en) * | 2005-10-04 | 2007-04-19 | Kevin Norman | Process and apparatus for enhanced recovery of oil from oily particulate material |
US7279017B2 (en) | 2001-04-27 | 2007-10-09 | Colt Engineering Corporation | Method for converting heavy oil residuum to a useful fuel |
US7341102B2 (en) | 2005-04-28 | 2008-03-11 | Diamond Qc Technologies Inc. | Flue gas injection for heavy oil recovery |
US20090126608A1 (en) * | 2006-07-25 | 2009-05-21 | General Vortex Energy, Inc. | System, apparatus and method for combustion of metals and other fuels |
US7770640B2 (en) | 2006-02-07 | 2010-08-10 | Diamond Qc Technologies Inc. | Carbon dioxide enriched flue gas injection for hydrocarbon recovery |
US20140120326A1 (en) * | 2012-10-26 | 2014-05-01 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Polymerizable compound, ink cartridge containing ink including the polymerizable compound, inkjet recording apparatus using the ink cartridge, and print formed by ink including the polymerizable compound |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1390230A (en) * | 1919-12-03 | 1921-09-06 | Bates Lindon Wallace | Method of transporting carbonaceous substance |
US1431225A (en) * | 1922-05-09 | 1922-10-10 | Greenstreet Charles Jason | Fuel product and method of making same |
US2397859A (en) * | 1943-03-20 | 1946-04-02 | Atlantic Refining Co | Liquid fuel and method of producing same |
US2674619A (en) * | 1953-10-19 | 1954-04-06 | Wyandotte Chemicals Corp | Polyoxyalkylene compounds |
US3036118A (en) * | 1957-09-11 | 1962-05-22 | Wyandotte Chemicals Corp | Mixtures of novel conjugated polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene compounds |
US3210168A (en) * | 1962-05-22 | 1965-10-05 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Stabilized oiled coal slurry in water |
-
1979
- 1979-12-19 US US06/105,424 patent/US4288232A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1390230A (en) * | 1919-12-03 | 1921-09-06 | Bates Lindon Wallace | Method of transporting carbonaceous substance |
US1431225A (en) * | 1922-05-09 | 1922-10-10 | Greenstreet Charles Jason | Fuel product and method of making same |
US2397859A (en) * | 1943-03-20 | 1946-04-02 | Atlantic Refining Co | Liquid fuel and method of producing same |
US2674619A (en) * | 1953-10-19 | 1954-04-06 | Wyandotte Chemicals Corp | Polyoxyalkylene compounds |
US3036118A (en) * | 1957-09-11 | 1962-05-22 | Wyandotte Chemicals Corp | Mixtures of novel conjugated polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene compounds |
US3210168A (en) * | 1962-05-22 | 1965-10-05 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Stabilized oiled coal slurry in water |
Cited By (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4637822A (en) * | 1981-11-02 | 1987-01-20 | Basf Corporation | Coal-oil slurries containing a surfactant |
US4537600A (en) * | 1983-03-30 | 1985-08-27 | Chiyoda Chem. Engineering & Constr. Co. | Method for the preparation of pitch-in-water slurry |
US5100438A (en) * | 1986-04-07 | 1992-03-31 | Henkel Corporation | Ester-amides of polycarboxylic acids as rheological additives for coal-water slurries |
US5096461A (en) * | 1989-03-31 | 1992-03-17 | Union Oil Company Of California | Separable coal-oil slurries having controlled sedimentation properties suitable for transport by pipeline |
US7279017B2 (en) | 2001-04-27 | 2007-10-09 | Colt Engineering Corporation | Method for converting heavy oil residuum to a useful fuel |
US7341102B2 (en) | 2005-04-28 | 2008-03-11 | Diamond Qc Technologies Inc. | Flue gas injection for heavy oil recovery |
US20070084801A1 (en) * | 2005-10-04 | 2007-04-19 | Kevin Norman | Process and apparatus for enhanced recovery of oil from oily particulate material |
US7588682B2 (en) * | 2005-10-04 | 2009-09-15 | Kevin Norman | Process and apparatus for enhanced recovery of oil from oily particulate material |
US7770640B2 (en) | 2006-02-07 | 2010-08-10 | Diamond Qc Technologies Inc. | Carbon dioxide enriched flue gas injection for hydrocarbon recovery |
US20090126608A1 (en) * | 2006-07-25 | 2009-05-21 | General Vortex Energy, Inc. | System, apparatus and method for combustion of metals and other fuels |
US7739968B2 (en) | 2006-07-25 | 2010-06-22 | General Vortex Energy, Inc. | System, apparatus and method for combustion of metals and other fuels |
US20100251946A1 (en) * | 2006-07-25 | 2010-10-07 | General Vortex Energy, Inc. | System, Apparatus and Method For Combustion of Metals and Other Fuels |
US20140120326A1 (en) * | 2012-10-26 | 2014-05-01 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Polymerizable compound, ink cartridge containing ink including the polymerizable compound, inkjet recording apparatus using the ink cartridge, and print formed by ink including the polymerizable compound |
US9267043B2 (en) * | 2012-10-26 | 2016-02-23 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Polymerizable compound, ink cartridge containing ink including the polymerizable compound, inkjet recording apparatus using the ink cartridge, and print formed by ink including the polymerizable compound |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: BASF WYANDOTTE CORPORATION, 1609 BIDDLE AVE., WYAN Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:SCHMOLKA IRVING R.;NIU JOSEPH H. Y.;REEL/FRAME:003851/0153 Effective date: 19810117 Owner name: BASF WYANDOTTE CORPORATION, 1609 BIDDLE AVE., WYAN Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SCHMOLKA IRVING R.;NIU JOSEPH H. Y.;REEL/FRAME:003851/0153 Effective date: 19810117 |
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Free format text: PATENTED CASE |
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Owner name: BASF CORPORATION Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNORS:BASF WYANDOTTE CORPORATION, A MI CORP.;BADISCHE CORPORATION;BASF SYSTEMS CORPORATION;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:004844/0837 Effective date: 19860409 Owner name: BASF CORPORATION, STATELESS Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNORS:BASF WYANDOTTE CORPORATION, A MI CORP.;BADISCHE CORPORATION;BASF SYSTEMS CORPORATION;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:004844/0837 Effective date: 19860409 |