US4241258A - Ultraviolet fire detector - Google Patents
Ultraviolet fire detector Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US4241258A US4241258A US05/968,132 US96813278A US4241258A US 4241258 A US4241258 A US 4241258A US 96813278 A US96813278 A US 96813278A US 4241258 A US4241258 A US 4241258A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- ultraviolet
- fire
- light
- photosensitive
- window
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- UHYPYGJEEGLRJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium(2+);selenium(2-) Chemical compound [Se-2].[Cd+2] UHYPYGJEEGLRJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims 7
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims 7
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000013519 translation Methods 0.000 description 5
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical class [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002405 diagnostic procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- QTNDMWXOEPGHBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N dicesium;sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Cs+].[Cs+] QTNDMWXOEPGHBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000825 ultraviolet detection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
- G01J1/58—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using luminescence generated by light
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B17/00—Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion
- G08B17/12—Actuation by presence of radiation or particles, e.g. of infrared radiation or of ions
Definitions
- This invention pertains an ultraviolet fire detection device for detecting fires which uses a phosphor to translate energy from ultraviolet wavelengths down into visible and near infrared wavelengths for detection by a photo-sensitive solid state device which can sound an alarm upon detection of the ultraviolet wavelengths associated with flames.
- a two window approach is used, the reference window being opaque to ultraviolet wavelengths.
- a prism or diffraction grating is used to separate the light source into its various wavelengths.
- electro-optical sensing devices such as silicon solar cells (photovoltaic cells), cadmium selenide and the like are not responsive to light in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum.
- Those photo-sensitive cells which are enhanced to be sensitive to ultraviolet wave-lengths are also extremely sensitive to emissions in the visible and infrared ends of the spectrum and thus lack the capability of discriminating ultraviolet emissions.
- there are no solid state electro-optical devices which can serve as ultraviolet detectors in fire detection devices.
- the vacuum photodiode is essentially a vacuum tube with cesium sulfide or some other cesium salt in it, and it is operated at a very high voltage (from 200 to 300 volts).
- a photon enters the quartz envelope of the photodiode, it causes an ionic avalanche of current between the two electrodes of the photodiode. This current is then passed through a resistor which creates a voltage drop. The voltage drop is then amplified and converted into a detection signal.
- Photodiodes present many problems in fire detection systems. As vacuum tubes, they are somewhat unreliable. An ultraviolet fire detector must be able to operate under a wide range of temperature extremes. Quartz-enveloped photodiodes are not rugged and cannot withstand temperature extremes. They are susceptible to static electricity, even small amounts. They are too sensitive and will respond to lightening, arc welding and similar phenomena, thus causing false alarms. Because of these problems, a fire detection system using photodiodes must include an elaborate test and diagnostic procedure to be performed regularly to discover devices whose photodiodes have failed. The reliability of a tube degrades raidly because of the loss of hermiticity. When the tube fails, there is no indication of failure from the detector. As the tube loses its vacuum over time, it becomes less and less sensitive. Even though it works with a test lamp, it can be so insensitive as to be useless.
- the present invention provides a solid state detection system which eliminates the inherent unreliability of the photodiode vacuum tube and provides a means to translate ultraviolet wavelengths of light to visible wavelengths which can be easily detected by photo-sensitive solid state devices.
- Silicon photovoltaic cells are available which are responsive from 300 to 1000 nanometers.
- Sunlight is filtered out at 280 nanometers by the ozone layer which acts as a low-pass filter.
- This layer filters out ultraviolet radiation above 280 nanometers.
- a photosensitive solid state device such as a silicon photovoltaic cell is responsive to 300 nanometers and lower in frequency or from 300 nanometers to 1500 nanometers in wavelength, then the cell is responsive to sunlight. If the cell were used in a fire detection system, the sunlight would be a source of false alarms.
- the present invention utilizes a hosphor layer in conjunction with a solid state photosensitive device, the phosphor serving to translate the wavelength of the ultraviolet radiation into a longer wavelength which can be reliably detected by a photosensitive solid state device.
- phosphors which will fluoresce when exposed to ultraviolet radiation, which has wavelengths shorter than 280 nanometers.
- one phosphor fluoresces from 210 to 290 nanometers, which is an acceptable range for ultraviolet fire detectors.
- the phosphor receives an ultraviolet photon which has a relatively high energy and captures it in its crystal structure.
- the phosphor removes some of the energy and reemits the photon.
- the reemitted photon having less energy comes out at a different wavelength of light.
- the energy surplus is dissipated in the crystal as heat.
- the phosphor receives irradiation in the ultraviolet range and will glow with a yellow-green color, even though the ultraviolet radiation is imperceptible.
- the wavelength of light emitted from the fluoresced phosphor is sufficiently long enough to be detected by a solid state photosensitive or photodetection device.
- the phosphor translates ultraviolet light in the 220 nanometer range to a yellow light which is in the 580 nanometer range. This latter range is in the middle of the response curve for some silicon photovoltaic cells which are very responsive to light in this color range.
- the photovoltaic cell can be made responsive through this translation of the ultraviolet light in the 220 nanometer range to a yellow light in the 580 nanometer range, even though the photosensitive device is not responsive to the untranslated ultraviolet light.
- a phosphor as a wavelength translation means, one can characterize the general band of wavelengths desired, for example, the ultraviolet energy emitted from a flame.
- the present invention provides two embodiments which use the ultraviolet wavelength translation phenomenen discussed above in solid state ultraviolet fire detectors.
- two windows are utilized, one of glass and one of quartz. Glass is used in the reference window because it is opaque to ultraviolet radiation.
- a layer of phosphor is deposited behind the both windows.
- a photosensitive device is positioned behind each window. The outputs of the photosensitive devices are compared in an operational amplifier. In the presence of normal ambient light, sunlight or artificial illumination, both photo-sensitive cells will detect the same amount of light energy, both outputs are the same, and no alarm will be sounded.
- the ultraviolet radiation from the flame will pass through the quartz window, cause the phosphor to fluoresce and cause the resulting yellow light to be detected by the photosensitive cell behind the quartz window.
- the glass window which is opaque to ultraviolet radiation will not permit the phosphor behind it to fluoresce, but will detect only the ambient light in the environment.
- the glass window and its phosphor layer will cause its photosensitive cell to send a reference signal relative to the ambient light to the operational amplifier. Since the photosensitive cell behind the quartz window will detect both the ambient light and the yellow light from the fluorescent phosphor, this photo-sensitive cell will send a different signal with a greater output to the operational amplifier. The operational amplifier will then cause an alarm.
- phosphor is also used as the ultraviolet wavelength translation medium.
- a quartz prism or diffraction medium is used to separate the wavelengths of light and to project them on a phosphor coated screen.
- a photosensitive cell positioned behind the screen will detect the fluorescense of the phosphor in the presence of ultraviolet radiation and its output will then exceed a threshold level, causing an alarm to sound.
- the photosensitive detectors can detect various selected wavelengths of light and thus distinguish between different types of fires such as a hydrogen fire, a butane fire or a propane fire.
- the fire detection device can be further utilized to select the appropriate extinguishing agent for the type of fire detected.
- the invention used solid state photosensitive devices to detect ultraviolet light of specific frequencies by using a phosphor to translate the wavelength of the ultraviolet radiation to a wavelength in the response range of the photosensitve device. Changes in basic ambient light are ignored by use of a reference cell. When ultraviolet light is present in the spectrum, that light impinging on the quartz sampling cell will be enhanced by the emissions from the phosphor, this enhancement providing a greater output causing the operational amplifier to sound an alarm.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an ultraviolet fire detection device incorporating the principles of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram of the circuit of the ultraviolet fire detector of FIG. 1.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an alternate embodiment of an ultraviolet fire detection device incorporating the principles of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an ultraviolet fire detection device 10 using the principles of the present invention.
- Fire detection device 10 includes a housing 12 which has two windows 14, 16 located in close proximity to one another on one of its sides which normally would be exposed to the fire hazard area to be protected. For purposes of exposition, these windows are illustrated and described on the top of housing 12.
- Window 12 is a glass window which will permit penetration of all ambient light but is opaque to ultraviolet wavelengths.
- Window 16 is a quartz window which will permit the penetration of all ambient light and ultraviolet radiation. Glass and quartz are used in the preferred embodiment, but any other substances having similar properties may be used. Glass window 14 and quartz window 16 are coated on their interior sides with equal layers 18 of phosphor.
- a glass substrate 20 coated with a layer 18 of phosphor facing the interior side of each of windows 14, 16 may be used, as shown in FIG. 1.
- the phosphor layer 18 behind windows 14, 16 should be identical in thickness.
- Sylvania phosphor 2283 fluoresced between 210 to 290 nanometers, which is an acceptable range for ultraviolet fire detectors. When exposed to ultraviolet radiation, this phosphor glows with a yellowish green light having a wavelength of about 580 nanometers, which is in the middle of the response curve for some commercially available silicon photovoltaic cells.
- any phosphor which fluoresces when exposed to ultraviolet light and emits a light having a wavelength in the range of a photosensitive solid state device may be utilized.
- Any phosphor 18 which will fluoresce only when irradiated by ultraviolet light may be utilized.
- the detector 10 uses the phosphor layer 18 to select the wavelength of light to be sensed as indicative of a fire hazard.
- Identical photosensitive devices 22, 24 are placed behind the glass window 14 and the quartz window 16 respectively.
- Photosensitive devices 22, 24 may be silicon photovoltaic cells, cadmium selenide cells or any similar photosensitive solid state device which is responsive to light in the visible wavelengths.
- the only constraint on photosensitive cells 22, 24 is that they not be extremely sensitive to wavelengths at the extreme ends of the spectrum because this could be a cause of false alarms in the fire detector 10. Both photosensitive cells 22, 24 are connected to an operational amplifier 26 on a circuit board 28.
- glass window 14 its phosphor layer 18 and photosensitive cell 22 serve to provide a reference measure of ambient light.
- quartz window 16, phosphor layer 18 and photosensitive device 24 serve as an alarm activation means when ultraviolet radiation is present in the environment.
- FIG. 2 is a partial schematic diagram of the circuit required for ultraviolet detection device 10.
- Operational amplifier 26 is seen to include pre-amplifier which receive input signals from their respective cells. The pre-amplifier outputs are fed to a differential amplifier and a follow-on, feed back stabilized amplifier before presentment to the output.
- the circuit design depicted is a typical textbook configuration for the operational amplifier employed in the alarm system. The output of operational amplifier would activate the alarm system of the fire detection system in which detector 10 is utilized.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 uses a phosphor as a translation medium in an extremely reliable ultraviolet fire detector.
- the glass and quartz windows, the phosphor and the solid state photosensitive devices would have an indefinite life and require virtually no maintenance.
- the cost of the detector is very low, and much lower than that of a detector using a photodiode vacuum tube.
- the detector of this embodiment is solar blind and insensitive to environmental factors such as shock, vibration and temperature extremes. It results in improved performance, safety and reliability at a significantly lower cost.
- FIG. 3 illustrates an alternate embodiment of ultraviolet detector of FIG. 1, using a more sophisticated optical system and providing a more sophisticated detection of different kinds of fires.
- ultraviolet fire detector 30 includes a housing 32 having a window opening 34.
- Window opening 34 is fitted with a quartz prism 36, or any other diffraction medium, to separate wavelengths of light and to project these wavelengths of light onto a phosphor coated screen 38, which may be a layer of phosphor on a glass substrate 40.
- the prism 36 may be behind slots in an opaque light barrier. The incident light coming into the prism 36 is separated by wavelengths so that only certain wavelengths are selected.
- a plurality of photosensitive solid state cells 42 are positioned behind the phosphor layer 38 on the glass substrate 40.
- Each photocell 42 is positioned to detect a different wavelength as translated by the phosphor layer 38. Those photocells 42 located behind the locations in the prism which transmit ultraviolet wavelengths will detect the fluoresence of the phosphor in various degrees. By comparing the outputs of these cells 42 in the operational amplifier 26 (FIG. 2), the detector 30 can differentiate between hydrogen and propane or butane fires. The hydrogen fire will have no carbon fluorescense in its spectrum, whereas the butane and propane fires will have carbon fluorescense in the ultraviolet range. The operational amplifier 26 uses a threshold effect in this discrimination. This discrimination has the further utility of providing a means to select a fire extinguishing agent based on the type of fire detected.
- Both embodiments described and illustrated utilize solid state devices to detect ultraviolet light of specific frequencies by the use of a phosphor to translate the wavelength of the ultraviolet end of the spectrum down to a wavelength in the visible part of the spectrum. Both embodiments ignore changes in the basic ambient light from day to night by use of either a reference cell or a threshold cell. When ultraviolet light is present in the environment caused by the flame of a fire, the light impinging on the sampling cell will be enhanced by emissions from the phosphor. This enhancement yields a higher output on one of the photosensitive cells which is detected by the operational amplifier and converted by conventional electronics into an alarm signal.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
- Emergency Management (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Photometry And Measurement Of Optical Pulse Characteristics (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (16)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US05/968,132 US4241258A (en) | 1978-12-11 | 1978-12-11 | Ultraviolet fire detector |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US05/968,132 US4241258A (en) | 1978-12-11 | 1978-12-11 | Ultraviolet fire detector |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US4241258A true US4241258A (en) | 1980-12-23 |
Family
ID=25513787
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US05/968,132 Expired - Lifetime US4241258A (en) | 1978-12-11 | 1978-12-11 | Ultraviolet fire detector |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US4241258A (en) |
Cited By (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4763115A (en) * | 1986-12-09 | 1988-08-09 | Donald L. Trigg | Fire or smoke detection and alarm system |
US5030832A (en) * | 1989-06-08 | 1991-07-09 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Apparatus for detecting fluorescence of a luminescent material |
US5257013A (en) * | 1990-11-26 | 1993-10-26 | Life Light, Inc. | Protecting UV flame detecting apparatus |
DE4301177A1 (en) * | 1993-01-19 | 1994-07-21 | Telefunken Microelectron | UV radiation detector of high sensitivity |
US5332904A (en) * | 1992-10-28 | 1994-07-26 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Energy | Broadband radiometer |
US5561290A (en) * | 1995-06-09 | 1996-10-01 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Optical detector calibrator system |
US5627362A (en) * | 1995-05-01 | 1997-05-06 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Portable light source unit for simulating fires having an adjustable aperture |
US5736744A (en) * | 1996-03-27 | 1998-04-07 | Uvp, Inc. | Wavelength shifting filter |
USH1939H1 (en) | 1986-09-02 | 2001-02-06 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Large spectral bandwidth, U.V. solar blind detector |
US6211524B1 (en) | 1997-04-18 | 2001-04-03 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Enhanced radiation detectors using luminescent materials |
US7132668B2 (en) | 2000-06-26 | 2006-11-07 | University Of Maryland | MgZnO based UV detectors |
US20090152479A1 (en) * | 2006-08-25 | 2009-06-18 | Abb Research Ltd | Camera-based flame detector |
CN108760650A (en) * | 2018-05-25 | 2018-11-06 | 北京海光仪器有限公司 | A kind of more lamp position rotary lighthouses are to photosystem |
TWI726583B (en) * | 2020-01-16 | 2021-05-01 | 國立臺灣科技大學 | Warning module |
DE102022213891A1 (en) | 2022-12-19 | 2024-06-20 | Robert Bosch Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Monitoring device |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3609364A (en) * | 1970-02-02 | 1971-09-28 | Nasa | Hydrogen fire detection system with logic circuit to analyze the spectrum of temporal variations of the optical spectrum |
US3643093A (en) * | 1970-05-25 | 1972-02-15 | Mc Graw Edison Co | Ultraviolet detector system |
US3891849A (en) * | 1974-01-30 | 1975-06-24 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Means for integrating erythemal spectral radiation |
US4015130A (en) * | 1975-10-07 | 1977-03-29 | The United States Of America | Method and apparatus for monitoring optical radiation |
US4096387A (en) * | 1976-12-09 | 1978-06-20 | Rca Corporation | Ultraviolet radiation detector |
-
1978
- 1978-12-11 US US05/968,132 patent/US4241258A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3609364A (en) * | 1970-02-02 | 1971-09-28 | Nasa | Hydrogen fire detection system with logic circuit to analyze the spectrum of temporal variations of the optical spectrum |
US3643093A (en) * | 1970-05-25 | 1972-02-15 | Mc Graw Edison Co | Ultraviolet detector system |
US3891849A (en) * | 1974-01-30 | 1975-06-24 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Means for integrating erythemal spectral radiation |
US4015130A (en) * | 1975-10-07 | 1977-03-29 | The United States Of America | Method and apparatus for monitoring optical radiation |
US4096387A (en) * | 1976-12-09 | 1978-06-20 | Rca Corporation | Ultraviolet radiation detector |
Cited By (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
USH1939H1 (en) | 1986-09-02 | 2001-02-06 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Large spectral bandwidth, U.V. solar blind detector |
US4763115A (en) * | 1986-12-09 | 1988-08-09 | Donald L. Trigg | Fire or smoke detection and alarm system |
US5030832A (en) * | 1989-06-08 | 1991-07-09 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Apparatus for detecting fluorescence of a luminescent material |
US5257013A (en) * | 1990-11-26 | 1993-10-26 | Life Light, Inc. | Protecting UV flame detecting apparatus |
US5332904A (en) * | 1992-10-28 | 1994-07-26 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Energy | Broadband radiometer |
DE4301177A1 (en) * | 1993-01-19 | 1994-07-21 | Telefunken Microelectron | UV radiation detector of high sensitivity |
US5627362A (en) * | 1995-05-01 | 1997-05-06 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Portable light source unit for simulating fires having an adjustable aperture |
US5561290A (en) * | 1995-06-09 | 1996-10-01 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Optical detector calibrator system |
US5736744A (en) * | 1996-03-27 | 1998-04-07 | Uvp, Inc. | Wavelength shifting filter |
US6211524B1 (en) | 1997-04-18 | 2001-04-03 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Enhanced radiation detectors using luminescent materials |
US7132668B2 (en) | 2000-06-26 | 2006-11-07 | University Of Maryland | MgZnO based UV detectors |
US20090152479A1 (en) * | 2006-08-25 | 2009-06-18 | Abb Research Ltd | Camera-based flame detector |
CN101506582B (en) * | 2006-08-25 | 2012-06-13 | Abb研究有限公司 | Camera-based flame detector |
CN108760650A (en) * | 2018-05-25 | 2018-11-06 | 北京海光仪器有限公司 | A kind of more lamp position rotary lighthouses are to photosystem |
CN108760650B (en) * | 2018-05-25 | 2023-10-13 | 北京海光仪器有限公司 | Multi-lamp-position rotary lighthouse light focusing system |
TWI726583B (en) * | 2020-01-16 | 2021-05-01 | 國立臺灣科技大學 | Warning module |
DE102022213891A1 (en) | 2022-12-19 | 2024-06-20 | Robert Bosch Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Monitoring device |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: FIDELITY COMMERCIAL FINANCE CORP., 765 BROAD ST., Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:FIRETEK CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004087/0426 Effective date: 19821230 |
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AS | Assignment |
Owner name: AMERICAN NATIONAL BANK, 225 SOUTH ST., MORRISTOWN, Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:FIRETEK CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004203/0280 Effective date: 19831222 |
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Owner name: FIRETEK CORPORATION Free format text: RELEASED BY SECURED PARTY;ASSIGNOR:FIRST FIDELITY BANK, NA;REEL/FRAME:005891/0328 Effective date: 19910528 |
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AS | Assignment |
Owner name: OPTICAL DETECTION TECHNOLOGIES, INC., NEW JERSEY Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:FIRETEK CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:006148/0035 Effective date: 19911115 |