US4189665A - Irradiation apparatus - Google Patents

Irradiation apparatus Download PDF

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Publication number
US4189665A
US4189665A US05/878,825 US87882578A US4189665A US 4189665 A US4189665 A US 4189665A US 87882578 A US87882578 A US 87882578A US 4189665 A US4189665 A US 4189665A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
capacitor
circuit
irradiation apparatus
irradiation
transistor
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US05/878,825
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English (en)
Inventor
Andries VAN DER Meulen
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US Philips Corp
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US Philips Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
    • H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
    • H05B41/36—Controlling
    • H05B41/38—Controlling the intensity of light
    • H05B41/40—Controlling the intensity of light discontinuously
    • H05B41/42—Controlling the intensity of light discontinuously in two steps only
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
    • A61N5/06—Radiation therapy using light
    • A61N2005/065—Light sources therefor
    • A61N2005/0654—Lamps
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
    • A61N5/06—Radiation therapy using light
    • A61N5/0613—Apparatus adapted for a specific treatment
    • A61N5/0614—Tanning

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an irradiation apparatus comprising a gas and/or vapour discharge tube and a timer circuit comprising a capacitor.
  • the timer circuit serves to reduce, after a desired radiation period, the intensity of the radiation emitted in the radiation direction of the irradiation apparatus.
  • a safety circuit is provided to reduce the intensity of the radiation emitted in the radiation direction in the case of a failing timer circuit.
  • a prior art irradiation apparatus of the type described is, for example, disclosed in German "Offenlegungsschrift" No. 1,801,982.
  • a drawback of that known irradiation apparatus is that the safety circuit does not start operating until it appears that the timer circuit is unable to reduce the intensity of the radiation in time. This often results in an unwanted additional dose of radiation on the irradiated object, for example a person irradiated with ultraviolet radiation.
  • An irradiation apparatus comprises a gas and/or vapour discharge tube and a timer circuit provided with a capacitor.
  • the timer circuit serves to reduce, after a desired radiation period, the intensity of the radiation emitted in the radiation direction of the irradiation apparatus, a safety circuit being present to reduce the intensity of the radiation emitted in the radiation direction in the case of a failing timer circuit.
  • the invention is characterized in that the safety circuit includes means to determine during irradiation whether the current through a circuit element in series with the capacitor falls to below a threshold value.
  • the aforesaid means are coupled to the auxiliary device for reducing the intensity of the radiation and said coupling is such that with a capacitor current which is lower than the threshold value the auxiliary device reduces the intensity of the radiation.
  • An advantage of an irradiation apparatus is that a defect in the timer circuit can be rapidly detected and that an automatic response thereto is possible. Too low a capacitor current is detected which might otherwise result in too slow an operation of the timer circuit. In an irradiation apparatus according to the invention the response thereto results in a rapid reduction of the radiation intensity by means of the auxiliary device. So one does not wait until it is apparent that the timer circuit is taking too much time to perform its task. The risk of an overdose of radiation on the object to be irradiated can consequently be small.
  • the intensity of the radiation in the radiation direction of the irradiation apparatus can be reduced by, for example, obstructing the beam wholly or partly by a flap or a slide. It is alternatively possible to affect the intensity reduction by subjecting the irradiation apparatus to a swivelling action. As described in the next paragraph, another way to reduce the irradiation is to switch off the energy supply to the discharge tube. All of these techniques effectively reduce the tube irradiation as that term is used herein and in the claims.
  • an irradiation apparatus wherein a relay contact wihich is in series with the discharge tube is included in a supply circuit of the discharge tube, the auxiliary device for reducing the intensity of the radiation is provided with an energizing device of the relay contact in such a way that a capacitor current which is lower than the threshold value opens the relay contact via the energizing device.
  • the circuit element in series with the capacitor is preferably a meauring resistor.
  • an irradiation apparatus wherein the electric charge on the capacitor is varied during the irradiation in one direction only, means are provided to apply to the capacitor, prior to radiation, an initial voltage of such a polarity that the above-mentioned change in the charge is a discharge of the capacitor.
  • the means for applying an initial voltage to the capacitor comprise a switch and a zener diode.
  • capacitor current falls to below a given threshold value
  • use might, for example, be made of a current transformer having an indicator, for example an auxiliary lamp, in its secondary circuit.
  • the means for detecting whether the capacitor current falls to below the threshold value consists of a first field effect transistor whose control electrode is connected to a junction between the capacitor and the measuring resistor, another electrode of this transistor being connected via a further circuit element to the other side of the measuring resistor.
  • An advantage of this preferred embodiment is that it is now possible to detect in a simple manner with such a transistor whether the capacitor current falls to below a threshold value.
  • the first field effect transistor is part of a control circuit of a first auxiliary transistor, the main electrode circuit of the auxiliary transistor shunting the energizing winding of the relay which is in series with the discharge tube, the relay contact being a make contact.
  • make-contact means a normally open contact, which closes if the relay is energized.
  • the timer circuit of the irradiation apparatus one might, for example, connect a voltage-sensitive luminous device across the capacitor, which device lights up when the desired radiation time has been reached so that the discharge tube is then switched-off via a light-sensitive component.
  • the electrode of the capacitor facing away from the measuring resistor may be connected to a control electrode of a second field effect transistor which is part of the timer circuit.
  • the second field effect transistor is part of a control circuit for a second auxiliary transistor, the main electrode circuit of that second auxiliary transistor--just like the main electrode circuit of the first auxiliary transistor--shunting the energizing winding of the relay contact.
  • FIG. 1 shows an electric circuit of an irradiation apparatus according to the invention; in this case a sunlamp; and
  • FIG. 2 is a graph of various capacitor currents and voltages, plotted against time, which can occur in a normal case and in the case of a defect in the circuit of FIG. 1.
  • connecting terminals 1 and 2 are intended for connection to a power supply of approximately 220 V, 50 Hz.
  • Terminal 1 is connected to a resistor 3 which may, for example, be in the form of an infrared radiator.
  • the other side of resistor 3 is connected to an electrode of a high-pressure discharge tube 4.
  • This is a high-pressure mercury vapour discharge tube which emits ultraviolet radiation in the operating condition.
  • a further electrode of the tube 4 is connected to a contact 5 of a switch 6.
  • a contact 7 of this switch 6 is connected to the input terminal 2.
  • the portion of the circuit described so far is referred to as the main circuit.
  • the main circuit may also be provided with a selection switch by means of which it is, for example, possible to generate infrared radiation only. This variant is not shown in FIG. 1.
  • This timer circuit consists of a resistor-capacitor circuit.
  • the capacitor is indicated by 10.
  • a number of resistors 11 to 21 inclusive can be selectively arranged in series with the capacitor 10. These resistors are divided into two groups. The first group comprises the resistors 11 to 14 inclusive and the second group the resistors 15 to 21 inclusive.
  • the resistors 11 to 14 inclusive are used to adjust the timer circuit to a certain skin sensitivity of the person to be irradiated by the discharge tube 4.
  • the resistors 15 to 21 inclusive are used to perform a given radiation treatment by the relevant person. Further particulars concerning the circuit of the resistors 11 to 21 inclusive are found in U.S. Pat. No. 3,909,659.
  • the resistors of the first group 11 to 14 inclusive, and those of the second group 15 to 21 inclusive, can be selectively interconnected by means of two switches 22 and 23 respectively.
  • the timer circuit is fed via terminal 1, a tapping point 25, a resistor 26 and a diode 27.
  • a further diode 28 is connected to a junction between the resistor 26 and the diode 27.
  • the other side of the diode 28 is connected to a main electrode of the tube 4.
  • the resistor 15 is connected to the capacitor 10.
  • the other side of this capacitor is connected to a measuring resistor 30.
  • the other side of the measuring resistor 30 is connected to a resistor 31.
  • the other side of the resistor 31 is connected to a contact 32 of a switch 33 which is mechanically coupled to the switch 6.
  • a contact of the switch 33 is connected to the input terminal 2.
  • the portion of the time circuit described above is the resistor-capacitor (RC) circuit. The following describes that portion of the timer circuit which, in the case of a properly operating timer circuit, is used for switching off the discharge tube 4 via the switch 6.
  • a junction between resistor 15 and the capacitor 10 is connected to a control electrode of a (second) field effect transistor 35.
  • the drain electrode (D) of this transistor 35 is connected to the base of an auxiliary transistor 36, which is of the pnp-type.
  • the source electrode (S) of the transistor 35 is connected to the collector of the transistor 36.
  • the emitter-base junction of the transistor 36 is furthermore shunted by a resistor 37.
  • the emitter of the transistor 36 is connected to a first end 40 of an energizing winding of a relay which operates the coupled switches 33 and 6.
  • the collector of the transistor 36 is connected to the other end 41 of said energizing winding.
  • the energizing winding receives current during the irradiation via input terminal 1, tap 25, a diode 45, a resistor 46, a resistor 47, winding 40, 41, and a zener diode 42 to the input terminal 2.
  • This safety circuit comprises inter alia a (first) field effect transistor 50.
  • the control electrode of the transistor 50 is connected to a junction betwween the capacitor 10 and the measuring resistor 30.
  • the D-electrode of the field effect transistor 50 is connected to the base of an auxiliary transistor 51 of the npn-type.
  • the S-electrode of the field effect transistor 50 is connected to the emitter of the transistor 51.
  • the main electrode circuit of the transistor 51 shunts the energizing winding which is situated between the points 40 and 41.
  • the series arrangement of the resistors 11 to 14 inclusive is shunted by a capacitor 60.
  • a junction between the capacitor 60 and the resistor 14 is connected via a conductor 61 to terminal 2.
  • a junction between the resistor 15 and the capacitor 10 is also connected, via a conductor 62, to the switch 33.
  • a tapping point between the resistors 46 and 47 is connected on the one hand via a resistor 65 to the base of the transistor 51 and on the other hand to an electrode of a capacitor 66.
  • the other side of the capacitor 66 is connected to the conductor 61.
  • the collector of the transistor 36 is connected via a resistor 67 to the resistor 31.
  • the control electrode of the first field effect transistor 50 is connected via a capacitor 70 to the S-electrode of this field effect transistor.
  • a diode 71 shunts the measuring resistor 30.
  • the switches 33 and 6 are initially in the left-hand position. This is the position not shown in FIG. 1. This means that no current flows as yet through the discharge tube 4.
  • the situation in which the switch 33 is in the left-hand position results in that an initial charge is applied to the capacitor 10--via the diode 71--which is approximately equal to the zener voltage of the zener diode 42. In a practical embodiment this initial charge is, for example, approximately 15 Volts.
  • the potential of the lower electrode of the capacitor is positive relative to that of the upper electrode.
  • the lower electrode of the capacitor 10 must be understood to mean that electrode of the capacitor 10 which is connected to the transistor 50.
  • the switches 33 and 6 are moved to the right-hand position by manually operating a starting button K.
  • Current then starts through the discharge tube 4 via the resistor 3 and the irradiation starts.
  • the capacitor 10 of the timer circuit then starts carrying current via the two groups of resistors. In view of the direction of orientation of the diode 27 this is a current which causes a reduction of the initial charge of the capacitor 10, i.e., the capacitor discharges.
  • the transistors 35 and 36 are cut-off.
  • the transistor 50 is conducting, and consequently, the transistor 51 is cut-off.
  • the two field effect transistors 35 and 50 are of a type which is non-conducting if the control electrode has a potential relative to the S-electrode which is lower than minus 0.7 Volt on the average, on the average, and which is conducting if the control electrode has a higher potential.
  • the second field effect transistor 35 will begin to conduct when if the potential of the upper electrode of the capacitor 10 exceeds the minus 0.7 Volt relative to the S-electrode of the transistor 35.
  • the transistor 36 then also becomes conducting and this results in a short-circuiting of the energizing winding between the points 40 and 41 of the relay switch 6. Consequently, the switch 6 is again moved to its left-hand position. This terminates the current flow through the discharge tube 4.
  • the resistor 67 together with the resistor 31 constitutes a voltage divider for adjusting the circuit of the first field effect transistor 50.
  • Capacitor 70 is used for preventing an unintentional switching off of the sun lamp in the case of a brief rapid voltage change in the circuit.
  • the capacitors 60 and 66 are used for smoothing the single-phase rectified supply voltages.
  • the potential at the base of the transistor 51 is fixed by means of the resistor 65 and also the control by means of the field effect transistor 50 is enabled by this resistor.
  • an additional advantage of this apparatus according to the invention is that only one main capacitor 10 is required. By means of that sole capacitor the timer circuit and also the safety circuit can function properly. The preparative process as regards the initial charge of the capacitor 10 prevents a defect in this capacitor from going unnoticed.
  • circuit components have, for example, the following nominal values:
  • the threshold value of the current through capacitor 10 is approximately 50 nanoAmperes.
  • plotted versus time t is, for that example, in the current i through the capacitor 10 during radiation.
  • the switch-on waveform of this capacitor current is not shown.
  • Dashes (V 1 ', V 2 'and i') indicate an interference situation in which the capacitor current i' is too low.
  • the time t is expressed in minutes (m).
  • the sun lamp i.e., the discharge tube 4 (see FIG. 1)
  • Owing to the inteference--without the use of the invention--the radiation would not finish until, for example, the instant E.
  • the invention switch-off already takes place at the instant D because the V 2 ' potential then becomes too low to keep the first field effect transistor 50 (see FIG. 1) in its conducting state.
  • the auxiliary transistor 51 then becomes conducting and the discharge tube 4 is switched off via the energizing winding and switch 6.

Landscapes

  • Circuit Arrangements For Discharge Lamps (AREA)
  • Discharge-Lamp Control Circuits And Pulse- Feed Circuits (AREA)
  • Radiation-Therapy Devices (AREA)
  • Electronic Switches (AREA)
  • Fire-Detection Mechanisms (AREA)
US05/878,825 1977-03-03 1978-02-17 Irradiation apparatus Expired - Lifetime US4189665A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL7702260 1977-03-03
NL7702260A NL175496C (nl) 1977-03-03 1977-03-03 Bestralingsinrichting.

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US4189665A true US4189665A (en) 1980-02-19

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ID=19828092

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US05/878,825 Expired - Lifetime US4189665A (en) 1977-03-03 1978-02-17 Irradiation apparatus

Country Status (10)

Country Link
US (1) US4189665A (fr)
JP (1) JPS53110270A (fr)
AT (1) AT372003B (fr)
BE (1) BE864454A (fr)
CA (1) CA1128603A (fr)
CH (1) CH639284A5 (fr)
DE (1) DE2807211C2 (fr)
FR (1) FR2382824A1 (fr)
GB (1) GB1590561A (fr)
NL (1) NL175496C (fr)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4303867A (en) * 1978-12-14 1981-12-01 U.S. Philips Corporation Domestic appliance comprising a protected programming device
US4570109A (en) * 1983-02-03 1986-02-11 U.S. Philips Corporation Irradiation device
EP0298934A1 (fr) * 1987-07-09 1989-01-11 Kabushiki Kaisha Denkosha Dispositif d'éclairage
ES2040658A1 (es) * 1992-04-14 1993-10-16 Julia Fernandez Rafael Aparato de cromoterapia.
US20040267272A1 (en) * 2003-05-12 2004-12-30 Henniges Bruce D Bone cement mixing and delivery system
US20050128867A1 (en) * 2003-05-12 2005-06-16 Henniges Bruce D. Bone cement mixing and delivery system

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3909659A (en) * 1973-01-25 1975-09-30 Philips Corp Apparatus for automatically adjusting the operation time of an irradiation device
US4013922A (en) * 1974-08-01 1977-03-22 U.S. Philips Corporation Sunlamp device

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AT283585B (de) * 1967-12-18 1970-08-10 Original Hanau Quarzlampen Ultraviolett-Bestrahlungsgerät

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3909659A (en) * 1973-01-25 1975-09-30 Philips Corp Apparatus for automatically adjusting the operation time of an irradiation device
US4013922A (en) * 1974-08-01 1977-03-22 U.S. Philips Corporation Sunlamp device

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4303867A (en) * 1978-12-14 1981-12-01 U.S. Philips Corporation Domestic appliance comprising a protected programming device
US4570109A (en) * 1983-02-03 1986-02-11 U.S. Philips Corporation Irradiation device
EP0298934A1 (fr) * 1987-07-09 1989-01-11 Kabushiki Kaisha Denkosha Dispositif d'éclairage
ES2040658A1 (es) * 1992-04-14 1993-10-16 Julia Fernandez Rafael Aparato de cromoterapia.
US20040267272A1 (en) * 2003-05-12 2004-12-30 Henniges Bruce D Bone cement mixing and delivery system
US20050128867A1 (en) * 2003-05-12 2005-06-16 Henniges Bruce D. Bone cement mixing and delivery system
US20080025140A1 (en) * 2003-05-12 2008-01-31 Stryker Instruments Bone cement mixing and delivery system including a delivery gun and a cartridge having a piston, the delivery gun configured to release the piston
US7393342B2 (en) 2003-05-12 2008-07-01 Stryker Corporation Bone cement mixing and delivery system including a delivery gun and a cartridge having a piston, the delivery gun configured to release the piston
US7677418B2 (en) 2003-05-12 2010-03-16 Stryker Corporation Bone cement cartridge with a releasably locked drive piston, the piston configured to be unlocked by a delivery device
US20110085411A1 (en) * 2003-05-12 2011-04-14 Henniges Bruce D Cartridge in which bone cement is mixed and from which bone cement is delivered, the cartridge having a compressible blade with plural vanes
US8061887B2 (en) 2003-05-12 2011-11-22 Stryker Corporation Cartridge in which bone cement is mixed and from which bone cement is delivered, the cartridge having a compressible blade with plural vanes
US8353622B2 (en) 2003-05-12 2013-01-15 Stryker Corporation Cartridge from which bone cement is discharged, the cartridge having a removably coupled nozzle
US8721600B2 (en) 2003-05-12 2014-05-13 Stryker Corporation Delivery gun for dispensing bone bement from a cartridge, the gun having a multi-link linkage and capable of dispensing the cement at different flow rates

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS6114831B2 (fr) 1986-04-21
FR2382824B1 (fr) 1984-04-27
NL7702260A (nl) 1978-09-05
FR2382824A1 (fr) 1978-09-29
CA1128603A (fr) 1982-07-27
ATA149678A (de) 1983-01-15
NL175496C (nl) 1984-11-16
AT372003B (de) 1983-08-25
DE2807211A1 (de) 1978-09-07
DE2807211C2 (de) 1983-09-22
NL175496B (nl) 1984-06-18
BE864454A (fr) 1978-09-01
GB1590561A (en) 1981-06-03
JPS53110270A (en) 1978-09-26
CH639284A5 (de) 1983-11-15

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