US4081681A - Treatment of absorption errors in computerized tomography - Google Patents

Treatment of absorption errors in computerized tomography Download PDF

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Publication number
US4081681A
US4081681A US05/755,629 US75562976A US4081681A US 4081681 A US4081681 A US 4081681A US 75562976 A US75562976 A US 75562976A US 4081681 A US4081681 A US 4081681A
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United States
Prior art keywords
signals
radiation
slice
scatter
signal
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Expired - Lifetime
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US05/755,629
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English (en)
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Robert Justin Froggatt
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QED Intellectual Property Ltd
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EMI Ltd
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/48—Diagnostic techniques
    • A61B6/483—Diagnostic techniques involving scattered radiation
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/02—Arrangements for diagnosis sequentially in different planes; Stereoscopic radiation diagnosis
    • A61B6/03—Computed tomography [CT]
    • A61B6/032—Transmission computed tomography [CT]
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T11/00—2D [Two Dimensional] image generation
    • G06T11/003—Reconstruction from projections, e.g. tomography
    • G06T11/005—Specific pre-processing for tomographic reconstruction, e.g. calibration, source positioning, rebinning, scatter correction, retrospective gating
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05G—X-RAY TECHNIQUE
    • H05G1/00—X-ray apparatus involving X-ray tubes; Circuits therefor
    • H05G1/08—Electrical details
    • H05G1/66—Circuit arrangements for X-ray tubes with target movable relatively to the anode
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/40—Arrangements for generating radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
    • A61B6/4021—Arrangements for generating radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis involving movement of the focal spot
    • A61B6/4028—Arrangements for generating radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis involving movement of the focal spot resulting in acquisition of views from substantially different positions, e.g. EBCT
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/54—Control of apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis
    • A61B6/548—Remote control of the apparatus or devices
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S378/00—X-ray or gamma ray systems or devices
    • Y10S378/901—Computer tomography program or processor

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to radiography and it relates especially, though not exclusively, to that branch of radiography which has become known as computerised axial tomography, or briefly C.A.T.
  • An apparatus capable of performing C.A.T. ascertains the absorption suffered by penetrating radiation, such as X-radiation, on traversing a plurality of substantially linear paths through a crosssectional slice of the body.
  • the absorption values so ascertained are processed to evaluate the absorption (or transmission) coefficient with respect to said radiation at each of a plurality of elemental areas distributed over the slice.
  • penetrating radiation such as X-radiation
  • detector means including one or more collimated detector devices; the collimation being effected to prevent, so far as is practicable, the detection of scattered radiation.
  • the measurement of absorption of radiation along the various paths is typically effected by scanning the detector means mechanically with respect to the body. The scanning typically involves lateral and rotational scanning movements.
  • the source of radiation is arranged to produce a fanlike substantially planar spread of radiation which overlaps a substantial number of the detector devices.
  • the detector devices particularly those in the centre of the array, are irradiated whilst the source is scanned over a substantial range of positions and thus, if collimators are used, they must be wide enough to accept radiation from all positions in said range.
  • the widening of the collimators can permit in some circumstances the detection of more scattered radiation than is acceptable, and also gives rise to practical problems in that the collimator for one detector device tends to intercept radiation which should be collected by neighbouring detector devices.
  • radiographic apparatus including a source of penetrating radiation, such as X-radiation, arranged to project radiation through a cross-sectional slice of a body, detector means disposed to receive radiation emergent from the body and processing means for operating on output signals, provided by said detector means and indicative of the absorption suffered by said radiation on traversing substantially linear paths through said slice, to evaluate absorption coefficients for a plurality of elemental areas distributed over said slice, said processing means including compensating means for adjusting said evaluated coefficients to allow for the detection, by said detector means, of scattered radiation.
  • source of penetrating radiation such as X-radiation
  • FIG. 1 shows, in front elevational view, part of an apparatus which incorporates one example of the invention
  • FIG. 2 shows, in flow diagram form, a manner in which coefficients assigned to elemental areas can be compensated for the effects of scatter.
  • a body 1 to be examined is supported supine on a semi-cylindrical couch 2 of unitary construction, and is secured to the couch 2 by means of one or more straps 3 which are secured to the outside of the bed 2 as shown.
  • Both the bed and the strap are made of material which is substantially transparent to X-radiation, and a suitable packing material 4 having an absorption similar to that of the body 1 is disposed in gaps between the body 1 and the couch 2 in order that the body is not surrounded by a layer of air, which exhibits markedly different absorption to X-radiation to human tissue.
  • Suitable packing material is water in a flexible bag, or alternatively viscous or particulate material in one or more flexible bags can be used.
  • the part of the body 1 which is of interest is located in an aperture 5 in a turntable member 6 which is arranged to rotate around the body 1 about an axis 7 which extends perpendicularly to the plane of the paper (i.e. a horizontal axis in practice).
  • the turntable member 6 carries an X-ray source 8 and array 9 of radiation detectors, and the member 6 and its attachments are rotated by means of a gear wheel 10 driven by an electric motor 11.
  • the wheel 10 engages teeth (not shown) formed all around the periphery of member 6.
  • the detectors 9 can be of any suitable kind, for example scintillation crystals with associated photomultipliers, scintillation crystals with associated photodiodes etc.
  • the spindle of motor 11 carries a disc 12 which is formed with an annular graticule 13.
  • the graticule co-operates with a photocell 14 and an associated light source 15 in a known manner to produce signal pulses which are indicative of the progress of the rotation of turntable member 6.
  • Photocell 14 and the light source 15 are mounted on respective brackets 16 and 17 which are secured to a main frame 18 for the apparatus which frame also supports the motor 11. It will be appreciated that the turntable member 6 will also require support and location and this is provided by suitable idler wheels 19, 20, 21 and 22 mounted on the frame 18.
  • the form of the frame 18 is not of the essence of this invention and it is shown in the particular form of FIG. 1 for the purposes of example only.
  • the source 8 includes an elongated target/anode structure 23, an electron gun 24, which produces a beam 25 of electrons, and deflection plates 26, although deflection coils could equally well be used.
  • Two extreme source positions 27a and 27c are shown in FIG. 1, from which it can be seen that, in any source position, a fan of radiation is directed at the body 1. It can also be seen that the detector array 9 takes no part in the lateral movement, this array being of sufficient breadth to accommodate the scanning of the radiation.
  • some detectors for example the one shown at 28, need to be capable of receiving radiation from a number of different directions, for example as shown by the beams 29 and 30 which relate to source positions 27a and 27c respectively. This would cause difficulties, as mentioned previously, if the detectors were collimated and so, in this example, no collimators are used and the effects of scatter are allowed for by suitable computation as will be made clear later.
  • the output signal pulses derived from the photocell 14 are applied to a timing pulse shaping circuit 31, which also receives start and stop command pulses from a remote control switch 32.
  • the shaped pulses from circuit 31 are fed to a timing circuit 33 which is arranged to generate deflection waveforms for application to the deflection plates 26 of tube 8 so that the lateral scanning of the radiation is suitably synchronised with the rotation of turntable member 15, in accordance with a desired inter-relationship between the lateral and rotational scanning movements.
  • Suitable inter-relationships between the two scanning movements are described in the aforementioned U.S. applications No. 630779 and 722941 and, as such inter-relationships are not essential to the understanding of this invention, they will not be further described herein.
  • the signals provided by the detector array 9 during the scanning are converted into discrete signals indicative of the amounts of radiation emergent from the body along respective, substantially linear paths, by causing the detectors to feed respective integrator circuits which are read and reset periodically under the influence of the timing pulses derived from the photocell unit 14.
  • These discrete signals are digitised, converted to logarithmic form, and processed in any convenient manner, such as that described in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 3778614 or that described in U.S. Pat. No. 3924129, allowance being made for the fact that the beam paths followed by the radiation through the body will not be strictly linear because of the effects of the steady rotation of turntable member 6.
  • Each detector in the array 9 feeds a respective pre-processing circuit 34; only the circuit 34 for the k'th detector being shown in FIG. 2.
  • Each circuit 34 includes an amplifier 35, an integrator 36 which, as mentioned previously, is periodically read and reset by timing pulses derived from the photocell unit 14, an analogue-to-digital converter circuit 37 and a logarithmic converter circuit 38. All of the preprocessing circuits 34 feed a common parallel set sorting circuit 39 which is effective in the manner disclosed in U.S. Application No. 544799 to sort the output signals, which are commonly referred to as "edge values", into sets relating to substantially parallel beam paths through the body.
  • the sorted edge values are applied, parallel set after parallel set, to a processing circuit 40 of the kind described in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 3924129.
  • a processing circuit 40 of the kind described in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 3924129.
  • the processing arrangements disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3778614 can be used, in which case the circuit 39 is not required.
  • the circuit 40 is effective to evaluate, from the edge value data applied thereto, an absorption coefficient for each of many elemental areas distributed over the irradiated cross-sectional slice of the body. If the detectors 9 had been suitably collimated, this evaluation would have been the final step in the examination, but since the detectors are not collimated, further processing is required to reduce or eliminate the effects of scatter. This further processing involves the components 41 through 46, which will now be described in more detail.
  • the evaluated coefficients are applied to a random access digital store 41 which contains a storage location for each of the aforementioned elemental areas.
  • the areas are notionally delineated in the form of a rectangular matrix in the irradiated slice of the body, and it is desirable that the storage locations of store 41 be arranged in similar format.
  • An address selector 42 is arranged to designate the linear (or substantially linear) combination of elemental areas adjoinected by a first beam path. It also designates a first elemental area on said first beam path.
  • the interconnection of address selector 42 with the digital store 41 is such that, once the first beam path and elemental area in question have been designated by selector 42, the coefficients evaluated for all other elemental areas intersected by the said first beam path from the irradiated side of the body up to said first designated elemental area are applied, in any sequence, to a summing circuit 44 which thereby evaluates the absorption likely to have been suffered by the radiation on traversing said first beam path through said body as far as said first designated elemental area.
  • This evaluated absorption is applied to a multiplying circuit 45, and the evaluated absorption coefficient for the first designated elemental area is also applied to circuit 45 from store 41 in response to a signal applied thereto from the address selector 42.
  • store 43 applies, in sequence, to circuit 46 all the edge values, apart from the one relating to said first designated beam path, which relate to beam paths irradiated at the same time as said first designated beam path.
  • the corrected edge values are re-inserted in the appropriate locations of store 43, and the address selector circuits are then arranged to designate a second elemental area on said first beam path.
  • the above process is repeated until all elemental areas along the first beam path have been dealt with, and a second beam path is then designated.
  • the procedure is repeated until all combinations of beam paths and elemental areas have been dealt with, at which time the store 43 holds a complete set of scatter compensated edge values.
  • These compensated edge values are then applied, via circuit 39, to the processing circuit 40 and an improved evaluation of the various absorption coefficients, duly compensated for scatter, is produced.
  • Circuit 47 receives input information from unit 14 and circuit 33 and this enables the derivation of the data to be accurately monitored, so that all beam paths can be properly identified.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Pulmonology (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
  • Apparatus For Radiation Diagnosis (AREA)
US05/755,629 1976-01-15 1976-12-30 Treatment of absorption errors in computerized tomography Expired - Lifetime US4081681A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB1497/76A GB1571800A (en) 1976-01-15 1976-01-15 Radiography
UK1497/76 1976-01-15

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US (1) US4081681A (de)
JP (1) JPS5293288A (de)
DE (1) DE2702009C2 (de)
FR (1) FR2338031A1 (de)
GB (1) GB1571800A (de)
HK (1) HK37681A (de)
MY (1) MY8200058A (de)
NL (1) NL184721C (de)

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4205375A (en) * 1977-01-31 1980-05-27 Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co., Ltd. Method and apparatus for performing computed tomography
US4286156A (en) * 1978-05-13 1981-08-25 U.S. Philips Corporation Device for determining the spatial absorption distribution in a plane of examination
WO1984000679A1 (en) * 1982-08-19 1984-03-01 Medicor Muevek Firmware backprojector in computerized tomograph systems
EP0105618A2 (de) * 1982-09-07 1984-04-18 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur röntgenologischen Bilderzeugung mit Kompensation der Streustrahlung
US4539640A (en) * 1982-01-12 1985-09-03 Tasc Ltd. Reconstruction system and methods for impedance imaging
US4599742A (en) * 1983-02-18 1986-07-08 Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki Kaisha X-ray diagnostic apparatus
US4653080A (en) * 1983-02-08 1987-03-24 Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki Kaisha X-ray diagnostic apparatus
US4837796A (en) * 1985-04-30 1989-06-06 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba X-ray imaging system
US4918713A (en) * 1986-02-18 1990-04-17 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba System and method for correcting for scattered x-rays
US5615279A (en) * 1993-11-02 1997-03-25 Hitachi Medical Corporation Method of and apparatus for correcting scattered X-rays for X-ray computerized tomograph
EP0891080A1 (de) * 1997-07-11 1999-01-13 Ge Medical Systems Sa Verfahren zum Verarbeiten einer Folge von radiologischen Bildern eines Objektes
US20050063518A1 (en) * 2003-09-19 2005-03-24 Masatake Nukui Radiation computed tomography apparatus and tomographic image data generating method

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5436780A (en) * 1977-08-26 1979-03-17 Hitachi Medical Corp Xxray detector
AU523895B2 (en) * 1978-08-04 1982-08-19 Commonwealth Of Australia, The Ultrasonic echoscope
JPS5834033U (ja) * 1981-08-28 1983-03-05 三井造船株式会社 パイプ水圧試験機用シ−ル部材
NL8202417A (nl) * 1982-06-15 1984-01-02 Philips Nv Inrichting en werkwijze voor het verwerken van roentgenbeelden.
US4897788A (en) * 1988-04-18 1990-01-30 General Electric Company Image correction for computed tomography to remove crosstalk artifacts

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3937965A (en) * 1973-10-30 1976-02-10 Thomson-Csf Radiography apparatus

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1283915A (en) * 1968-08-23 1972-08-02 Emi Ltd A method of and apparatus for examination of a body by radiation such as x or gamma radiation
GB1471531A (en) * 1973-04-25 1977-04-27 Emi Ltd Radiography
GB1493594A (en) * 1974-01-31 1977-11-30 Emi Ltd Radiography
US4002917A (en) 1974-08-28 1977-01-11 Emi Limited Sources of X-radiation
GB1529799A (en) 1974-11-13 1978-10-25 Emi Ltd Radiography

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3937965A (en) * 1973-10-30 1976-02-10 Thomson-Csf Radiography apparatus

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4205375A (en) * 1977-01-31 1980-05-27 Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co., Ltd. Method and apparatus for performing computed tomography
US4286156A (en) * 1978-05-13 1981-08-25 U.S. Philips Corporation Device for determining the spatial absorption distribution in a plane of examination
US4539640A (en) * 1982-01-12 1985-09-03 Tasc Ltd. Reconstruction system and methods for impedance imaging
WO1984000679A1 (en) * 1982-08-19 1984-03-01 Medicor Muevek Firmware backprojector in computerized tomograph systems
EP0105618A2 (de) * 1982-09-07 1984-04-18 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur röntgenologischen Bilderzeugung mit Kompensation der Streustrahlung
EP0105618A3 (en) * 1982-09-07 1985-11-27 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University X-ray imaging system having radiation scatter compensation and method
US4653080A (en) * 1983-02-08 1987-03-24 Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki Kaisha X-ray diagnostic apparatus
US4599742A (en) * 1983-02-18 1986-07-08 Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki Kaisha X-ray diagnostic apparatus
US4837796A (en) * 1985-04-30 1989-06-06 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba X-ray imaging system
US4918713A (en) * 1986-02-18 1990-04-17 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba System and method for correcting for scattered x-rays
US5615279A (en) * 1993-11-02 1997-03-25 Hitachi Medical Corporation Method of and apparatus for correcting scattered X-rays for X-ray computerized tomograph
EP0891080A1 (de) * 1997-07-11 1999-01-13 Ge Medical Systems Sa Verfahren zum Verarbeiten einer Folge von radiologischen Bildern eines Objektes
FR2766044A1 (fr) * 1997-07-11 1999-01-15 Ge Medical Syst Sa Procede de traitement d'une sequence d'images radiologiques d'un objet
US6175613B1 (en) * 1997-07-11 2001-01-16 Ge Medical Systems S.A. Method for processing a sequence of radiological images of an object
US20050063518A1 (en) * 2003-09-19 2005-03-24 Masatake Nukui Radiation computed tomography apparatus and tomographic image data generating method
US7372936B2 (en) * 2003-09-19 2008-05-13 Ge Medical Systems Global Technology Company, Llc Radiation computed tomography apparatus and tomographic image data generating method

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS5293288A (en) 1977-08-05
NL7700410A (nl) 1977-07-19
JPS5530856B2 (de) 1980-08-14
DE2702009A1 (de) 1977-07-28
HK37681A (en) 1981-08-07
NL184721B (nl) 1989-05-16
NL184721C (nl) 1989-10-16
GB1571800A (en) 1980-07-16
DE2702009C2 (de) 1983-12-01
FR2338031A1 (fr) 1977-08-12
FR2338031B1 (de) 1981-12-24
MY8200058A (en) 1982-12-31

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