US3882687A - Method of and apparatus for the cooling of an object - Google Patents

Method of and apparatus for the cooling of an object Download PDF

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Publication number
US3882687A
US3882687A US435856A US43585674A US3882687A US 3882687 A US3882687 A US 3882687A US 435856 A US435856 A US 435856A US 43585674 A US43585674 A US 43585674A US 3882687 A US3882687 A US 3882687A
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United States
Prior art keywords
vessel
liquid
cryogen
liquid cryogen
storage vessel
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Expired - Lifetime
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US435856A
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English (en)
Inventor
Stefan Asztalos
Rudolf Kneuer
Alfred Stephan
Reinhard Glatthaar
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Linde GmbH
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Linde GmbH
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D3/00—Devices using other cold materials; Devices using cold-storage bodies
    • F25D3/10—Devices using other cold materials; Devices using cold-storage bodies using liquefied gases, e.g. liquid air
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S505/00—Superconductor technology: apparatus, material, process
    • Y10S505/825—Apparatus per se, device per se, or process of making or operating same
    • Y10S505/888—Refrigeration
    • Y10S505/897—Cryogenic media transfer
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S505/00—Superconductor technology: apparatus, material, process
    • Y10S505/825—Apparatus per se, device per se, or process of making or operating same
    • Y10S505/888—Refrigeration
    • Y10S505/899—Method of cooling

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT An object, such as a superconductive magnet or a super-conductor cable in a housing or cryostat, is cooled with a cryogenic fluid passed continuously from one vessel into the housing or cryostat and then conducted after expansion into a second vessel where part of the cryogenic liquid is converted to vapor by expansion.
  • a vapor/liquid separation is carried out in the second vessel and the liquid phase is delivered to a third vessel serving as a storage reservoir and intermittently connected to the first vessel to return liquid coolant thereto.
  • a third vessel serving as a storage reservoir and intermittently connected to the first vessel to return liquid coolant thereto.
  • both the second and third vessels are maintained at a pressure lower than that in the first vessel, the pressure difference driving the liquid coolant through the housing or cryostat.
  • Our present invention relates to a method of and an apparatus for the cooling of an object such as a superconductive magnet or a superconductive cable in a housing or cryostat with a liquid coolant, e.g. liquid helium.
  • Superconductors are used, for example, in magnets of particle accelerators and other systems in which high magnetic field strengths must be developed and an increasing cross-section of the conductor cannot be tolerated either because of high cost or other factors. Moreover, superconductors are used in cables for the transmission of large currents over both small and large distances.
  • a typical cryogenic-liquid-cooled cable may comprise a plurality of coaxial ducts in which the superconductor is received in the inner duct and an outer space is evacuated and/or provided with so-called superinsulation composed of alternating layers of fiberous material and reflective foil.
  • the cryogenic liquid or cryogen is caused to flow through the innermost duct in direct contact or heat-exchanging relation with the superconductor.
  • Superconductor magnets are often enclosed in highly insulated housings or cryostats to which the superconductive liquid is admitted.
  • the disadvantage of this system is that the housing cannot be supplied for prolonged periods continuously with the cryogenic liquid from one vessel and hence there are periods in which the flow of the cryogen must be interrupted. This, of course, has the disadvantage that uniform flow and cooling cannot be guaranteed and that even brief interruptions in the continuity of coolant flow may cause detrimental results when the cooled object is a superconductive magnet or superconductive cable.
  • the principal object of the present invention to provide a process for the cooling of an object in a housing, e.g. a superconductive magnet in the cryostat or a superconductive cable, whereby the aforementioned disadvantages are obviated.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide an apparatus or system for the cooling of objects with a liquid cryogen whereby the continuity of flow to the cooled object from a supply vessel can be maintained for much longer periods than heretofore.
  • Yet another object of the invention is to provide a method of an apparatus for the continuous supply of a cryogen to and effective cooling of an object to be cooled, especially a superconductive system, for long periods and with a single supply vessel serving as the source of the liquid cryogen to the housing of the object to be cooled.
  • a method of cooling an object in a housing which comprises feeding a cryogenic liquid from a first or supply vessel to the housing, collecting cyrogenic liquid from said housing in a second vessel, expanding the liquid in said second vessel to cool the liquid and separating a vapor phase from the liquid phase of said second vessel, feeding the liquid phase to a third storage vessel and at least intermittently returning liquid from the storage vessel to the supply vessel.
  • the present invention provides for expansion of the liquid cryogen or coolant, after it has been used to cool the object, thereby lowering the temperature of the liquid phase and abstracting heat therefrom equivalent to the latent heat of vaporization of the cryogen. Thereafter a phase separation is carried out whereby the liquid component is collected in the third or storage vessel and is resupplied to the first.
  • the system of the present invention is thus able to achieve, in a simple manner, the aforestated object of permitting one-way, continuous and long duration cooling of an object, e.g. a superconductive system, with a liquid coolant or cryogen, e.g. liquid helium.
  • the liquid coolant is displaced through the system under appropriate driving pressures and thus, according to the present invention, the pressure differential between the first and second vessels is maintained at a level necessary to drive the liquid cryogen from the first vessel through the cryostat or housing of the object and into the second vessel.
  • the latter is maintained at the same pressure as the second vessel, i.e. at a pressure lower than that in the first vessel. Even the expansion step within the second vessel takes place to a pressure below that in the first vessel.
  • the connection between the second and third vessels is closed with a valve and a valve between the third vessel and the first or supply vessel is opened.
  • the pressure is developed in the third or storage vessel which is somewhat higher valve is opened so that the pressure in the third vessel again assumes a level identical to that in the second vessel and the liquid coolant can flow from the second vessel to. the third. Consequently, the second vessel serves for temporary storage of the liquid phase only during the period in which the third vessel is being discharged into the first.
  • the pressure differential required to drive the liquid from the first vessel to the second and fromthe third vessel to the first as described above can be generated by a pressure buildup means of any conventional de* sign. 7
  • An important feature of the present invention resides in the fact that, during the two switch-over phases, i.e. the filling of the third or storage vessel and the discharge of the storage vessel into the supply vessel, the displacement of the liquid cryogen from the first or supply vessel to housing of the object to be cooled is neither influenced nor completely interrupted.
  • the object to be cooled is thus subjected to a continuous flow of the liquid cryogen at a constant rate from a single supply vessel for long periods, i.e. until all of the liquid cryogen has been converted into vapor.
  • the method of the present invention has been found to be especially advantageous, for the cooling of superconductive systems such as conductive magnets, superconductive cables or the like.
  • the first valve between the third (storage) and first (supply) vessels and the second valve between the second (phase-separation and liquid-collection) and third vessels can be controlled by a liquid-level indicator, sensor or controller responsive to the liquid level in the third or storage vessel and having upper and lower threshold values.
  • the level indicator or sensor As soon as the liquid level in the third or storage vessel reaches the upper threshold valve, the level indicator or sensor generates a first pulse to close the second valve and open the first valve while energizing or operating the pressure control device for the third vessel to bring the pressure entrainment to a level above that in the first vessel.
  • the pressure differential between the third and first vessels can thus displace the accumulated liquid cryogene and coolant into the first vessel.
  • the liquid-level senses a liquid level in the third vessel which falls to the lower threshold value
  • a second pulse is generated which once again closes the first valve and the pressure-control device while opening the second valve.
  • the liquid cryogen or coolant then flows from the second vessel to the third while the pressure in the latter vessel is reduced to that of the second vessel; especially when the object to be cooled is a super-conductive system it has been found to be advantageous to pass the liquid coolant supplied to the object to be cooled in indirect heat exchange with the oppositely flowing expanded coolant, thereby super-cooling the oncoming coolant and insuring that the liquid cryogen will maintain its liquid state as it traverses the system to be cooled
  • the coolant withdrawn from the system to be cooled may advantageously be expanded and pass through separate cooling zones to shield the liquid of the first or supply vessel from the input of heat from the I exterior. These separate cool zones may be provided around the duct whereby the liquid cryogen is deliv- I ered to the cryostat around the chambers of the cryostat traversed
  • phase-separation vessel (the latter is disposed above the third or storage vessel) andsuitable conduits, ducts or the like are provided between the first or supply .ves-
  • the duct means connecting the interior of the cryon-- ate with the second vessel is provided with an expa nsion valve.
  • Still another feature of the invention resides in the i provision of a level indicator in the third vessel having the upper and lower threshold valves as described above whereby the valves are automatically controlled in response to the level in the third or storage vessel.
  • all of the connecting ducts bei y I tween the vessel and the cryogen or the object to be l cooled are formed as coaxial conduits with a central; passage and the coaxial annular passages surroundingsame.
  • the central passage serves for the feed of the liquid cryogen to the object to be cooled.
  • the innermost or first annular passage serves to conduct expanded cryogen or coolant from the object to be cooled and the third annular passage forms a radiation shield and I a path for the vapor. of the liquid cryogen between'the y second storage vessel and a further radiation shield within the cryostat.
  • the second and fourth, are evacuated.
  • a cooling zone immediately surrounding the object to be cooled which is cooled by the expanded coolant from this object for the supercooling of the incoming liquid, the outflowing coolant is passed through a heat exchange. with one sec- I tion traversed by the liquidcryogen from the supple vessel and another section traversing by expanded cryogen from the cooled object.
  • the system has been described for a single object tobe cooled, it may also be used to cool a number of objects, in parallel or in series with respect to the flow of the liquid cryogen.
  • the system illustrated in the drawing comprises a supply vessel ll (first vessel), connected by aduct to.
  • the coaxial duct system may extend over long distances and is represented generally by the numeral 12. From the central passage the liquid cryogen is introduced at 4 into the object 5 to be cooled in a cryostat represented generally at 20.
  • the object may be a superconductive magnet.
  • the supercooled liquid cryogen is conducted away at 7 and enters an expansion valve 8 in which the liquid cryogen is expanded to form a vapor-liquid mixture which traverses a helical duct system 9 in heat exchanging relation with a radiation shield directly surrounding the objeet 5 and forming a cold zone therearound.
  • the cool ing avoided by the passage of the mixture through the y duets 9 has been found to stabilize the temperature of the space in which object 5 is disposed.
  • a duct 10 carries the two-phase mixture from the cold zone through the first annular space 11 of the coaxial-duct system 12, through another section of the heat exchanger and, via line 13, to the second or separation vessel 14.
  • the mixture of vapor and liquid phases is separated in vessel 14 and the liquid phase can be transferred via duct 15 and an automatically controlled valve 16 to the third or storage vessel 17.
  • the latter is connected by a duct 25 and a valve 24 to the first vessel 1.
  • a pressure generating device which comprises a duct 18 connected to a controlled-pressure valve 19 and a pressurized gas source 6 which is also connected via line 22 and the pressure-controlled valve 23 to the gas space of vessel 17.
  • a level sensor 21 responds to the liquid level in the storage vessel 17 and has upper and lower thresholds represented by the inlets 21a and 21b of the controller 21 whose outputs are applied to the valves 16 and 24 and to the pressure-regulating valve 23 respectively.
  • the gas derived from the liquid/vapor separator 14 is fed by line 29 to the third annular passage 30 of the coaxial duct system 12 and then passes through tubes of a heat shield 32 surrounding the heat shield 9 and enclosing the space in which the expansion valve 8 is provided.
  • the latter heat shield 32 is endlosed in the insulated walls of the cryogen and delivers its vapor via line 34 to a condensing station or the like not shown.
  • Liquid helium at a pressure of about 1 8 atmospheres absolute and a temperature of 4.9"K passes from the first vessel 1 via the line 2 through the heat exchanger 15, the central passage 3 of the coaxial duct system 12 and by line 4 is admitted to the object 5 to be cooled. especially a conductive magnet.
  • the heat exchanger 15 the liquid helium is supercooled to a temperature of about 4.5K and the supercooled liquid helium is expanded at valve 8 to a pressure of 1.2 atmospheres absolute before entering the cooling zone 9.
  • the helium vapor liquid mix ture passes in counterflow to the liquid super-cooled 6 heliumat a temperature of 4.5314 and thereby stabilizes the temperature within the object 5.
  • the object is thus cooled with super-critical helium "at a pressure of about 1.8 atmospheres absolute and a temperature of about 4.5l
  • liquid helium is transferred to the open valve (second valve) 16 into the third or storage vessel 17 which is at the same pressure as that of the phase-separation vessel 14. A gravity transfer of the liquid takes place during this period.
  • the latter pressures are about 1.2 atmospheres absolute and hence a pressure differential of 0.6 atmospheres absolute is applied between the first vessel 1 and the second vessel 14 to displace the liquid helium.
  • the level sensor 21 applies a signal which closes the second valve 16, opens the first valve 24, and overlies upon the pressure controller 23 to raise the pressure in the third vessel 17 above 1.8 atmospheres absolute. e.g. to 2.0 atmospheres absolute.
  • the liquid is driven out of the storage vessel 17 into the supply vessel 1 and the flow of liquid helium through the object 5 is not interrupted.
  • vessel 14 remains under its original pressure 1.2 atmospheres absolute or. slowly increases in pressure, but well below 1.8 atmospheres absolute.
  • the sensor 21 closes valve 24, opens valve 16 and restores the pressure control 23 to its original level while venting excess pressure and permits the pressure to be repeated.
  • the vapor of course is used to cool the radiation shield 32.
  • the passages 37 and 38 of the coaxial duct system 12 are evacuated and the compartment e.g. 28, within the cryogen 20 and the housing 36 surrounding the vessels 14, 1'7 and 1 can also be evacuated.
  • a method of cooling an object to be maintained at a cryogenic temperature comprising the steps of: continuously feeding a liquid cryogen from a supply vessel to said object; maintaining a pressure in said vessel sufficient to displace said liquid cryogen to said object; expanding liquid cryogen upon its passage to said object to form a vapor/liquid phase mixture of the liquid cryogen; separating said phase mixture into a liquid phase and a vapor phase in a second vessel; transferring the liquid phase from said second vessel directly to a third storage vessel; and at least intermittently feeding said liquid cryogen from said storage vessel to said supply vessel upon the liquid level in said storage vessel attaining a predetermined height and at substantially the pressure in said supply vessel.
  • An apparatus for cooling an object comprising a supply vessel for a liquid cryogen; conduit means connecting said supply vessel with said object; an expansion valve receiving liquid cryogen from said object; a second vessel communicating with said expansion valve and receiving a vapor-liquid phase mixture of said cryogen therefrom; a storage vessel connected to said supply vessel for delivering liquid cryogen thereto; and
  • An apparatus for cooling an'object comprising a supply vessel for a liquid cryogen; conduit means connecting saidsupply vessel with saidobject; an expaii sion valve receiving liquid cryogen from said object; a second vessel communicating with said expansion valve and receiving a vapor-liquid phase mixture of said cryogen therefrom; a storage vessel connected to said stip-; ply vessel for delivering liquid cryogen thereto; and
  • conduit means comprises a central passage traversed by the liquid cryogen and a plurality of annular pas-' sages surrounding said central passage, at least one of said annular passages being connected to one. of said vessels for passage of cryogenic fluid therethrough.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Devices That Are Associated With Refrigeration Equipment (AREA)
  • Details Of Measuring And Other Instruments (AREA)
US435856A 1973-01-25 1974-01-23 Method of and apparatus for the cooling of an object Expired - Lifetime US3882687A (en)

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DE2303663A DE2303663A1 (de) 1973-01-25 1973-01-25 Verfahren und vorrichtung zum kuehlen eines kuehlobjektes

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JP (1) JPS5652218B2 (de)
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Cited By (30)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4077231A (en) * 1976-08-09 1978-03-07 Nasa Multistation refrigeration system
US4116017A (en) * 1975-12-06 1978-09-26 Linde Ag. Method of and apparatus for the cooling of articles with a circulated cooling gas
US4340405A (en) * 1980-10-29 1982-07-20 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Apparatus and method for maintaining low temperatures about an object at a remote location
US4432216A (en) * 1981-11-06 1984-02-21 Hitachi, Ltd. Cryogenic cooling apparatus
US4589203A (en) * 1983-08-26 1986-05-20 L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude Method and apparatus for the cryogenic stripping of electric cables
WO1986003118A1 (en) * 1984-11-19 1986-06-05 Hemodynamics Technology, Inc. Blood flow monitoring device
US4884409A (en) * 1988-02-12 1989-12-05 Sulzer Brothers Limited Method and apparatus of cooling a toroidal ring magnet
US5193348A (en) * 1990-06-25 1993-03-16 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Device for cooling a squid measuring instrument
EP0617247A1 (de) * 1993-03-26 1994-09-28 L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude Vorrichtung zur Rückführung einer kryogenen Flüssigkeit und ihre Anwendung in einem Warengefiergerät
WO1995010743A2 (en) * 1993-10-12 1995-04-20 Fridev Refrigeration Systems Inc. Cryogenic temperature control system
US5444985A (en) * 1994-05-13 1995-08-29 Liquid Carbonic Corporation Cryogenic tunnel freezer
US5460015A (en) * 1994-04-28 1995-10-24 Liquid Carbonic Corporation Freezer with imperforate conveyor belt
US5467612A (en) * 1994-04-29 1995-11-21 Liquid Carbonic Corporation Freezing system for fragible food products
US5513498A (en) * 1995-04-06 1996-05-07 General Electric Company Cryogenic cooling system
US5577392A (en) * 1995-01-17 1996-11-26 Liquid Carbonic Corporation Cryogenic chiller with vortical flow
FR2736423A1 (fr) * 1995-06-08 1997-01-10 Air Liquide Procede et dispositif de refrigeration d'ecran(s) thermique(s)
US5848532A (en) * 1997-04-23 1998-12-15 American Superconductor Corporation Cooling system for superconducting magnet
US6376943B1 (en) 1998-08-26 2002-04-23 American Superconductor Corporation Superconductor rotor cooling system
US20020134533A1 (en) * 1999-07-26 2002-09-26 Massimo Bechis System for transmitting electric energy in superconductivity conditions and method for refrigerating in continuous a superconducting cable
US6489701B1 (en) 1999-10-12 2002-12-03 American Superconductor Corporation Superconducting rotating machines
US6732536B1 (en) * 2003-03-26 2004-05-11 Praxair Technology, Inc. Method for providing cooling to superconducting cable
EP1477755A1 (de) * 1998-12-25 2004-11-17 Japan Science and Technology Corporation Vorrichtung zur rekondensation von flüssigem helium und dafür verwendete transportleitung
WO2007005091A1 (en) * 2005-06-30 2007-01-11 General Electric Company System and method for cooling superconducting devices
US7263841B1 (en) * 2004-03-19 2007-09-04 Praxair Technology, Inc. Superconducting magnet system with supplementary heat pipe refrigeration
US20090229291A1 (en) * 2008-03-11 2009-09-17 American Superconductor Corporation Cooling System in a Rotating Reference Frame
WO2013043223A1 (en) * 2010-06-09 2013-03-28 Quantum Design, Inc. Gas-flow cryostat for dynamic temperature regulation using a fluid level sensor
EP2608223A1 (de) * 2011-12-19 2013-06-26 Nexans Verfahren zum Kühlen einer Anlage für supraleitfähige Kabel
WO2017023477A1 (en) * 2015-08-03 2017-02-09 Linda Aktiengesellschaft Pulsed liquid cryogen flow generator
US20180151280A1 (en) * 2016-11-25 2018-05-31 Shahin Pourrahimi Pre-cooling and increasing thermal heat capacity of cryogen-free magnets
GB2563410A (en) * 2017-06-14 2018-12-19 Linde Ag Cryogen refinement apparatus, method of refining a cryogen, heat exchange arrangement and method of cooling by heat exchange

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JPS57184873A (en) * 1981-05-08 1982-11-13 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd Refrigerator
JPS57183089U (de) * 1981-05-13 1982-11-19

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US3159008A (en) * 1963-04-08 1964-12-01 Chemical Construction Corp Cooling system
US3364687A (en) * 1965-05-03 1968-01-23 Massachusetts Inst Technology Helium heat transfer system
US3415077A (en) * 1967-01-31 1968-12-10 500 Inc Method and apparatus for continuously supplying refrigeration below 4.2deg k.
US3611740A (en) * 1968-12-19 1971-10-12 Sulzer Ag Process for cooling a consumer consisting of a partly stabilized superconductive magnet
US3710584A (en) * 1970-10-23 1973-01-16 Cryogenic Eng Co Low-loss closed-loop supply system for transferring liquified gas from a large container to a small container

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US3159008A (en) * 1963-04-08 1964-12-01 Chemical Construction Corp Cooling system
US3364687A (en) * 1965-05-03 1968-01-23 Massachusetts Inst Technology Helium heat transfer system
US3415077A (en) * 1967-01-31 1968-12-10 500 Inc Method and apparatus for continuously supplying refrigeration below 4.2deg k.
US3611740A (en) * 1968-12-19 1971-10-12 Sulzer Ag Process for cooling a consumer consisting of a partly stabilized superconductive magnet
US3710584A (en) * 1970-10-23 1973-01-16 Cryogenic Eng Co Low-loss closed-loop supply system for transferring liquified gas from a large container to a small container

Cited By (44)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4116017A (en) * 1975-12-06 1978-09-26 Linde Ag. Method of and apparatus for the cooling of articles with a circulated cooling gas
US4077231A (en) * 1976-08-09 1978-03-07 Nasa Multistation refrigeration system
US4340405A (en) * 1980-10-29 1982-07-20 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Apparatus and method for maintaining low temperatures about an object at a remote location
US4432216A (en) * 1981-11-06 1984-02-21 Hitachi, Ltd. Cryogenic cooling apparatus
US4756310A (en) * 1982-05-28 1988-07-12 Hemodynamics Technology, Inc. System for cooling an area of the surface of an object
US4589203A (en) * 1983-08-26 1986-05-20 L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude Method and apparatus for the cryogenic stripping of electric cables
WO1986003118A1 (en) * 1984-11-19 1986-06-05 Hemodynamics Technology, Inc. Blood flow monitoring device
US4884409A (en) * 1988-02-12 1989-12-05 Sulzer Brothers Limited Method and apparatus of cooling a toroidal ring magnet
US5193348A (en) * 1990-06-25 1993-03-16 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Device for cooling a squid measuring instrument
FR2703139A1 (fr) * 1993-03-26 1994-09-30 Air Liquide Dispositif de recyclage d'un liquide cryogénique et son application à la congélation de produits.
EP0617247A1 (de) * 1993-03-26 1994-09-28 L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude Vorrichtung zur Rückführung einer kryogenen Flüssigkeit und ihre Anwendung in einem Warengefiergerät
US5419140A (en) * 1993-03-26 1995-05-30 L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude Device for recycling a cryogenic liquid and its use in an apparatus for freezing products
WO1995010743A2 (en) * 1993-10-12 1995-04-20 Fridev Refrigeration Systems Inc. Cryogenic temperature control system
WO1995010743A3 (en) * 1993-10-12 1995-06-22 Fridev Refrigeration Syst Cryogenic temperature control system
US5460015A (en) * 1994-04-28 1995-10-24 Liquid Carbonic Corporation Freezer with imperforate conveyor belt
US5467612A (en) * 1994-04-29 1995-11-21 Liquid Carbonic Corporation Freezing system for fragible food products
US5444985A (en) * 1994-05-13 1995-08-29 Liquid Carbonic Corporation Cryogenic tunnel freezer
US5577392A (en) * 1995-01-17 1996-11-26 Liquid Carbonic Corporation Cryogenic chiller with vortical flow
US5513498A (en) * 1995-04-06 1996-05-07 General Electric Company Cryogenic cooling system
FR2736423A1 (fr) * 1995-06-08 1997-01-10 Air Liquide Procede et dispositif de refrigeration d'ecran(s) thermique(s)
US5848532A (en) * 1997-04-23 1998-12-15 American Superconductor Corporation Cooling system for superconducting magnet
WO1998048224A3 (en) * 1997-04-23 1999-01-21 American Superconductor Corp Cooling system for superconducting magnet
US6376943B1 (en) 1998-08-26 2002-04-23 American Superconductor Corporation Superconductor rotor cooling system
US6812601B2 (en) 1998-08-26 2004-11-02 American Superconductor Corporation Superconductor rotor cooling system
EP1477755A1 (de) * 1998-12-25 2004-11-17 Japan Science and Technology Corporation Vorrichtung zur rekondensation von flüssigem helium und dafür verwendete transportleitung
US20020134533A1 (en) * 1999-07-26 2002-09-26 Massimo Bechis System for transmitting electric energy in superconductivity conditions and method for refrigerating in continuous a superconducting cable
US6864417B2 (en) * 1999-07-26 2005-03-08 Pirelli Cavi E Sistemi S.P.A. System for transmitting electric energy in superconductivity conditions and method for refrigerating in a continuous superconducting cable
US6489701B1 (en) 1999-10-12 2002-12-03 American Superconductor Corporation Superconducting rotating machines
US6732536B1 (en) * 2003-03-26 2004-05-11 Praxair Technology, Inc. Method for providing cooling to superconducting cable
US20050050905A1 (en) * 2003-03-26 2005-03-10 Bonaquist Dante Patrick Method for providing cooling to superconducting cable
US6895765B2 (en) 2003-03-26 2005-05-24 Praxair Technology, Inc. Method for providing cooling to superconducting cable
US7263841B1 (en) * 2004-03-19 2007-09-04 Praxair Technology, Inc. Superconducting magnet system with supplementary heat pipe refrigeration
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS49104238A (de) 1974-10-02
JPS5652218B2 (de) 1981-12-10
NL7317407A (de) 1974-07-29
DE2303663A1 (de) 1974-08-01

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