US3878425A - Vacuum - tight carbon bodies - Google Patents

Vacuum - tight carbon bodies Download PDF

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US3878425A
US3878425A US391459A US39145973A US3878425A US 3878425 A US3878425 A US 3878425A US 391459 A US391459 A US 391459A US 39145973 A US39145973 A US 39145973A US 3878425 A US3878425 A US 3878425A
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carbon
rhenium
gas
vacuum
impermeable
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US391459A
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Helmut Katz
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Siemens AG
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Siemens AG
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B37/00—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating
    • C04B37/003—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating by means of an interlayer consisting of a combination of materials selected from glass, or ceramic material with metals, metal oxides or metal salts
    • C04B37/006—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating by means of an interlayer consisting of a combination of materials selected from glass, or ceramic material with metals, metal oxides or metal salts consisting of metals or metal salts
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J23/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J25/00
    • H01J23/02—Electrodes; Magnetic control means; Screens
    • H01J23/027—Collectors
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/02—Aspects relating to interlayers, e.g. used to join ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/12—Metallic interlayers
    • C04B2237/124—Metallic interlayers based on copper
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/02—Aspects relating to interlayers, e.g. used to join ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/12—Metallic interlayers
    • C04B2237/125—Metallic interlayers based on noble metals, e.g. silver
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/30—Composition of layers of ceramic laminates or of ceramic or metallic articles to be joined by heating, e.g. Si substrates
    • C04B2237/32—Ceramic
    • C04B2237/36—Non-oxidic
    • C04B2237/363—Carbon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/50—Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/72—Forming laminates or joined articles comprising at least two interlayers directly next to each other
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/50—Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/76—Forming laminates or joined articles comprising at least one member in the form other than a sheet or disc, e.g. two tubes or a tube and a sheet or disc
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/50—Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/84—Joining of a first substrate with a second substrate at least partially inside the first substrate, where the bonding area is at the inside of the first substrate, e.g. one tube inside another tube

Definitions

  • a vacuum-tight body composed of at least two carbon [51] Int. Cl. H01j 1/02; HOlj H14; H01] H38; members which are joined to one another with a layer HOlj 19/30; l-lOlj 19/06 of a gas-impermeable solder material selected from [58] Field of Search ..29/472.7, 472.5, the group consisting of Cu, Ag, Au, and alloys thereof 220/2.1 T; 313/317, 352, 354, 355 in direct contact with a rhenium layer on adjoining carbon surfaces.
  • the body may form a collector which forms part of a vessel wallin a high capacity electric [56] References Cited discharge vessel.
  • a coating of a metal, particularly copper, is an extraorindarily suitable material for obtaining gastightness for vacuum purposes. Copper is non-magnetic and thus does not interfere with magnetic fields, it is ductile so as to easily allow adjustment of parts thereof, etc. However, copper has a relatively low melting point of 1084 C. and is undesirably influenced when, for example, a highly focused electron beam impinges on a coating thereof positioned on a body of low thermal conductivity.
  • a carbon body when a carbon body has its inner surface coated with copper and forms the inner wall ofa collector. such as in a traveling wave tube, the inner surface is very sensitive to sudden and high localized rises in temperature. If, on the other hand, the carbon body has its outer surface coated with copper, such outer surface has such a low radiation ability in comparison with an uncovered carbon surface that only a fraction of the total power dissipation is obtained from that otherwise possible.
  • the invention provides a gas-impermeable carbon body which is characterized by a high reflection property and an insensitivity to high localized thermal stresses.
  • FIGURE is an elevated cross-sectional view of an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
  • a protective layer of rhenium is applied to the adjacent surfaces of the carbon members prior to soldering such surfaces together with a metal selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ag, Au, alloys thereof and similar metals.
  • the process embodiment of the invention is advanta geously carried out in such a manner that the portions of the carbon members which form the joining or sealing surfaces are soldered together in a vacuum or protective gas atmosphere while having solder positioned therebetween.
  • the process may also be carried out by combining the other portions of an electric discharge vessel at the same time the carbon members are sealed together.
  • solders having the same or different melting temperatures may be used at the various surfaces being soldered.
  • a carbon cylinder 1 is provided with a' closed end, as at base 4.
  • the inner surface of the cylinder 1 is coated with a rhenium layer 3, as by a reducing deposition process which provides a solid protective layer of rhenium on the carbon surface.
  • a second carbon cylinder 2, likewise having a closed end as at base 5 concentrically fits within the cylinder 1.
  • the outer surface of cylinder 2 is provided with a rhenium coating 3'. The cylinder 2 fits fairly snugly within the cylinder 1 so that the adjacent surfaces of the cylinders are readily solderable.
  • a solder supply such as a relatively thick Cu-disc 6, is placed at a select location (such as between the bases 4 and 5) between adjacent surfaces of the cylinders.
  • a metal cylinder 7 which forms a part of a discharge vessel wall.
  • the two carbon cylinders are soldered together in a vacuum or a protective gas atmosphere by melting the solder. i.e. copper, and causing the molten solder, as by capillary forces and/or the pressure exerted by the inner cylinder 2, to flow into contact with all adjacent solderable surfaces between the cylinders and form a gas-impermeable metal layer 8 joining such cylinders to one another via the rhenium layers.
  • fluidized solid material may be caused to flow from an outside reservoir arranged at a suitable height, for example, by its own weight, into the space or separating line between the cylinders or a portion of the solder may be provided from an outside source and a portion provided between the cylinders.
  • the solder is preferably a pure metal selected from the group consisting of copper, silver, gold, similar metals and their alloys.
  • select portions of solder are positioned at various solderable surfaces and each of the solder portions may be composed of different solder materials having differing soldering temperatures for joining or soldering the different surfaces.
  • the plurality of solder portions may also be composed of identical solder materials or of solder materials having substantially identical soldering temperatures.
  • a carbon body may be produced having a small cavity for the absorption of a beam current with an inner surface which can withstand a high temperature, above the melting point of the solder since a temperature gradient occurs throughout the body wall and the temperature drops below the melting point of the solder, which in the case of Cu is l084 C.. before reaching the gas-impermeable metal layer and yet the body has a high radiation ability since its outer surface is uncoated carbon.
  • a gas-impermeable member comprising a collector electrode which forms a housing wall portion in a high capacity electric discharge vessel, said member being comprised of at least two substantially permanently joined body members composed of carbon and having adjacent contacting surfaces;
  • a layer of a metal solder composed of a metal selected from the group consisting of Cu. Ag, Au and alloys thereof on said rhenium layers whereby a gas-impermeable seal is defined between said carbon body members.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Ceramic Products (AREA)
  • Cell Electrode Carriers And Collectors (AREA)
  • Chemical Vapour Deposition (AREA)

Abstract

A vacuum-tight body composed of at least two carbon members which are joined to one another with a layer of a gas-impermeable solder material selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ag, Au, and alloys thereof in direct contact with a rhenium layer on adjoining carbon surfaces. The body may form a collector which forms part of a vessel wall in a high capacity electric discharge vessel.

Description

United States Patent Katz [451 Apr. 15, 1975 [54] VACUUM TIGHT CARBON BODIES 2,154,278 4/1939 Mouromtseff 313/355 2,599,179 6/1952 Ho kins 313/355 X [75] Invenm Kat, Mumch, Germany 2,835,967 5/1958 Um blia 29/4721 73 Assigneez Si Aktiengesellschaft Berlin 3,591,822 7/1971 Katz 313/355 Munich, Germany Filedi g- 24, 1973 Primary ExaminerSaxfield Chatmon, Jr. [21] APPL N0; 459 Attorney, Agent, or FirmHill, Gross, Simpson, Van
Santen, Steadman, Chiara & Simpson [30] Foreign Application Priority Data Sept. 8, 1972 Germany 2244267 [57] ABSTRACT [52] US. Cl. 313/352; 29/4725; 29/4727;
313/355 A vacuum-tight body composed of at least two carbon [51] Int. Cl. H01j 1/02; HOlj H14; H01] H38; members which are joined to one another with a layer HOlj 19/30; l-lOlj 19/06 of a gas-impermeable solder material selected from [58] Field of Search ..29/472.7, 472.5, the group consisting of Cu, Ag, Au, and alloys thereof 220/2.1 T; 313/317, 352, 354, 355 in direct contact with a rhenium layer on adjoining carbon surfaces. The body may form a collector which forms part of a vessel wallin a high capacity electric [56] References Cited discharge vessel.
UNITED STATES PATENTS 896,429 8/1908 Becket 313/355 X 2 Claims, 1 Drawing Figure VACUUM TIGHT CARBON BODIES BACKGROUND'OF THE INVENTION A coating of a metal, particularly copper, is an extraorindarily suitable material for obtaining gastightness for vacuum purposes. Copper is non-magnetic and thus does not interfere with magnetic fields, it is ductile so as to easily allow adjustment of parts thereof, etc. However, copper has a relatively low melting point of 1084 C. and is undesirably influenced when, for example, a highly focused electron beam impinges on a coating thereof positioned on a body of low thermal conductivity. For example, when a carbon body has its inner surface coated with copper and forms the inner wall ofa collector. such as in a traveling wave tube, the inner surface is very sensitive to sudden and high localized rises in temperature. If, on the other hand, the carbon body has its outer surface coated with copper, such outer surface has such a low radiation ability in comparison with an uncovered carbon surface that only a fraction of the total power dissipation is obtained from that otherwise possible.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention provides a gas-impermeable carbon body which is characterized by a high reflection property and an insensitivity to high localized thermal stresses.
It is a novel feature of the invention to form a gasimpermeable (vacuum-tight) body from at least two carbon members joined together by a gas-impermeable metal layer between adjacent solderable surfaces of the carbon members.
It is another novel feature of the invention to place a layer of rhenium on adjacent surfaces of carbon members, place a disc or the like of a solder material selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ag, Au, and their alloys at a selected location of such rheniumcoated adjacent surfaces and subject the resultant structure to soldering conditions, such as in a vacuum or in a protective gas atmosphere, so that the disc melts and the solder material flows into contact with the adjacent surfaces and forms a gas-impermeable metal layer joining the carbon members to one another.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING The single FIGURE is an elevated cross-sectional view of an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In the exemplary embodiment, a protective layer of rhenium is applied to the adjacent surfaces of the carbon members prior to soldering such surfaces together with a metal selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ag, Au, alloys thereof and similar metals.
The process embodiment of the invention is advanta geously carried out in such a manner that the portions of the carbon members which form the joining or sealing surfaces are soldered together in a vacuum or protective gas atmosphere while having solder positioned therebetween. The process may also be carried out by combining the other portions of an electric discharge vessel at the same time the carbon members are sealed together.
In embodiments wherein the ultimately formed gastight body is composed of several body parts, solders having the same or different melting temperatures may be used at the various surfaces being soldered.
In the drawing, those parts which are not essential to the understanding of the principles of the invention have either been omitted or have not been provided with reference numerals. As shown, a carbon cylinder 1 is provided with a' closed end, as at base 4. The inner surface of the cylinder 1 is coated with a rhenium layer 3, as by a reducing deposition process which provides a solid protective layer of rhenium on the carbon surface. A second carbon cylinder 2, likewise having a closed end as at base 5 concentrically fits within the cylinder 1. The outer surface of cylinder 2 is provided with a rhenium coating 3'. The cylinder 2 fits fairly snugly within the cylinder 1 so that the adjacent surfaces of the cylinders are readily solderable. A solder supply, such as a relatively thick Cu-disc 6, is placed at a select location (such as between the bases 4 and 5) between adjacent surfaces of the cylinders. After alignment or adjustment of the cylinders with respect to one another and/or to a metal cylinder 7, which forms a part of a discharge vessel wall. the two carbon cylinders are soldered together in a vacuum or a protective gas atmosphere by melting the solder. i.e. copper, and causing the molten solder, as by capillary forces and/or the pressure exerted by the inner cylinder 2, to flow into contact with all adjacent solderable surfaces between the cylinders and form a gas-impermeable metal layer 8 joining such cylinders to one another via the rhenium layers.
In certain embodiments, fluidized solid material may be caused to flow from an outside reservoir arranged at a suitable height, for example, by its own weight, into the space or separating line between the cylinders or a portion of the solder may be provided from an outside source and a portion provided between the cylinders.
The solder is preferably a pure metal selected from the group consisting of copper, silver, gold, similar metals and their alloys. When forming bodies composed of a multiple of parts, select portions of solder are positioned at various solderable surfaces and each of the solder portions may be composed of different solder materials having differing soldering temperatures for joining or soldering the different surfaces. The plurality of solder portions may also be composed of identical solder materials or of solder materials having substantially identical soldering temperatures. In this manner, for example, a carbon body may be produced having a small cavity for the absorption of a beam current with an inner surface which can withstand a high temperature, above the melting point of the solder since a temperature gradient occurs throughout the body wall and the temperature drops below the melting point of the solder, which in the case of Cu is l084 C.. before reaching the gas-impermeable metal layer and yet the body has a high radiation ability since its outer surface is uncoated carbon.
As is apparent from the foregoing specification. the present invention is susceptible of being embodied with various alterations and modifications which may differ particularly from those that have been described in the preceding specification and description. For example. non-cylindrical carbon bodies may also be made gasor vacuum-tight in accordance with the principles of the invention. For this reason, it is to be fully understood that all of the foregoing is intended to be merely illustrative and is not to be construed or interpreted as being restrictive or otherwise limiting of the present invention. excepting as it is set forth and defined in the hereto-appendant claims.
,bon-body member by I claim as my invention:
1. A gas-impermeable member comprising a collector electrode which forms a housing wall portion in a high capacity electric discharge vessel, said member being comprised of at least two substantially permanently joined body members composed of carbon and having adjacent contacting surfaces;
:1 solid protective layer of rhenium or each of said contacting surfaces; and
a layer of a metal solder composed of a metal selected from the group consisting of Cu. Ag, Au and alloys thereof on said rhenium layers whereby a gas-impermeable seal is defined between said carbon body members.
2. A gas-impermeable member as defined in claim 1 wherein said solid protective layer of rhenium is positioned on the respective contacting surfaces of the cara reduction deposition process.

Claims (2)

1. A GAS-IMPERMEABLE MEMBER COMPRISING A COLLECTOR ELECTRODE WHICH FORMS A HOUSING WALL PORTION IN A HIGH CAPACITY ELECTRIC DISCHARGE VESSEL, SAID MEMBER BEING COMPRISED OF AT LEAST TWO SUBSTANTIALLY PERMANENTLY JOINED BODY MEMBERS COMPOSED OF CARBON AND HAVING ADJACENT CONTACTING SURFACES; A SOLID PROTECTIVE LAYER OF RHENIUM OR EACH OF SAID CONTACTING SURFACES; AND A LAYER OF A METAL SOLDER COMPOSED OF A METAL SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF CU, AG, AU AND ALLOYS THEREOF ON SAID RHENIUM LAYERS WHEREBY A GAS-IMPERMEABLE SEAL IS DEFINED BETWEEN SAID CARBON BODY MEMBERS.
2. A gas-impermeable member as defined in claim 1 wherein said solid protective layer of rhenium is positioned on the respective contacting surfaces of the carbon-body member by a reduction deposition process.
US391459A 1972-09-08 1973-08-24 Vacuum - tight carbon bodies Expired - Lifetime US3878425A (en)

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DE19722244267 DE2244267C3 (en) 1972-09-08 Gas-impermeable carbon body and process for its manufacture

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US3878425A true US3878425A (en) 1975-04-15

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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4350744A (en) * 1980-12-12 1982-09-21 United Technologies Corporation Metallic solder composite bonding
US4358512A (en) * 1980-12-12 1982-11-09 United Technologies Corporation Metal-composite bonding
US4398659A (en) * 1980-12-12 1983-08-16 United Technologies Corporation Metal-composite bonding
US5209388A (en) * 1991-09-26 1993-05-11 Allied-Signal Inc. Process for bonding carbonaceous bodies
US10094498B2 (en) * 2014-03-13 2018-10-09 Frederick M. Mako, JR. Method for joining ceramics to ceramics or ceramics to metals, and apparatus

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19838553B4 (en) * 1998-08-25 2010-08-12 Thermo Fisher Scientific (Bremen) Gmbh Faraday collector for measuring ion currents in mass spectrometers

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US896429A (en) * 1906-12-22 1908-08-18 Winthrop Chanler Electrode for electric furnaces.
US2154278A (en) * 1936-10-16 1939-04-11 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co Carbon exterior anode
US2599179A (en) * 1949-07-14 1952-06-03 Kellogg M W Co Furnace electrode
US2835967A (en) * 1952-11-05 1958-05-27 Ericsson Telefon Ab L M Method of producing a solderable metallic coating on a ceramic body and of solderingto the coating
US3591822A (en) * 1967-12-13 1971-07-06 Siemens Ag Electric discharge vessel electrode structure of pyrolytic carbon discs

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE916087C (en) * 1936-03-20 1954-08-02 Aeg Process for the vacuum-tight connection of ceramic parts
US3122424A (en) * 1961-12-13 1964-02-25 King L D Percival Graphite bonding method

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US896429A (en) * 1906-12-22 1908-08-18 Winthrop Chanler Electrode for electric furnaces.
US2154278A (en) * 1936-10-16 1939-04-11 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co Carbon exterior anode
US2599179A (en) * 1949-07-14 1952-06-03 Kellogg M W Co Furnace electrode
US2835967A (en) * 1952-11-05 1958-05-27 Ericsson Telefon Ab L M Method of producing a solderable metallic coating on a ceramic body and of solderingto the coating
US3591822A (en) * 1967-12-13 1971-07-06 Siemens Ag Electric discharge vessel electrode structure of pyrolytic carbon discs

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4350744A (en) * 1980-12-12 1982-09-21 United Technologies Corporation Metallic solder composite bonding
US4358512A (en) * 1980-12-12 1982-11-09 United Technologies Corporation Metal-composite bonding
US4398659A (en) * 1980-12-12 1983-08-16 United Technologies Corporation Metal-composite bonding
US5209388A (en) * 1991-09-26 1993-05-11 Allied-Signal Inc. Process for bonding carbonaceous bodies
US10094498B2 (en) * 2014-03-13 2018-10-09 Frederick M. Mako, JR. Method for joining ceramics to ceramics or ceramics to metals, and apparatus

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Publication number Publication date
DE2244267A1 (en) 1974-03-28
IT993112B (en) 1975-09-30
FR2198909A1 (en) 1974-04-05
GB1397852A (en) 1975-06-18
DE2244267B2 (en) 1976-02-19
FR2198909B1 (en) 1977-05-13

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