US3871774A - Method and apparatus for detecting cracks in unhulled grains - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for detecting cracks in unhulled grains Download PDF

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US3871774A
US3871774A US388766A US38876673A US3871774A US 3871774 A US3871774 A US 3871774A US 388766 A US388766 A US 388766A US 38876673 A US38876673 A US 38876673A US 3871774 A US3871774 A US 3871774A
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grains
laser beam
unhulled
grain
crack
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US388766A
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Noboru Murata
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Oki Electric Industry Co Ltd
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Oki Electric Industry Co Ltd
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Priority claimed from JP8962172A external-priority patent/JPS5340355B2/ja
Priority claimed from JP10625872U external-priority patent/JPS4962485U/ja
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/84—Systems specially adapted for particular applications
    • G01N21/85—Investigating moving fluids or granular solids
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/84—Systems specially adapted for particular applications
    • G01N21/88—Investigating the presence of flaws or contamination

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  • grains is detected optically or electrically.
  • FIG. 1 comprises a This invention relates to a method and apparatus for laser oscillator l, a condenser lens 2 for focusing the detecting the internal condition of grains, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for detecting cracks in the grains of unhulled rice by means of a laser beam.
  • a method of detecting cracks in unhulled grains comprising the steps of irradiating the grains with a laser beam thereby causing it to be scattered or absorbed by the cracks in the grains and measuring the variation in the quantity of the laser beam after transmitting through the grains.
  • apparatus for detecting cracks in unhulled grains comprising a source of laser beam, means for projecting said laser beam upon unhulled grains, and means for detecting the variation in the quantity of the laser beam after transmitting through said grains.
  • the invention is particularly suitable for detecting the cracks in unhulled grains of rice for determining the degree of dryness of the grains.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram to explain the principle of operation of one embodiment of this invention.
  • FIG. 2 shows a manner of scattering and absorption of a laser beam in a rice grain, in which FIG. 2a shows a case wherein there is no crack and FIG. 2b a case wherein there is a crack in the rice grain;
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram to explain the principle of operation of another embodiment of this invention.
  • FIG. 4 shows the output from a photoelectric transducer where there is a crack
  • FIG. 5 showsv a block diagram of the embodiment shown in FIG. 3.
  • FIGS. 2a and 2b show enlarged longitudinal sectional views of unhulled rice grains, in which 6 shows a un cleaned rice grain which is covered by a husk 4a together with a germ 4b.
  • the laser beam impinging upon the rice grain 6 is scattered and or absorbed in the grain, and if there is a crack 5 in the grain, the scattered and or absorbed lights would be attenuated by the crack 5 so that the lights would not reach the portion 6' of the grain behind the crack. Accordingly, as the unhulled rice grains are conveyedthrough the guide 9 in a direction perpendicular to the laser beam, the portion 6 behind the crack 5 looks dark when the grain occupies a position shown in FIG.
  • a high sensitivity photoelectric transducer such as an photoelectric multiphier may be used to record the change in the scattered and or absorbed laser light on a recording paper. Further, by incorporating such an electric detecting device into a forced drying system it is possible to dry the rice grains to any desired degree.
  • the crack 5 extends in the direction of propagation of the laser beam.
  • the crack 21 extends at an angle with respect to the direction of propagation of a laser beam 20.
  • the amount of the laser beam transmitting through the rice grain decreases when there is a crack.
  • a photoelectric t 'ansducer 22 is used to detect the variation in the amount of the transmitted laser beam. As shown in FIG. 4, the output from the photoelectric transducer 22 decreases greatly when there is a crack 21.
  • FIG. 5 shows a connection diagram of crack detecting apparatus embodying the principle just described.
  • the detecting apparatus comprises a laser oscillator 31, a condenser lens 32 for condensing the laser light into a fine beam 33, a support 34 for supporting a unhulled rice grain 35, a plate formed with a slit 36 and a photoelectric transducer 37 arranged to receive the laser beam 33 after it has transmitted through the grain of the rice 35 and the slit 36.
  • the electrical output from the photoelectric transducer 37 is amplified by an amplifier 38 and is then applied to a comparator 40 which compares the amplified output with an output from a source of reference signal 39 which is set to produce an output equal to the output from the photoelectric transducer 37 when there is no crack in the rice grain.
  • a comparator 40 which compares the amplified output with an output from a source of reference signal 39 which is set to produce an output equal to the output from the photoelectric transducer 37 when there is no crack in the rice grain.
  • the output from comparator 40 is large, a lamp 41 is lighted whereas when the output is small a lamp 42 is lighted. Accordingly, when there is no crack in the rice grain the output from comparator 40 is zero thereby lighting lamp 41.
  • the output from the photoelectric transducer 37 is reduced and the output from comparator 40 is increased thereby energizing lamp 42 or other suitable alarming device.
  • the detecting apparatus may be operated intermittently at a definite internal for example minutes.
  • a method of detecting cracks in unhulled grains comprising the steps of irradiating the grains with a laser beam thereby causing said laser beam to be scattered and or absorbed by said grains and indicating the variation in the quantity of said laser beam after transmitting through said grains as a function of the portion of a grain not illuminated because of a crack in said grain.
  • Apparatus for detecting cracks in unhulled grains comprising a source of laser beam, means for projecting said laser beam upon unhulled grains, and means for detecting the variation in the quantity of said laser beam after transmitting through said grains as a function of the portion of a grain not illuminated because of a crack in said grain.
  • said last mentioned means comprises a lens disposed to receive the laser beam transmitted through said grains for projecting images of said cracks on a screen.
  • said last mentioned means comprises a photoelectric transducer disposed to receive said laser beam transmitted through said grains, and means responsive to the output of said photoelectric transducer.
  • said means responsive to the output of said photoelectric transducer comprises a source of reference signal and a comparator which compares said output with said reference signal which is set to be equal to said output when there is no crack in said grains.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Investigating Materials By The Use Of Optical Means Adapted For Particular Applications (AREA)

Abstract

Unhulled grains are irradiated with a laser beam and the variation in the quantity of the laser beam transmitting through the grains caused by the scattering and absorption due to the presence of cracks in the grains is detected optically or electrically.

Description

United States Patent 1191 Murata Mar. 18, 1975 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETECTING CRACKS IN UNHULLED [56] References Cited GRAINS UNITED STATES PATENTS [75] Inventor: Noboru Murata, Tokyo, Japan 1,031,669 7/1912 Twamley 356/201 1731 Assigneez 0K1 Electric Industry Ltd-1 13382331? 111133; 12225222521111111"" .111332/131 Tokyo, Japan 3,721,501 3/1973 Atkinson et al. 356/201 [22] Filed: Aug. 16, 1973 Primary Examiner--Vincent P. McGraw [21] Appl' 388766 Attorney, Agent, or FirmDike, Bronstein, Roberts,
Cushman and Pfund [30] Foreign Application Priority Data Sept. 8, 1972 Japan 47-89621 [5 ABSTRACT Sept. 11, 1972 Japan 47-106258[U] Unhuned grains are irradiated with a laser beam and the variation in the quantity of the laser beam trans- U-S. s
through grains aused the cattering [51] Int. Cl. G0ln 21/22, GOln 21/32 and absorption due to the presence of cracks in the [58] Field of Search 356/103, 104, 200, 201,
grains is detected optically or electrically.
9 Claims, 6 Drawing Figures PATENYEB HAR 1 8 I975 SHEETIUFZ F/G.2a
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1 comprises a This invention relates to a method and apparatus for laser oscillator l, a condenser lens 2 for focusing the detecting the internal condition of grains, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for detecting cracks in the grains of unhulled rice by means of a laser beam.
It is desired to stock over a long period uncleaned grains of rice so as to preserve their taste. As the rice grains contain a large quantity of water it is difficult to 7 separate the rice grains from husks without cracking or breaking the rice grains. For this reason, it is usual to mow rice plants, and after drying with sun light, the unhulled rice grains are thrashed and then the husks are removed. Such a method of natural drying, however, requires a relatively long time and large labour, making it impossible to ship uncleaned rice grains immediately after harvest. Accordingly, it is a recent trend to cut ears only and after forced drying the same the husks are separated. However, it is difficult to dry the rice grains to a suitable degree. If dried too much, cracks are formed in the uncleaned rice grains so that when they are separated from the husks they would be pulverized. To determine the degree of drying, it has been proposed to irradiate the unhulled rice grains with soft X- rays for photographing the cracks. Although this method is reliable to some extent, the cost of installation and operation ofthe apparatus is expensive.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a new and improved method and apparatus for readily detecting the cracks in unhulled grains.
According to one aspect of this invention there is provided a method of detecting cracks in unhulled grains comprising the steps of irradiating the grains with a laser beam thereby causing it to be scattered or absorbed by the cracks in the grains and measuring the variation in the quantity of the laser beam after transmitting through the grains.
According to another aspect of this invention, there is provided apparatus for detecting cracks in unhulled grains comprising a source of laser beam, means for projecting said laser beam upon unhulled grains, and means for detecting the variation in the quantity of the laser beam after transmitting through said grains.
The invention is particularly suitable for detecting the cracks in unhulled grains of rice for determining the degree of dryness of the grains.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the accompanying drawings; FIG. 1 is a diagram to explain the principle of operation of one embodiment of this invention;
FIG. 2 shows a manner of scattering and absorption of a laser beam in a rice grain, in which FIG. 2a shows a case wherein there is no crack and FIG. 2b a case wherein there is a crack in the rice grain;
FIG. 3 is a diagram to explain the principle of operation of another embodiment of this invention;
FIG. 4 shows the output from a photoelectric transducer where there is a crack and FIG. 5 showsv a block diagram of the embodiment shown in FIG. 3.
laser light generated by the laser oscillator into a laser beam at its focus 3. Grains of unhulled rice to be examined 4, 7 and 8 are conveyed through a guide 9 to the focus. The laser beam transmitted through the rice grain is magnified by an objective lens 10 to project an image 11 of the grain on a screen, not shown.
FIGS. 2a and 2b show enlarged longitudinal sectional views of unhulled rice grains, in which 6 shows a un cleaned rice grain which is covered by a husk 4a together with a germ 4b. The laser beam impinging upon the rice grain 6 is scattered and or absorbed in the grain, and if there is a crack 5 in the grain, the scattered and or absorbed lights would be attenuated by the crack 5 so that the lights would not reach the portion 6' of the grain behind the crack. Accordingly, as the unhulled rice grains are conveyedthrough the guide 9 in a direction perpendicular to the laser beam, the portion 6 behind the crack 5 looks dark when the grain occupies a position shown in FIG. 2b, whereas when the grain is situated a little above the position shown in FIG. 2b, that is when the laser beam impinges upon the portion 6', the portion of the grain above the crack 5 looks dark. Such rapid change in the amounts of the scattered and or absorbed laser beam can be readily observed in an image 11 projected by a lens 10 on the screen.
Instead of projecting the image 11 on a screen, a high sensitivity photoelectric transducer such as an photoelectric multiphier may be used to record the change in the scattered and or absorbed laser light on a recording paper. Further, by incorporating such an electric detecting device into a forced drying system it is possible to dry the rice grains to any desired degree.
In the foregoing description it was assumed that the crack 5 extends in the direction of propagation of the laser beam. In the case shown in FIG. 3, the crack 21 extends at an angle with respect to the direction of propagation of a laser beam 20. In this case, the amount of the laser beam transmitting through the rice grain decreases when there is a crack. To detect the variation in the amount of the transmitted laser beam, a photoelectric t 'ansducer 22 is used. As shown in FIG. 4, the output from the photoelectric transducer 22 decreases greatly when there is a crack 21.
FIG. 5 shows a connection diagram of crack detecting apparatus embodying the principle just described. The detecting apparatus comprises a laser oscillator 31, a condenser lens 32 for condensing the laser light into a fine beam 33, a support 34 for supporting a unhulled rice grain 35, a plate formed with a slit 36 and a photoelectric transducer 37 arranged to receive the laser beam 33 after it has transmitted through the grain of the rice 35 and the slit 36. The electrical output from the photoelectric transducer 37 is amplified by an amplifier 38 and is then applied to a comparator 40 which compares the amplified output with an output from a source of reference signal 39 which is set to produce an output equal to the output from the photoelectric transducer 37 when there is no crack in the rice grain. When the output from comparator 40 is large, a lamp 41 is lighted whereas when the output is small a lamp 42 is lighted. Accordingly, when there is no crack in the rice grain the output from comparator 40 is zero thereby lighting lamp 41. On the other hand, if there is a crack, the output from the photoelectric transducer 37 is reduced and the output from comparator 40 is increased thereby energizing lamp 42 or other suitable alarming device.
it is not necessary to continuously operate the detecting apparatus. Actually the detecting apparatus may be operated intermittently at a definite internal for example minutes.
What is claimed is: t
l. A method of detecting cracks in unhulled grains comprising the steps of irradiating the grains with a laser beam thereby causing said laser beam to be scattered and or absorbed by said grains and indicating the variation in the quantity of said laser beam after transmitting through said grains as a function of the portion of a grain not illuminated because of a crack in said grain.
2. The method according to claim 1 wherein a laser light from a laser oscillator is focused into a laser beam by a condenser lens, and said grains are moved across said laser beam at the focus of said lens.
3. The method according to claim 1 wherein said unhulled grains are unhulled rice grains.
4. Apparatus for detecting cracks in unhulled grains comprising a source of laser beam, means for projecting said laser beam upon unhulled grains, and means for detecting the variation in the quantity of said laser beam after transmitting through said grains as a function of the portion of a grain not illuminated because of a crack in said grain.
5. The apparatus according to claim 4 wherein said last mentioned means comprises a lens disposed to receive the laser beam transmitted through said grains for projecting images of said cracks on a screen.
6. The apparatus according to claim 4 wherein said last mentioned means comprises a photoelectric transducer disposed to receive said laser beam transmitted through said grains, and means responsive to the output of said photoelectric transducer.
7. The apparatus according to claim 6 wherein said means responsive to the output of said photoelectric transducer comprises a source of reference signal and a comparator which compares said output with said reference signal which is set to be equal to said output when there is no crack in said grains.
8. The apparatus according to claim 4 wherein said grains are unhulled rice grains.
9. Theapparatus according to claim 4 in which a laser light generated by a laser oscillator is converted into a laser beam by means of a condenser lens, and wherein means is provided to successively convey the unhulled grains across said laser beam at the focus of said condenser lens.

Claims (9)

1. A method of detecting cracks in unhulled grains comprising the steps of irradiating the grains with a laser beam thereby causing said laser beam to be scattered and or absorbed by said grains and indicating the variation in the quantity of said laser beam after transmitting through said grains as a function of the portion of a grain not illuminated because of a crack in said grain.
2. The method according to claim 1 wherein a laser light from a laser oscillator is focused into a laser beam by a condenser lens, and said grains are moved across said laser beam at the focus of said lens.
3. The method according to claim 1 wherein said unhulled grains are unhulled rice grains.
4. Apparatus for detecting cracks in unhulled grains comprising a source of laser beam, means for projecting said laser beam upon unhulled grains, and means for detecting the variation in the quantity of said laser beam after transmitting through said grains as a function of the portion of a grain not illuminated because of a crack in said grain.
5. The apparatus according to claim 4 wherein said last mentioned means comprises a lens disposed to receive the laser beam transmitted through said grains for projecting images of said cracks on a screen.
6. The apparatus according to claim 4 wherein said last mentioned means comprises a photoelectric transducer disposed to receive said laser beam transmitted through said grains, and means responsive to the output of said photoelectric transducer.
7. The apparatus according to claim 6 wherein said means responsive to the output of said photoelectric transducer comprises a source of reference signal and a comparator which compares said output with said reference signal which is set to be equal to said output when there is no crack in said grains.
8. The apparatus according to claim 4 wherein said grains are unhulled rice grains.
9. The apparatus according to claim 4 in which a laser light generated by a laser oscillator is converted into a laser beam by means of a condenser lens, and wherein means is provided to successively convey the unhulled grains across said laser beam at the focus of said condenser lens.
US388766A 1972-09-08 1973-08-16 Method and apparatus for detecting cracks in unhulled grains Expired - Lifetime US3871774A (en)

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JP10625872U JPS4962485U (en) 1972-09-11 1972-09-11

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Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4161366A (en) * 1976-02-13 1979-07-17 Battelle-Institute E.V. Process and apparatus for the automatic examination of eggs for cracks or places of fracture in their shell
US4483244A (en) * 1982-12-13 1984-11-20 Satake Engineering Co., Ltd. Rice whitening apparatus
FR2549963A1 (en) * 1983-07-29 1985-02-01 Claeys Luck Radiological method and apparatus for studying seeds using a substance opaque to radiation
US4572666A (en) * 1981-03-13 1986-02-25 Satake Engineering Co., Ltd. Apparatus for detecting cracked rice grain
WO1998050174A1 (en) * 1997-05-09 1998-11-12 Uncle Bens, Inc. Method and apparatus for sorting product
US5865990A (en) * 1996-09-13 1999-02-02 Uncle Ben's, Inc. Method and apparatus for sorting grain
US20030172452A1 (en) * 2001-08-17 2003-09-18 Foss Tecator Ab Bathtub lift for seniors and the handicapped
US20070262002A1 (en) * 2006-05-15 2007-11-15 Satake Corporation Optical cracked-grain selector
US20110081463A1 (en) * 2009-04-09 2011-04-07 Scaroni David W Produce processing apparatus
WO2013024953A1 (en) * 2011-08-17 2013-02-21 주식회사 레전스 Apparatus for drying or macerating food using a laser beam, method for drying or macerating, and food processed by the method
CN110560379A (en) * 2019-09-17 2019-12-13 安徽捷迅光电技术有限公司 Husked rice separation color sorting system

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1031669A (en) * 1910-03-29 1912-07-02 Nat Seed Tester Company Apparatus for testing seed-corn.
US1943278A (en) * 1930-04-14 1934-01-09 Pacific Machinery Co Method of and apparatus for classifying fruit and vegetables
US3705771A (en) * 1970-01-14 1972-12-12 Bio Physics Systems Inc Photoanalysis apparatus
US3721501A (en) * 1971-01-04 1973-03-20 Owens Illinois Inc Method and apparatus for monitoring surface coatings

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1031669A (en) * 1910-03-29 1912-07-02 Nat Seed Tester Company Apparatus for testing seed-corn.
US1943278A (en) * 1930-04-14 1934-01-09 Pacific Machinery Co Method of and apparatus for classifying fruit and vegetables
US3705771A (en) * 1970-01-14 1972-12-12 Bio Physics Systems Inc Photoanalysis apparatus
US3721501A (en) * 1971-01-04 1973-03-20 Owens Illinois Inc Method and apparatus for monitoring surface coatings

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4161366A (en) * 1976-02-13 1979-07-17 Battelle-Institute E.V. Process and apparatus for the automatic examination of eggs for cracks or places of fracture in their shell
US4572666A (en) * 1981-03-13 1986-02-25 Satake Engineering Co., Ltd. Apparatus for detecting cracked rice grain
US4483244A (en) * 1982-12-13 1984-11-20 Satake Engineering Co., Ltd. Rice whitening apparatus
FR2549963A1 (en) * 1983-07-29 1985-02-01 Claeys Luck Radiological method and apparatus for studying seeds using a substance opaque to radiation
US6059117A (en) * 1996-09-13 2000-05-09 Uncle Ben's, Inc. Method for sorting product
US5865990A (en) * 1996-09-13 1999-02-02 Uncle Ben's, Inc. Method and apparatus for sorting grain
US5986230A (en) * 1996-09-13 1999-11-16 Uncle Ben's, Inc. Method and apparatus for sorting product
AU724079B2 (en) * 1997-05-09 2000-09-14 Uncle Ben's, Inc. Method and apparatus for sorting product
WO1998050174A1 (en) * 1997-05-09 1998-11-12 Uncle Bens, Inc. Method and apparatus for sorting product
CN1121282C (en) * 1997-05-09 2003-09-17 宾叔父有限公司 Method and apparatus for sorting product
US20030172452A1 (en) * 2001-08-17 2003-09-18 Foss Tecator Ab Bathtub lift for seniors and the handicapped
US6906796B2 (en) * 2001-08-17 2005-06-14 Foss Analytical Ab Device and method for irradiation
US20070262002A1 (en) * 2006-05-15 2007-11-15 Satake Corporation Optical cracked-grain selector
US7851722B2 (en) * 2006-06-15 2010-12-14 Satake Corporation Optical cracked-grain selector
US20110081463A1 (en) * 2009-04-09 2011-04-07 Scaroni David W Produce processing apparatus
US9221186B2 (en) * 2009-04-09 2015-12-29 David W. Scaroni Produce processing apparatus
WO2013024953A1 (en) * 2011-08-17 2013-02-21 주식회사 레전스 Apparatus for drying or macerating food using a laser beam, method for drying or macerating, and food processed by the method
CN110560379A (en) * 2019-09-17 2019-12-13 安徽捷迅光电技术有限公司 Husked rice separation color sorting system

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