US3867907A - Steam generator - Google Patents

Steam generator Download PDF

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Publication number
US3867907A
US3867907A US475624A US47562474A US3867907A US 3867907 A US3867907 A US 3867907A US 475624 A US475624 A US 475624A US 47562474 A US47562474 A US 47562474A US 3867907 A US3867907 A US 3867907A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
steam
tubes
housing
tubesheet
gas
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US475624A
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English (en)
Inventor
Hans-Dieter Marsch
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ThyssenKrupp Industrial Solutions AG
ThyssenKrupp Industrial Solutions AG
Original Assignee
Uhde GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Uhde GmbH filed Critical Uhde GmbH
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3867907A publication Critical patent/US3867907A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B1/00—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
    • F22B1/02—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers
    • F22B1/18—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers the heat carrier being a hot gas, e.g. waste gas such as exhaust gas of internal-combustion engines
    • F22B1/1884—Hot gas heating tube boilers with one or more heating tubes

Definitions

  • An intermediate tube sheet is spaced below the upper tube sheet to provide a suitable steam space from which steam is discharged [30] Forelgn Apphcamm Prlomy Data from the housing.
  • Heating gas tubes have their ends June 16,1973 Germany 2330705 fixed to the upper and lower tube sheets and pass freely through the intermediate tube sheet.
  • Water is [52] U.S.Cl 122/34, 122/491 introduced into the housing in the region directly [51] Int. Cl. F22b 1/06 above the lower tubesheet.
  • Field of Search 122/32, 34, 483, 488, 491 from each heating gas tube is a steam guide tube, the upper end of which is fixed to the intermediate tube [56] References Cited sheet.
  • each guide tube extends into UNITED STATES PATENTS v a protective cup, the lower end of which embraces 3,049,105 8/1962 Waldron 122/483 and is fixed to the respective guifie tube and the 3,097,630 7/1963 Kinyon et al. 122/34 W end 0f which is Open and dlsposed ahve the 3,116,721 1/1964 Huet 122/488 x highest liquid level in the housing- Means are Provided 3,557,756 l/l971 Romanos et a].
  • l22/483 X for militating against vibration of the steam guide Primary Examiner--Kenneth -W. Sprague Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Malcolm W. Fraser, Esq.
  • Process gases hereinafter referred .to as heating gases, are frequently obtained at elevated pressure and temperature levels in chemical plants. As the high temperature level is often unsatisfactory for subsequent process steps,.the gases must be cooled. The heat to be dissipated is transferred at the maximum possible efficiency to another fluid, for example steam for general purpose service. Considerations referring to plant operation call for safe and intensive cooling.
  • a fluid of high temperature level is intended to raise the temperature of another fluid to a high level, the heat transfer being dependent on a favorable temperature difference.
  • the cooling of hot synthesis gases from reactors for partial oxidation may be cited as a typical example.
  • gas is produced at a rate of 100.000 Nm /hr. in a reforming reactor at a temperature of approximately l350 C,'and a pressure of, for example, 50 atm. abs. Cooling is performed in a steam generator of special design with the hot gas passing through the tubes.
  • the heating gas tubes are fully submerged in water which is at a pressure of, for-example, 120 atm. abs.
  • the vaporizing temperature of the water corresponding to this pressure is 323 C.
  • the heating gas tubes within the steam generator are arranged in such a way that they do not penetrate through the surface of the feed water to be vaporized.
  • the saturated steam produced is not suitable for general purpose application because it will be subject to immediate condensation upon the slightest cooling, for example in expansion machines. Problems are even likely to arise in using this saturated steam as a heating agent for another process fluid because the steam is generally required to be transferred to a separate item of equipment. The loss of heat occurring necessarily on the transfer route will cause premature condensation and, consequently, constitutes a substantial loss of thermalenergy.
  • superheated steam is intended to be produced with the aid of heating gases, it has so far been common practice to send the saturated steam into a separate item of equipment where the heating gases are utilized for superheating the steam.
  • the problem therefore, consists in providing for simultaneously superheating the saturated steam in the same item of equipment in which the heating gas tubes penetrate through the fluctuating water surface for the subsequent superheating of the saturated steam.
  • the heating gas tubes are subject to rapid deterioration in the transition area between water space and steam space. This deterioration is mainly due to the thermal shock, which is attributable to the fluctuating water level and the impact of splashes of boiling liquid upon the tubes.
  • the temperature of the heating gas in the tube is far beyond 750 C, the wall temperature of the heating gas tubes is only about 400 C.
  • the boundary layer of the hot gas stream is subject to a strong temperature drop towards the tube wall, this temperature drop being caused through the intensive cooling by the water surrounding the tubes in the water space. Above the liquid level, the tubes are contacted by substantially stagnant saturated steam. Due to the poor heat transfer between tube and saturated steam, the tube wall temperature is not sufficiently lowered in LII the steam space.
  • the tubes are exposed to a particularly high temperature in the transistion area between liquid level and steam space. Because of the fluctuating liquid level, the tubes are also subject to high alternating thermal stresses. A protective oxide layer cannot build up on the outsidesurface of the gascarrying tubes because it will peel off steadily. The deterioration then appears as corrosive attack. The service life of such steam generators is markedly limited.
  • the present invention relates to a steam generator with heating gas tubes and with liquid and steam spaces to receiving heating gas at'a temperature exceeding 750 C.
  • Steam generators of this type are preferably used for producing steam at elevated pressures and temperatures.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a steam generator with heating gas tubes receiving heating gas at a temperature exceeding 750 C for simultaneously producing superheated steam while avoiding the disadvantages of known designs as outlined above.
  • the problem is solved in that the steam space is provided with an intermediate tubesheet, the steam outlet nozzle being arranged above said intermediate tubesheet, the heating gas tubes being arranged with part of their length surrounded by the liquid while the upper part extends through the liquid surface and the tubes penetrating through the intermediate tubesheet, the heating gas tubes being surrounded by steam guide tubes in the lower part of the steam space, the upper end of said steam guide tubes terminating in the intermediate tubesheet while the lower ends are surrounded by protective cups fitting closely to the heating gas tubes below the lowest liquid level and being open above the highest liquid level so that an annular space remains between heating gas tubes and steam guide tubes and between steam guide tubes and protective cups.
  • the protective cups In order to prevent the lower ends of the steam guide tubes from being subject to vibration, they are fixed in the protective cups by common means.
  • the invention incorporates the particular advantage that superheated steam of any desired temperature level can be produced in a steam generator without any need of routing the heating gas tubes to a superheater outside the steam generator.
  • the heating gas may be at a very high temperature level without any risk of thermal shock with consequent corrosive attack on the heating gas tubes.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a steam generator with superheating section
  • FIG. 2 is an enlarged sectional view of a single tube assembly in the area of the fluctuating liquid level and showing retaining pins for the steam guide tube.
  • Steam generator 1 of FIG. 1 comprises a heating gas tube system having an upright housing containing spaced heating gas tubes 2, which communicate through vertically spaced tube sheets 3 and 3a to a heating gas inlet nozzle 4 and a heating gas outlet nozzle 5.
  • the several tubesheets are connected in fluid tight manner to the sides of the housing. Feed water is admitted through nozzle 6 into the liquid space while steam is discharged through nozzle 7.
  • the steam space is partitioned through intermediate tubesheet 8 into a lower steam space 9 which is in direct contact with the liquid, and an upper steam space 10.
  • the lower part of the heating gas tubes 2 that is cooled by the surrounding feed water operates as the vaporizer section.
  • These tubes may also be of coiled or helical shape.
  • the heating gas tubes 2 are surrounded by protective cups 12 so that the liquid level does not reach the heating gas tubes.
  • the protective cups 12 fit closely to the heating gas tubes 2 in liquid tight relation below the lowest liquid level.
  • the upper part of the heating gas tubes 2 is surrounded by steam guide tubes 13 whose upper end is fixed to the intermediate tubesheet 8 while the open lower end terminates in the protective cups 12.
  • This design imposes a defined route upon the steam accumulating in the steam space 9, in that the steam first passes downwards into protective cups 12 for subsequently arriving, after reversal of the direction of flow, in the annular space 14 between the heating gas tubes and the steam guide tubes and finally reaching the steam space from where it is discharged through the nozzle 7.
  • Cooling of the heating gas, and, consequently, superheating of the steam depends on sizing the upper part of the heating gas tubes and of the annular space. Adequate cooling is safely achieved because, according to this invention, the hot heating gas tubes 2 are contacted only by flowing steam of high velocity. There is no risk of thermal shock with consequent corrosive attack.
  • the tubes are shown on the drawing as straight lengths without particular design considerations concerning the heat transfer surfaces. in order to accommodate a larger heat transfer area in a steam generator of given dimensions, it is possible to deviate from the straight design and arrange the heating gas tubes 2 in helical or coiled form.
  • a steam generator comprising an upright closed housing provided with a gas inlet at the lower end and a gas outlet at the upper end thereof, a lower tubesheet in the lower portion of said housing, an upper tubesheet in the upper portion of said housing, a plurality of spaced heating gas tubes fixed at their ends in said tubesheets respectively enabling gas passage from said inlet to said outlet, an intermediate tubesheet spaced a relatively short distance below said upper tubesheet to form a steam space, said intermediate tubesheet being apertured to enable said gas tubes to pass freely therethrough, a steam outlet in said housing for venting said steam space, a water inlet in said housing adjacent to and above said lower tubesheet, steam guide tubes for said heating tubes secured at their upper ends in said intermediate tubesheet, spaced from said heating tubes and extending for a substantial portion of the length thereof, and protective cups open at the top freely to receive the lower end portions of said steam guide tubes, and fitting said gas tubes in liquid tight fashion, whereby, water in the lower end portion of said housing forms steam which passes into the protective cups and upwardly through said
  • a steam generator as claimed in claim 1 comprising means for securing the lower ends of said steam guide tubes to said protective cups respectively to militate against relative vibratory movements.
  • said securing means comprises retaining pins radiating from one of said steam guide tubes and protective cups and recesses to receive such pins in the other.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
  • Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
US475624A 1973-06-16 1974-06-03 Steam generator Expired - Lifetime US3867907A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19732330705 DE2330705B2 (de) 1973-06-16 1973-06-16 Stehend angeordneter dampferzeuger mit beheizung durch heizgas ueber 750 grad c

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3867907A true US3867907A (en) 1975-02-25

Family

ID=5884183

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US475624A Expired - Lifetime US3867907A (en) 1973-06-16 1974-06-03 Steam generator

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US3867907A (de)
JP (1) JPS5052402A (de)
BE (1) BE815814A (de)
DE (1) DE2330705B2 (de)
FR (1) FR2233562B1 (de)
GB (1) GB1422910A (de)
NL (1) NL7407841A (de)
SU (1) SU586852A3 (de)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1219892A1 (de) * 2000-12-14 2002-07-03 Borsig GmbH Abhitzekessel zum Kühlen von heissem Systhesegas
WO2005033604A2 (en) * 2003-09-29 2005-04-14 Kalex, Llc Process and apparatus for boiling and vaporizing multi-component fluids
WO2007131975A1 (en) 2006-05-16 2007-11-22 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. Steam generator for making superheated steam and its use
US20100083662A1 (en) * 2008-10-06 2010-04-08 Kalex Llc Method and apparatus for the utilization of waste heat from gaseous heat sources carrying substantial quantities of dust
US20100205962A1 (en) * 2008-10-27 2010-08-19 Kalex, Llc Systems, methods and apparatuses for converting thermal energy into mechanical and electrical power
US8176738B2 (en) 2008-11-20 2012-05-15 Kalex Llc Method and system for converting waste heat from cement plant into a usable form of energy
US8474263B2 (en) 2010-04-21 2013-07-02 Kalex, Llc Heat conversion system simultaneously utilizing two separate heat source stream and method for making and using same
US8833077B2 (en) 2012-05-18 2014-09-16 Kalex, Llc Systems and methods for low temperature heat sources with relatively high temperature cooling media

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3049105A (en) * 1957-12-02 1962-08-14 Babcock & Wilcox Co Method and apparatus for generating and superheating vapor
US3097630A (en) * 1961-02-24 1963-07-16 Brice W Kinyon Steam generator
US3116721A (en) * 1961-02-17 1964-01-07 Huet Andre Water and steam separators for evaporators
US3557760A (en) * 1968-08-16 1971-01-26 Combustion Eng Vapor generator organization utilizing liquid metal or molten salts

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1291847A (en) * 1969-12-22 1972-10-04 Basf Ag A hot-gas cooler

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3049105A (en) * 1957-12-02 1962-08-14 Babcock & Wilcox Co Method and apparatus for generating and superheating vapor
US3116721A (en) * 1961-02-17 1964-01-07 Huet Andre Water and steam separators for evaporators
US3097630A (en) * 1961-02-24 1963-07-16 Brice W Kinyon Steam generator
US3557760A (en) * 1968-08-16 1971-01-26 Combustion Eng Vapor generator organization utilizing liquid metal or molten salts

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1219892A1 (de) * 2000-12-14 2002-07-03 Borsig GmbH Abhitzekessel zum Kühlen von heissem Systhesegas
WO2005033604A2 (en) * 2003-09-29 2005-04-14 Kalex, Llc Process and apparatus for boiling and vaporizing multi-component fluids
WO2005033604A3 (en) * 2003-09-29 2005-10-20 Kalex Llc Process and apparatus for boiling and vaporizing multi-component fluids
WO2007131975A1 (en) 2006-05-16 2007-11-22 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. Steam generator for making superheated steam and its use
US20070283907A1 (en) * 2006-05-16 2007-12-13 Brinkmann Juergen Boiler for making super heated steam and its use
US7552701B2 (en) 2006-05-16 2009-06-30 Shell Oil Company Boiler for making super heated steam and its use
US20100083662A1 (en) * 2008-10-06 2010-04-08 Kalex Llc Method and apparatus for the utilization of waste heat from gaseous heat sources carrying substantial quantities of dust
US8087248B2 (en) 2008-10-06 2012-01-03 Kalex, Llc Method and apparatus for the utilization of waste heat from gaseous heat sources carrying substantial quantities of dust
US20100205962A1 (en) * 2008-10-27 2010-08-19 Kalex, Llc Systems, methods and apparatuses for converting thermal energy into mechanical and electrical power
US8695344B2 (en) 2008-10-27 2014-04-15 Kalex, Llc Systems, methods and apparatuses for converting thermal energy into mechanical and electrical power
US8176738B2 (en) 2008-11-20 2012-05-15 Kalex Llc Method and system for converting waste heat from cement plant into a usable form of energy
US8474263B2 (en) 2010-04-21 2013-07-02 Kalex, Llc Heat conversion system simultaneously utilizing two separate heat source stream and method for making and using same
US8833077B2 (en) 2012-05-18 2014-09-16 Kalex, Llc Systems and methods for low temperature heat sources with relatively high temperature cooling media

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BE815814A (fr) 1974-09-16
NL7407841A (de) 1974-12-18
FR2233562B1 (de) 1978-01-13
DE2330705B2 (de) 1976-11-25
DE2330705A1 (de) 1975-04-30
SU586852A3 (ru) 1977-12-30
GB1422910A (en) 1976-01-28
JPS5052402A (de) 1975-05-09
FR2233562A1 (de) 1975-01-10

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