US3867573A - Track to train communication systems - Google Patents

Track to train communication systems Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US3867573A
US3867573A US188065A US18806571A US3867573A US 3867573 A US3867573 A US 3867573A US 188065 A US188065 A US 188065A US 18806571 A US18806571 A US 18806571A US 3867573 A US3867573 A US 3867573A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
read
track
train
signal
memories
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US188065A
Inventor
Michael Sambrook Birkin
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
British Railways Board
Original Assignee
British Railways Board
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by British Railways Board filed Critical British Railways Board
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3867573A publication Critical patent/US3867573A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61—RAILWAYS
    • B61L—GUIDING RAILWAY TRAFFIC; ENSURING THE SAFETY OF RAILWAY TRAFFIC
    • B61L3/00—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal
    • B61L3/16—Continuous control along the route
    • B61L3/22—Continuous control along the route using magnetic or electrostatic induction; using electromagnetic radiation
    • B61L3/225—Continuous control along the route using magnetic or electrostatic induction; using electromagnetic radiation using separate conductors along the route

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to transmitters for use in a signalling system in which information is transmitted in digital code.
  • the invention is more particularly, but not exclusively, applicable to track to train communication systems but also has application for example in telemetering systems.
  • information in the form of a digital track telegram is conveyed from a trackside transmitter to a train in order tocontrol the running of the train by giving command signals to the train driver or by automatically actuating the train control gear.
  • the information may be relayed from the transmitter through conductors laid along the track and which become inductively coupled with aerial means on the train, the aerial means in turn feeding a decoding receiver on the train.
  • the track telegram may have for example an information content which is used by equipment on the train to calculate the maximum permissible speed of the train for presentation to the train driver as a visual display.
  • Track telegrams have an information content, part of which is constant for the particular block section to which it is applicable.
  • This constant information can be termed geographical information and for example comprises the distance to signals, gradient information and sections of the track in which speed restrictions are imposed.
  • the remaining part of the information content of the track telegram is variable information related to the prevailing signal aspect which represents traffic conditions ahead of the train and dependent upon the track occupation by trains ahead. The information content of the track telegram will therefore vary in dependence upon the prevailing signal aspect ahead of the train.
  • the object of this invention is to provide a transmitter in which digital encoding of information does not have to take place each time there is a change in the state of a variable such as signal aspect, controlling the information content. Since, in the case of track telegrams of track-to-train communication systems, digital encoding will normally include parity checking bits which have been permanently written in the track telegram, there will be permanent correlation between the information bits and parity checking bits for detecting errors. This follows from the fact that since the message is permanent, the parity bits will be permanent as well; thus avoiding possible errors in encoding.
  • a transmitter for use in signalling systems for transmitting information in digital code comprises a plurality of read-only memories each having a stored information content related to a respective state of a variable, and control means respective to the state of the variable for causing the output of the one of the read-only memories related to the prevailing state of the variable to be transmitted by the transmitter.
  • read-only memory is meant a permanent information store, that is to say a store whose information content is not updated during interrogation.
  • One known form of read-only memory comprises a diode matrix, in which the information content is writen into the store by inserting diode pins at selected junctions, the presence of a diode'at a junction representing say a 0 and the absence ofa diode then representing a l in conventional binary code.
  • FIG. 1 shows a circuit diagram of the transmitter and associated control equipment
  • FIG. 2 shows one of the read-only memories of the transmitter in more detail.
  • the system will be described as applied to one block section of a railway track having a set of four aspect visual signals.
  • the object of the invention is to transmit a track telegram to the train concerning geographical features of the track in the block section which is fixed information and also signal aspect information which will inform the train of the prevailing signal aspect at the time the track telegram is transmitted.
  • the track telegram is transmitting a telegram which in content will provide the train with a maximum permissible speed, this will be different for each signal aspect.
  • the visual signals referenced Y,, G, Y and R are illuminated from an alternating current power source 1 through transformers 2, 3, 4 and 5.
  • the selection of the signal to be illuminated is controlled by three relays or indicating means HR, HHR and DR, the energisation of which is controlled by trackside signalling equipment in known manner.
  • relay HR has contacts HRl
  • relay HHR has relay contacts HHRl
  • relay DR has contacts DR] and DR2.
  • the position of these contacts is shown for the energised condition of the relays.
  • visual signal G is illuminated to provide a green signal aspect.
  • signals y and Y are illuminated to provide a double-yellow signal aspect.
  • signal Y is illuminated to provide a yellow signal aspect.
  • signal R is illuminated to provide a red signal aspect.
  • the telegram transmitter comprises four read-only memories ROMl, ROM2, ROM3 and ROM4 connected through contacts HRZ, HHR2 and DR3 of relays HR, HHR and DR to data output line 6 which via a modulator 7 feeds the track conductors or equivalent track circuit through which communication is established with a train in the block section.
  • the position of contacts HRZ, HHR2 and DR3 is shown for the energised condition of their associated relays.
  • read-only memory ROM4 is connected to the data output line 6; for a double yellow signal aspect, read-only memory ROM3 is connected to the data output line 6; for a yellow signal aspect, read-only memory ROM2 is connected to the data output line 6; and for a red signal as pect, read-only memory ROMl is connected to the data output line 6.
  • the contents of a respective one of the read-only memories ROMl to ROM4 will be fed to the data output line 6 and will be continually and serially transmitted via the modulator 7 to the track circuit.
  • Read-only memories and systems for their interrogation are well known. However one form of read-only memory and its interrogating system will now be briefly described with reference to FIG. 2.
  • the read-only memory produces a 256 bit binary sequence.
  • the pattern is determined by the position of diode pins in a 16 16 matrix board 10.
  • the presence of a diode pin at a junction will, say, represent a O, and the absence of a diode pin will represent a l.
  • the matrix is scanned electronically by placing a on one of the horizontal rows while the other rows are held at the 1 level. Each column is then selected in turn by an electronic switch to detect if there is a diode pin at the junction between the row with a 0 applied to it and the selected column. When all the columns have been examined, the next row is selected and the process repeated.
  • the column selector switch consists of two eight-way multiplexers 11 and 12. Each multiplexer input is connected to each row of a respective column by means of a 16 input AND gate made from two eight input NAND gates 13 and 14 and a NOR gate 15. The column to which each multiplexer is connected is determined by the states of the inputs A, B and C. Each multiplexer is made to scan its eight inputs by cycling the three inputs A, B and C with the outputs from the first three stages of a four stage ripple counter 16 via buffer gates l7, l8 and 19. The fourth stage of the counter 16 is used to switch between the two multiplexers 11 and 12 using gates 22, 23, 24 and 25 and to drive the row selector via line 20.
  • the ripple counter 16 and hence the multiplexers 11 and I2 change on negative going edges of clock input 26 which is shaped by a Schmitt trigger circuit 27.
  • a 0 is cycled around the 16 outputs of two binary to octal decoders 30 and 31 by a four stage ripple counter 32.
  • Each of the outputs of the decoders 30 and 31 is connected to a respective row of the matrix 10.
  • Buffer gates 33 to 36 are included between the counter 32 and the decoders 30 and 31 to prevent spurious signals generated by the decoders 30 and 31 from resetting the counter 32.
  • the counters. l6 and 32 are shown as having a synchronisation input 38, but this is optional.
  • the read-only memories can be controlled so that the read-only memory related to the prevailing signal aspect is providing the track telegram:
  • the relay contacts HR2, HHR2 and DR3 may be provided in the respective clock inputs to the read-only memories or in the respective power supply leads to the read-only memories.
  • signal indicating means controlled to one of a plurality of conditions to indicate a prevailing one of a plurality of signal aspects
  • a transmitter having an output, for transmitting said information in digital code and comprising a plurality of non-destruct read-only memories each having stored therein information related to a respective one of a plurality of signal apsects,
  • control means responsive to said indicating means for causing information stored in the one of the read-only memories related to the prevailing signal aspect to be transmitted.
  • control means comprises switching means for connecting the output of the one of the read-only memories related to the prevailing signal aspect to said output circuit of said

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Train Traffic Observation, Control, And Security (AREA)

Abstract

A transmitter for use in signalling systems for example in track to train communication systems for transmitting information in digital code. The transmitter comprises a plurality of read-only memories each having a stored information content related to a respective state of a variable. Control means are responsive to the state of the variable for causing the output of the one of the read-only memories related to the prevailing state of the variable to be transmitted by the transmitter.

Description

United States Patent 1191 Birkin [4 1 Feb. 18, 1975 1 TRACK TO TRAIN COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS [75] Inventor:
England [73] Assignee: British Railways Board, London,
England 22 Filed: Oct. 12, 1971 21 Appl. No.: 188,065
[] Foreign Application Priority Data Oct. 23, 1970 Great Britain 50520/ [52] US. Cl 178/175, 246/167 R, 340/47 [51] Int. Cl B611 3/08 [58] Field of Search 178/43, 63, 49, 3, 17.5;
179/82, 5 R, 5 P, 18 BB, BB; 340/47, 48, 173 SP, 263, 23, 24, 365 S, 172.5, 173 R; 246/187 C, 187 B, 63, 8,167 R, 174, 175
[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,272,979 9/1966 Reich 246/63 Michael Sambrook Birkin, London,
3,272,980 9/1966 Freeman 246/63 3,495,677 2/1970 Wilson /98 3,659,275 6/1970 Marshall 340/173 R 3,665,426 10/1970 Gross et al 4 340/173 3,696,758 10/1972 Godinez, Jr 105/61 Primary Examiner-Thomas W. Brown Attorney, Agent, or FirmPollock, Philpitt & Vande Sande [57] ABSTRACT 2 Claims, 2 Drawing Figures 3/22 mz oea PATENTED FEB 1 8 ms SHEET 1 (F FIG. I
. ill
POM 0 FOM 7 PATENIED 81975 3, 867. 57 3 SHEET 2 OF 2 5 6 our A 5 5 mm wr ur TRACK TO TRAIN COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS The present invention relates to transmitters for use in a signalling system in which information is transmitted in digital code.
The invention is more particularly, but not exclusively, applicable to track to train communication systems but also has application for example in telemetering systems.
In track-to-train communication systems, information in the form of a digital track telegram is conveyed from a trackside transmitter to a train in order tocontrol the running of the train by giving command signals to the train driver or by automatically actuating the train control gear. The information may be relayed from the transmitter through conductors laid along the track and which become inductively coupled with aerial means on the train, the aerial means in turn feeding a decoding receiver on the train. The track telegram may have for example an information content which is used by equipment on the train to calculate the maximum permissible speed of the train for presentation to the train driver as a visual display.
Track telegrams have an information content, part of which is constant for the particular block section to which it is applicable. This constant information can be termed geographical information and for example comprises the distance to signals, gradient information and sections of the track in which speed restrictions are imposed. The remaining part of the information content of the track telegram is variable information related to the prevailing signal aspect which represents traffic conditions ahead of the train and dependent upon the track occupation by trains ahead. The information content of the track telegram will therefore vary in dependence upon the prevailing signal aspect ahead of the train.
At the present time there are normally four signal aspects, green, double yellow, yellow and red, although additional signal aspects may be used. The colour terminology for signal aspect has been used for convenience but it will be appreciated that, particularly in the case of automatic train control, the signal aspect may be represented by electric signals.
The object of this invention is to provide a transmitter in which digital encoding of information does not have to take place each time there is a change in the state of a variable such as signal aspect, controlling the information content. Since, in the case of track telegrams of track-to-train communication systems, digital encoding will normally include parity checking bits which have been permanently written in the track telegram, there will be permanent correlation between the information bits and parity checking bits for detecting errors. This follows from the fact that since the message is permanent, the parity bits will be permanent as well; thus avoiding possible errors in encoding.
According to this invention, a transmitter for use in signalling systems for transmitting information in digital code, comprises a plurality of read-only memories each having a stored information content related to a respective state of a variable, and control means respective to the state of the variable for causing the output of the one of the read-only memories related to the prevailing state of the variable to be transmitted by the transmitter.
By the term read-only memory is meant a permanent information store, that is to say a store whose information content is not updated during interrogation. One known form of read-only memory comprises a diode matrix, in which the information content is writen into the store by inserting diode pins at selected junctions, the presence of a diode'at a junction representing say a 0 and the absence ofa diode then representing a l in conventional binary code.
In order that the invention may be readily understood, a transmitter in accordance with the invention and as applied to a railway track-to-train communication system will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 shows a circuit diagram of the transmitter and associated control equipment, and
FIG. 2 shows one of the read-only memories of the transmitter in more detail.
The system will be described as applied to one block section of a railway track having a set of four aspect visual signals. The object of the invention is to transmit a track telegram to the train concerning geographical features of the track in the block section which is fixed information and also signal aspect information which will inform the train of the prevailing signal aspect at the time the track telegram is transmitted. Thus, for example, if the track telegram is transmitting a telegram which in content will provide the train with a maximum permissible speed, this will be different for each signal aspect.
The visual signals referenced Y,, G, Y and R are illuminated from an alternating current power source 1 through transformers 2, 3, 4 and 5. The selection of the signal to be illuminated is controlled by three relays or indicating means HR, HHR and DR, the energisation of which is controlled by trackside signalling equipment in known manner. In the circuit between the power source 1 and the signals, relay HR has contacts HRl, relay HHR has relay contacts HHRl and relay DR has contacts DR] and DR2. The position of these contacts is shown for the energised condition of the relays. With all three relays energised, visual signal G is illuminated to provide a green signal aspect. With relays HR and HHR energised and relay DR de-energised, signals y and Y are illuminated to provide a double-yellow signal aspect. With relay HR energised and relays HHR and DR de-energised, signal Y is illuminated to provide a yellow signal aspect. With relay HR deenergised, signal R is illuminated to provide a red signal aspect.
The telegram transmitter comprises four read-only memories ROMl, ROM2, ROM3 and ROM4 connected through contacts HRZ, HHR2 and DR3 of relays HR, HHR and DR to data output line 6 which via a modulator 7 feeds the track conductors or equivalent track circuit through which communication is established with a train in the block section. The position of contacts HRZ, HHR2 and DR3 is shown for the energised condition of their associated relays. It will be seen therefore that for a green signal aspect read-only memory ROM4 is connected to the data output line 6; for a double yellow signal aspect, read-only memory ROM3 is connected to the data output line 6; for a yellow signal aspect, read-only memory ROM2 is connected to the data output line 6; and for a red signal as pect, read-only memory ROMl is connected to the data output line 6. Thus for each signal aspect, the contents of a respective one of the read-only memories ROMl to ROM4 will be fed to the data output line 6 and will be continually and serially transmitted via the modulator 7 to the track circuit.
Read-only memories and systems for their interrogation are well known. However one form of read-only memory and its interrogating system will now be briefly described with reference to FIG. 2.
The read-only memory produces a 256 bit binary sequence. The pattern is determined by the position of diode pins in a 16 16 matrix board 10. Thus, depending upon the convention adopted, the presence of a diode pin at a junction will, say, represent a O, and the absence of a diode pin will represent a l.
The matrix is scanned electronically by placing a on one of the horizontal rows while the other rows are held at the 1 level. Each column is then selected in turn by an electronic switch to detect if there is a diode pin at the junction between the row with a 0 applied to it and the selected column. When all the columns have been examined, the next row is selected and the process repeated.
The column selector switch consists of two eight- way multiplexers 11 and 12. Each multiplexer input is connected to each row of a respective column by means of a 16 input AND gate made from two eight input NAND gates 13 and 14 and a NOR gate 15. The column to which each multiplexer is connected is determined by the states of the inputs A, B and C. Each multiplexer is made to scan its eight inputs by cycling the three inputs A, B and C with the outputs from the first three stages of a four stage ripple counter 16 via buffer gates l7, l8 and 19. The fourth stage of the counter 16 is used to switch between the two multiplexers 11 and 12 using gates 22, 23, 24 and 25 and to drive the row selector via line 20.
The ripple counter 16 and hence the multiplexers 11 and I2 change on negative going edges of clock input 26 which is shaped by a Schmitt trigger circuit 27.
For row selection, a 0 is cycled around the 16 outputs of two binary to octal decoders 30 and 31 by a four stage ripple counter 32. Each of the outputs of the decoders 30 and 31 is connected to a respective row of the matrix 10. Buffer gates 33 to 36 are included between the counter 32 and the decoders 30 and 31 to prevent spurious signals generated by the decoders 30 and 31 from resetting the counter 32.
The counters. l6 and 32 are shown as having a synchronisation input 38, but this is optional.
There are several other ways in which the read-only memories can be controlled so that the read-only memory related to the prevailing signal aspect is providing the track telegram: For example, the relay contacts HR2, HHR2 and DR3 may be provided in the respective clock inputs to the read-only memories or in the respective power supply leads to the read-only memories.
We claim:
1. In a track-to-train communication system for transmitting information to a train related to the control of the running of the train in dependence upon the prevailing one of a plurality of signal aspects,
signal indicating means controlled to one of a plurality of conditions to indicate a prevailing one of a plurality of signal aspects,
a transmitter, having an output, for transmitting said information in digital code and comprising a plurality of non-destruct read-only memories each having stored therein information related to a respective one of a plurality of signal apsects,
and control means responsive to said indicating means for causing information stored in the one of the read-only memories related to the prevailing signal aspect to be transmitted.
2. The system of claim 1 wherein all said read-only memories are simultaneously active and said control means comprises switching means for connecting the output of the one of the read-only memories related to the prevailing signal aspect to said output circuit of said

Claims (2)

1. In a track-to-train communication system for transmitting information to a train related to the control of the running of the train in dependence upon the prevailing one of a plurality of signal aspects, signal indicating means controlled to one of a plurality of conditions to indicate a prevailing one of a plurality of signal aspects, a transmitter, having an output, for transmitting said information in digital code and comprising a plurality of nondestruct read-only memories each having stored therein information related to a respective one of a plurality of signal apsects, and control means responsive to said indicating means for causing information stored in the one of the read-only memories related to the prevailing signal aspect to be transmitted.
2. The system of claim 1 wherein all said read-only memories are simultaneously active and said control means comprises switching means for connecting the output of the one of the read-only mEmories related to the prevailing signal aspect to said output circuit of said transmitter.
US188065A 1970-10-23 1971-10-12 Track to train communication systems Expired - Lifetime US3867573A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB5052070A GB1369598A (en) 1970-10-23 1970-10-23 Railway communication systems

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3867573A true US3867573A (en) 1975-02-18

Family

ID=10456201

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US188065A Expired - Lifetime US3867573A (en) 1970-10-23 1971-10-12 Track to train communication systems

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US3867573A (en)
AT (1) AT323803B (en)
AU (1) AU460860B2 (en)
CA (1) CA941494A (en)
CH (1) CH534933A (en)
DE (1) DE2152363A1 (en)
FR (1) FR2113115A5 (en)
GB (1) GB1369598A (en)
ZA (1) ZA716816B (en)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3991403A (en) * 1974-03-25 1976-11-09 U.S. Philips Corporation Information transmission equipment
US4166599A (en) * 1977-06-21 1979-09-04 General Signal Corporation Wayside oriented moving block
US4468814A (en) * 1981-06-08 1984-08-28 Canadian National Railway Company Radio channel visual identification system
EP1172274A1 (en) * 2000-07-12 2002-01-16 Siemens Schweiz AG Signal aspect transmitting device on a vehicle of a traffic control apparatus

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2639306B1 (en) * 1988-11-18 1990-12-21 Alsthom Gec SYSTEM FOR TRANSMITTING INITIALIZATION INFORMATION, BETWEEN FIXED FACILITIES AND TRAINS

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3272979A (en) * 1963-01-24 1966-09-13 Gen Signal Corp Decoding apparatus for continuous inductive transmission system
US3272980A (en) * 1963-02-25 1966-09-13 Gen Signal Corp Intermittent train control system
US3495677A (en) * 1968-01-31 1970-02-17 American Chain & Cable Co Guidance system
US3659275A (en) * 1970-06-08 1972-04-25 Cogar Corp Memory correction redundancy system
US3665426A (en) * 1970-10-07 1972-05-23 Singer Co Alterable read only memory organization
US3696758A (en) * 1969-12-18 1972-10-10 Genisco Technology Corp Locomotive signaling and control system

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3272979A (en) * 1963-01-24 1966-09-13 Gen Signal Corp Decoding apparatus for continuous inductive transmission system
US3272980A (en) * 1963-02-25 1966-09-13 Gen Signal Corp Intermittent train control system
US3495677A (en) * 1968-01-31 1970-02-17 American Chain & Cable Co Guidance system
US3696758A (en) * 1969-12-18 1972-10-10 Genisco Technology Corp Locomotive signaling and control system
US3659275A (en) * 1970-06-08 1972-04-25 Cogar Corp Memory correction redundancy system
US3665426A (en) * 1970-10-07 1972-05-23 Singer Co Alterable read only memory organization

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3991403A (en) * 1974-03-25 1976-11-09 U.S. Philips Corporation Information transmission equipment
US4166599A (en) * 1977-06-21 1979-09-04 General Signal Corporation Wayside oriented moving block
US4468814A (en) * 1981-06-08 1984-08-28 Canadian National Railway Company Radio channel visual identification system
EP1172274A1 (en) * 2000-07-12 2002-01-16 Siemens Schweiz AG Signal aspect transmitting device on a vehicle of a traffic control apparatus

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2113115A5 (en) 1972-06-23
GB1369598A (en) 1974-10-09
AT323803B (en) 1975-07-25
CA941494A (en) 1974-02-05
CH534933A (en) 1973-03-15
AU3451171A (en) 1973-04-19
ZA716816B (en) 1972-06-28
AU460860B2 (en) 1975-05-08
DE2152363A1 (en) 1972-04-27

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CA1053390A (en) System for displaying information for passengers on-board transit vehicles
US3737577A (en) Communication systems for receiving and checking repeatedly transmitted multi-digital telegrams
GB1018465A (en) Improvements in data transmission systems
GB1287334A (en) Vehicular electrical-fluidic control systems
US3781792A (en) Error detection in communication system by repetition of data
US3867573A (en) Track to train communication systems
GB1011033A (en) Data transmission system
US3544788A (en) Position indication and control system for rail vehicle
US3035248A (en) Remote control systems
GB1114522A (en) Analogue signal transmission system
GB1274110A (en) Improvements in digital information transfer system
CA1045722A (en) Communications system
US2677119A (en) Ground controlled aircraft communication system
US2550109A (en) Remote metering system
US3509277A (en) Code transmission system for messages of unlimited length
GB1288048A (en)
US2474438A (en) Communication and posting system
US3021516A (en) Automatic electronic signal keyer
US2392355A (en) Indicating system
GB1116530A (en) Improvements in or relating to a wireless alarm transmission installation
US3176127A (en) Indication display and storage system for a centralized traffic control system for railroads
US2678437A (en) Air traffic control system
SE314013B (en)
US2189171A (en) Signal transmitting apparatus
GB1311540A (en)