US3858640A - Reinforced composite alloys, process and apparatus for the production thereof - Google Patents

Reinforced composite alloys, process and apparatus for the production thereof Download PDF

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US3858640A
US3858640A US368434A US36843473A US3858640A US 3858640 A US3858640 A US 3858640A US 368434 A US368434 A US 368434A US 36843473 A US36843473 A US 36843473A US 3858640 A US3858640 A US 3858640A
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crucible
additions
gas
chamber
container
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Raymond Henri Sifferlen
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Industrielle de Combustible Nucleaire SA
Industrielle de Combustible Nucleaire Ste
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Industrielle de Combustible Nucleaire SA
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
    • C22C1/10—Alloys containing non-metals
    • C22C1/1036—Alloys containing non-metals starting from a melt
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
    • C22C1/02—Making non-ferrous alloys by melting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy

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  • ABSTRACT This invention relates to improved process and apparatus for producing reinforced composite light alloys.
  • the improved apparatus comprises means for feeding a fluidized mixture of particulate additions, carried by a neutral gas, to a crucible in which a basic metal consisting preferably of nearly pure aluminium ingots is molten.
  • Means are provided for stirring the contents of the crucible during the feeding of said mixture thereto, in order to prevent the sedimentation or decantation of the dispersion formed therein.
  • Means are further provided for transferring the mixture of basic metal and additions into another receptacle in which the desorption and degasing of said mixture take place.
  • the present invention relates to reinforced composite alloys, and also to a process for the formation of composite alloys, reinforced by dispersed particles. It is also concerned with an apparatus for carrying this process into effect.
  • a first object of this invention is a reinforced composite alloy without residual porosity, having improved properties and particularly a good ductility, consisting of a matrix of very pure aluminium having dispersed therein 3 to 20 percent by weight of an addition in grain form, said addition being insoluble in aluminium both in the solid and liquid states, and said addition grains being dispersed homogeneously throughout the aluminium matrix to which they are bonded individually.
  • Another object of this invention is a process for preparing a reinforced composite alloy consisting of fine particulate additions incorporated in an aluminium matrix, said process comprising the following steps:
  • Still another object of this invention is a process for preparing a reinforced composite alloy consisting of fine particulate additions in an aluminium matrix, said process comprising the following steps:
  • a still further object of this invention is an apparatus for preparing a reinforced composite alloy, which comprises a crucible, means for supplying liquid basic metal to said crucible at a constant temperature and at a substantially constant level, means for causing rapid circulation of a gas, means for introducing particulate additions into said gas, means for imparting mechanical vibrations to said introducing means, means for ensuring the rapid displacement of said additions and said gas, means for simultaneously stirring said metal and introducing said additions into said metal during stirring, said last-named means being connected to said means for rapid displacement of said additions and said gas, means for stirring the dispersion thus obtained and preventing its sedimentation or decantation, and means for transferring the stirred mixture of basic metal and additions to another receptacle, said last-named means desorbing and degasing said mixture.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate diagrammatically in fragmentary sections two embodiments of means for introducing the additions into the gas
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate diagrammatically in fragmentary section two embodiments of means for introducing the stream of additions and gas into the molten metal contained in a crucible, for stirring the mixture in said crucible, and for casting the same from the crucible into at least one ingot mould.
  • the apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 comprises a container or vessel 1 having a funnel-shaped bottom 2; this container 1 issupported by a vibrating table 4 through vertical columns 3.
  • a conduit 5 provided with a control valve 6 is adapted to supply neutral gas such as air or argon to the lower portion 2a of the funnel-shaped bottom 2 of container 1 through a perforated plate or grid 2d.
  • the container I comprises means for supplying the particulate additions thereto; in the specific form of embodiment contemplated these means comprise a hopper 7 connected to the top of container 1 via a vertical duct 8 in which two slidingplate shutter valves 9a, 9b forming a lock chamber between them are mounted.
  • a conduit 10 provided with a control valve 11 is provided for directing neutral gas, such as air or argon, on the one hand, into the lock chamber formed between said shutter valves 9a and 9b via a branch line 12, comprising a control valve 13, and, on the other hand, into the container 1, at midheight thereof, through another branch line 14 equipped with a control valve 15.
  • neutral gas such as air or argon
  • a valve member 16 is supported by a vertical rod 17 within the container 1, above said tapered portion 2c of its funnel-shaped bottom 2; said rod 17 extends through the top wall of the container provided to this end with a suitable rod packing 18 in which it is slidably titted, the outer end of said rod being drivingly connected to a mechanism 19 adapted to produce the vertical movement of said rod for adjusting the position of said valve member 16 in relation to said tapered portion 20 of the bottom of container 1.
  • a pipe line 20 equipped with a valve 21 extends coaxially through said rod 17 and valve member 16 so as to open under the latter into the straight lower portion 2b of the funnel-shaped bottom 2 of container
  • the vibrating table 4 is adapted to impart to the above-described assembly vertical vibrations of an amplitude of, say 1 to 3 mm, at a frequency in the range of 25 to 50 Hz.
  • the conduits 5 and 10 may be connected to a common source of neutral gas, such as air.
  • Automatic means known per se and therefore not described in detail herein may be provided for controlling the shutter valves 9a, 9b, valves 6, 11, 13, 15, 21, and also the mechanism 19, for example as a function of a predetermined program.
  • valve 9a is opened first, thus filling the lock chamber formed in the vertical duct 8 between this valve 9a and the underlying valve 9b; then, valves 1 l and 13 are opened together with valve 9b, and the neutral gas, which may possibly be fed under a more or less high pressure, facilitates the fall of the particulate additions contained in said lock chamber into the container 1.
  • the valve member 16 engages the tapered portion 20 of the bottom 2 of container 1, the particulate additions accumulate in the upper portion of said container l, and the latter is filled up to a sufficient level, as shown in FIG. 1.
  • valve member 16 is then adjusted in relation to the tapered valve 2c of said bottom 2, so that a flow channel or passage 22 of suitable width is formed therebetween, and the valves 15, 6 and 21 are eventually opened; thus, the neutral gas entering the intermediate portion of container 1 via branch line 14 tends to facilitate the flow of particulate additions through said annular passage 22 towards the straight section 2b of bottom 2 of container 1, with an output depending particularly on the width of said annular passage 22, and therefore on the position in which said valve member 16 was adjusted in relation to the tapered wall 20; the particulate additions received in said straight section 2b are stopped therein by the perforated grid 2d and picked up therefrom by the stream of neutral gas under pressure fed through conduit to the lower portion 2a of said bottom 2, and the thus formed fluidized bed rises in the lower portion of pipe line and is directed thereby into the crucible (this pipe line 20 corresponding therefore to the lines 29 illustrated in FIGS.
  • the apparatus illustrated comprises a hopper 1 provided with a funnelshaped bottom having a tapered portion 20 and a straight section 2b constituting a lower discharge pipe for the hopper 1; this discharge pipe 2b projects somewhat into the upper portion of a chamber 23 separate from said hopper l, and the bottom of this chamber is supplied with neutral gas such as air or argon through a conduit 5 provided with a control valve 6 and opening into this chamber 23 beneath a perforated plate or grid 2d; a pipe line 20 provided with a control valve 21 is connected to the upper portion of chamber 23 for discharging the fluidized bed consisting of said additions and said gas.
  • neutral gas such as air or argon
  • the hopper l is supported by a vibrating table 4 by means of columns 3; its upper portion is connected to a vertical duct 8 leading from a loading hopper (not shown); this duct 8 is provided with a pair of parallel spaced sliding-plate shutter valves 9a, 9b forming therebetween a lock chamber; the reference numeral l6 designates a valve member carried by a rod 17 slidably mounted for vertical movement and constituting an efficient means for controlling the input cross-sectional passage area between the lower or discharge section 2b of hopper 1 and said valve member 16.
  • the filling of the aforesaid bottom chamber 23 is also facilitated by the vibration imparted by the table 4 to this chamber.
  • This apparatus may operate continuously, the valves 6 and 21 remaining constantly open, and the chamber 23 can be filled again by lifting the valve member 16 when the amount of particulate additions contained in this chamber 23 tends to become insufficient.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a chamber 24 closed in a fluid-tight manner and supported for example by a platform 25; a crucible 26 is supported by a stand 27 laid on the bottom or floor of chamber 24.
  • the walls of curcible 26 consist of insulating material or of conducting material such as graphite.
  • the side wall of crucible 26 is surrounded externally by an induction heating coil 28, and its bottom comprises a runner 29 normally plugged by a stopper-rod 30 extending through the upper detachable lid or cover 26a of crucible 26; in the exemplary form of embodiment illustrated, the stopper-rod 30 is supported at its upper end, above the cover 26a of crucible 26, by a pivotally mounted arm 31 carried by one wall of chamber 24, and remote control means are provided for lifting the stopper-rod 30 and thus opening the runner 29; in the example illustrated these remote control means are shown diagrammatically as consisting of a crank 32 extending through the wall of chamber 24 and adapted rotatably'to drive a cam 33 for lifting the pivoted arm 31.
  • a pipe line 20 extends through the wall of chamber 24 and also through the cover 26a of crucible 26 for feeding the fluidized addition bed into this crucible.
  • a vertical shaft 34 extends through the upper wall or roof of chamber 24 and through the cover 26a of crucible 26, and carries at its lower end, i.e., within the crucible 26, a helical stirring member in the form of a worm or screw.
  • the upper portion of shaft 34 extending through a sealed bearing 36 carried by the top wall of chamber 24 is coupled to the lower end of the vertical aligned shaft 37 of an electric motor, for example a d.c. motor,
  • the hopper 1 may be filled with the assistance of the l 38, suspended in turn from a gantry 39 supported by said chamber 24, by means of a cable 40 and a pulleyblock 41; in the normal operative position the motor 38 is supported by a platform 38a also carried by said gantry 39 and the stirring member 35 lies inside the crucible 26; on the other hand, it is possible, by actuating said pulley-block 41, to lift the assembly comprising said motor 38, shaft 34 and stirring member 35 until said motor is in its uppermost position 38a shown in dash lines, in which said stirring member 35 lies outside and above the crucible 26.
  • annular cooling chamber 42 is formed in the outer periphery of the vertical shaft 34, and supplied with cooling fluid such as water via a rollingcontact bearing 43, provided with suitable sealing means, and a pair of conduits 44a and 44b.
  • the lateral wall of chamber 24 also receives therethrough a conduit 45 connected to a suitable source of vacuum (not shown) such as a vacuum pump device, and another conduit 46 connected to a source of neutral gas, such as argon, under suitable pressure; other ducts 47a and 47b extend through the side wall of chamber 24 and permit of supplying both high-frequency current and cooling water to the coil 28 of crucible 26 by means of suitable high-frequency seals 48.
  • An ingot mould 49 is supported beneath the chamber 24 and platform (through adequate means, not shown) so that its upper open portion 49a lies just beneath the runner 29 of the bottom of crucible 26; in the form of embodiment illustrated the wall of this ingot mould comprises a water jacket 49b in which suitable conduits 50a and 50b produce a circulation of water or other cooling fluid.
  • the apparatus illustrated in FIG. 3 operates as follows: with the stopper-rod plugging the runner 29 of crucible 26 and the stirring member extracted from this crucible, the latter is filled with ingots of solid basic metal which are melted by energizing the coil 28; then, by actuating the pulley-block 41, the stirring member 35 is lowered inside the crucible 26 and the motor 38 is also energized so as to drive said stirring member 35 at a rotational speed sufficient to produce eddies in the liquid metal filling the crucible 26; at the same time, a valve 21 inserted in pipe line 20 is opened for feeding fluidized addition bed into the crucible 26, and valve 51 inserted in line 45, or alternatively valve 52 inserted in line 46, according as the subsequent casting is to take place in vacuo or in argon atmosphere is also opened.
  • the crank 32 is actuated to lift the stopper-rod 30 and open the runner or casting orifice 29, thus filling the mould 49 in vacuo or in an argon atmosphere, as already explained in the foregoing; when the casting or filling of mould 49 is completed, the runner 29 is closed again by actuating the crank 32 to the proper extent, and after cooling the cast ingot is stripped so that another ingot can be cast.
  • the ingot-mould 49 illustrated may also be a detachable one so that another empty mould can be substituted therefor without waiting until the metal has cooled to a suitable handling temperature.
  • the helical stirring member 35 may be dispensed with, or replaced with or completed by a stirrer or agitator coupled directly to the rotor, immersed in the liquid metal filling the crucible 26, of an electric motor having its stator disposed externally of said crucible 26, so that the stator field can induce a positive torque in said rotor; an ultrasonic emitter 53 may be immersed in the liquid metal filling the crucible 26 to produce or at least promoting the stirring effect in the additions mixed with the liquid metal.
  • the frequency of the electric current energizing the heating coil 28 of crucible 26, the residual pressure maintained in chamber 24 by the pumping means connected to conduit 45, as well as the pressure and nature of the gas to be supplied to said chamber 24 via conduit 46, are matters of choice.
  • FIG. 3 a further improvement is illustrated which is particularly advantageous for utilizing particulate additions in the form of grains having an average size of less than I micron, inasmuch as it is capable of preventing the agglomeration or packing of these very fine powders into balls or cakes, thus promoting their subsequent perfectly homogeneous dispersion through the mass of molten metal filling the crucible 26.
  • This improvement consists essentially, in the embodiment illustrated in FIG.
  • the other terminal of this generator being electrically connected to the metal contained in said crucible 26, notably through the metallic elements of the apparatus and the ground (alternatively, the other terminal of said generator may be connected to an electrode immersed in the molten metal).
  • a strong electric current voltage gradient is produced between the end of the filamentary electrode 54 located adjacent the flow of fluidized bed, on the one hand, and the free surface of the molten metal contained in said crucible 26, on the other hand, in order to electrify the particles in said fluidized bed; as all these particles receive charges of the same polarity, they are less prone to agglomerate into balls or cakes than neutral particles of the same granulometry (less than one micron), thus promoting their homogeneous dispersion throughout the molten metal.
  • FIG. 4 a modified embodiment of the structure illustrated in FIG. 3 is shown; the elements found in both embodiments of FIGS. 3 and 4 are designated by the same reference numerals.
  • the fluidized bed is fed to the crucible 26 via a pipe line 20, from a separate fluidizing device, for ex ample one of the type shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4 this fluidizing device designated in general by the reference numeral 56 is mounted directly above the chamber 24 receiving the crucible 26.
  • This device comprises essentially a container 57 having a funnel-shaped bottom 570 into which opens the upper end of a substantially vertical pipe line 20 of refractory material, which extends through the upper wall of chamber 24 and also through the detachable cover 26a of crucible 26, into which opens the lower end of said pipe line 20; argon is fed into the upper portion of container 56 via a branch line 58 of conduit 46 which is controlled by a valve 59; the cover 57b of container 57 receives therethrough a vertical rod 60 (the corresponding passage opening being sealed by a suitable packing), the lower end of said rod 60 constituting a plug or valve member co-acting with the tapered lower portion of the funnel-shaped bottom 57a of container 57; the position of this plug or valve member 60 in relation to the tapered bottom 57a may be adjusted by moving said rod 60 vertically, and to this end this rod may comprise a screw-threaded portion 60a at its upper end for engagement in a tapped bearing rigid with the cover 57b.
  • the stirring device comprises essentially a screw or fan 35a having a shaft 34 extending freely but in a fluid-tight manner through the cover 26a of crucible 26, said shaft 34 being disposed vertically and eccentrically in relation to said crucible 26.
  • This eccentric mounting of the shaft of said helical stirring member in relation to the crucible 26 (which is also visible in FIG. 3, where it is more enhanced than in FIG.
  • valve 51 is opened to create a sufficient vacuum in chamber 24 and the coil 28 of crucible 26 is supplied with high-frequency electric current and cooling water for heating the crucible together with its contents, in vacuo, to a temperature of about 600 C, thus degasing the crucible and its load.
  • valve 51 is closed and valve 52 is opened to fill the chamber 24 with argon, and the supply of coil 28 is adjusted to gradually heat the aluminium ingots contained in said crucible 26 firstly to their melting temperature and then to a suitable processing temperature selected to be preferably of the order of l,250 to 1,300 C).
  • the screw 35a of the stirring member When the aluminium has molten sufficiently the screw 35a of the stirring member is lowered into the molten metal by actuating the pulley-block 41, and this screw 35a is driven, by en ergizing its motor 38, at a speed of 500 to 900 rpm.
  • the screw-rod 60 of device 56 When the molten metal has attained the selected temperature in the manner set forth hereinabove, the screw-rod 60 of device 56 is rotated in order to raise slightly its lower end above the tapered bottom 57a of container 57, and valve 59 is turned on so that pressurized argon will flow from top to bottom through the container 57 and eventually escape via pipe line 20 while carrying along the fluidized bed of alumina particles.
  • a 50,000 to 100,000-Volt direct current is fed to the filamentary electrode 54 in order to electrify them and thus prevent the accumulation of cakes or balls while promoting their homogeneous dispersion in the metal melt, in which they are stirred by the screw stirrer 35a.
  • Suitable means well known to those conversant with the art and therefore not described herein are provided for measuring the throughput of alumina particles carried along by the argon stream through pipe line 20, and discontinuing the supply of such particles to the metal bath by actuating the valve rod 60 in the opposite or closing direction when the proportion (by weight) of the particles thus dispersed in the metal bath has reached a predetermined value selected to be perferably within the range of 3 to l0 percent by weight.
  • the time necessary for achieving the operation is variable, and of the order of 5 to 45 minutes.
  • the actuation of the screw stirring member 35 a is continued thereafter, until a perfectly homogeneous dispersion is obtained.
  • the runner 29 is opened by actuating the crank 32 and thus an ingot consisting for example of a cylindrical bar approximately 500 mm long and having a diameter of 60 mm is cast in an argon atmosphere into the ingot mould 49.
  • the ingot is then stripped and cut into plates about l2-mm thick which are subsequently hot-rolled (at about 400 C) to improve the homogeneous dispersion of the alumina powder in the aluminium matrix.
  • This rolling operation comprises for instance a series of passes each producing a thickness reduction of about 0.6 mm, and annealing treatments at about 400 C are applied to the product between these passes; thus, the end product is a composite-structure sheet about 4-mm thick which is eventually annealed at about 350 C during 5 hours.
  • the liquid composite product thus obtained consists of a high-viscosity magma that cannot flow to form a casting; on the other hand, if the temperature of the metal bath exceeds l,300 C, the particles accumulate into cakes by sintering, and between 1,350 and l,400 C gaseous A1 0 is released, in the form of bubbles carrying along the particles towards the free surface of the metal bath while developing blisters in the cooled ingot.
  • Satisfactory products may still be obtained by utilizing alumina having a granulometry of less than 0.3 [.L, and even as low as 0.02 t, provided that the accumulation of agglomerated particles is prevented by the fluidized bed electrification, as described hereinabove.
  • the rolled product of which the manufacturing process has been described hereinabove is characterized by mechanical properties far better than those of the pure aluminium constituting its matrix; its elastic limit is higher (the difference is about 70 percent) and its tensile strength or breaking load about to 15 percent better than that of AS-grade aluminium; at temperatures of the order of 200 to 300 C the elastic limit and breaking load of the rolled product according to this invention remain higher by about 40 to 80 percent and 15 to 50 percent, respectively, than those of said A5- grade aluminium.
  • a test bar made from a rolled product according to this invention displayed after hours a breaking stress improved by to 35 percent over that of AS-grade aluminium under the same testing conditions.
  • EXAMPLE 2 The manufacturing process described in Example 1 is repeated, except that cubic zircon stabilized by the addition of 5 percent of lime and in the form of grains having a granulometry of l to 10 p, is substituted for alumina powder; the percentage by weight of the powder thus dispersed in the metal bath is limited to a welldefined value selected preferably in the range of 10 to percent by weight. In this case, the total time for introducing this powder into the metal bath and stirring this bath is limited, preferably, to a value of 10 to 15 minutes. Then, the metal bath is kept at a temperature preferably within the range of 850 to 890 C. Above 900 C, upon solidification, the ZrAl compound develops and blisters due to gaseous release appear in the ingot.
  • the dispersion of the addition particles in the aluminium matrix can be further improved by means of a rolling operation.
  • the rolled product thus obtained has an elastic limit and a breaking load exceeding by 40 to 75 percent and 15 to 35 percent, respectively, those of AS-grade aluminium; at 200 C its elastic limit and breaking load exceed by by 80 to 170 percent and 35 to 100 percent respectively those of AS-grade aluminium.
  • a test bar made from a rolled product of this character and submitted to an extrusion test at 200 C has a breaking stress (after 100 hours) exceeding by 80 percent that of AS-grade aluminium under the same testing conditions.
  • EXAMPLE 3 The same manufacturing procedure is adhered to by utilizing a TiB ot TiN powder in particles of a few microns or preferably less than one micron; this powder is fed to the metal bath in a well-defined proportion ranging preferably from 10 to 20 percent; the metal bath is then held at a temperature approximating 900 C. Below this temperature, for instance at 700 C, the particles tend to accumulate into cakes and balls. The particle dispersion in the cast ingot is sufficiently homogeneous to permit of dispensing with a subsequent rolling operation. The product thus obtained has an elastic limit and a breaking load greater by 100 percent and percent, respectively, than those of AS-grade aluminium.
  • the modulus of elasticity of the end product has a value comparable to that of high-grade aluminium alloys.
  • a test bar made of said product has a breaking stress (after hours) greater by about 50 percent than that of AS-grade aluminium.
  • This product is further characterized by a high ductility and therefore by a very low fragility.
  • Apparatus for preparing a reinforced composite alloy which comprises a crucible, means for supplying liquid basic metal to said crucible at a constant temperature and at a substantially constant level, means for causing rapid circulation of a gas, means for introducing particulate additions into said gas, means for imparting mechanical vibrations to said introducing means, means for ensuring the rapid displacement of said additions and said gas, means for simultaneously stirring said metal and introducing said additions into said metal during stirring, said last-named means being connected to said means for rapid displacement of said additions and said gas, means for stirring the dispersion thus obtained and preventing its sedimentation or decantation, and means for transferring the stirred mixture of basic metal and additions to another receptacle, said last-named means desorbing and degasing said mixture.
  • Apparatus according to claim 1 comprising a container having a funnel-shaped bottom, a vibrating table supporting said container, means for feeding said particulate additions to said container, a duct for directing said gas into said container, a plug valve body mounted in said container to be vertically movable substantially at the level of the tapered portion of said funnel-shaped bottom, means for adjusting the vertical position of said plug valve body, and a conduit comprising a first vertical section projecting in said container and opening below said plug valve body, and a second section emerging from said container, for transferring the additions and gas into said crucible.
  • Apparatus according to claim 1 comprising a hopper having a bottom discharge pipe, a vibrating table supporting said hopper, means for introducing particulate additions into said hopper, means for controlling the cross-sectional passage area of the bottom discharge pipe of said hopper, a chamber disposed beneath said bottom discharge pipe of said hopper, so that said discharge pipe opens into said chamber, a first conduit for feeding said gas into said chamber, a second conduit opening at one end into said chamber for transferring said additions and gas from said chamber into said crucible.
  • Apparatus according to claim 1 comprising a crucible having a vertical axis of symmetry, a screw-like stirring member disposed within said crucible with its axis being in a substantially parallel and spaced relationship to said crucible axis, and means for rotatably driving said stirring member to create eddies in the liquid metal contained in said crucible.
  • Apparatus according to claim 5 further comprising means for vertically moving said stirring member in said crucible between an upper position, in which said crucible can be loaded with ingots of solid metal, and a lower position, in which said stirring member is restored when said solid ingots are melted.
  • Apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising an induction heating coil disposed externally of, and surrounding, said crucible, and means for energizing said coil with high-frequency electric current, whereby a high-frequency field is generated in the liquid metal contained in said crucible and said field generate eddies in said liquid metal.
  • the means for ensuring the rapid displacement of said additions and gas comprises at least one electrode disposed upstream of said crucible so as to be swept by said gas and said additions, further means being also provided for applying a high potential difference between said electrode and the metal contained in said crucible.
  • said means for causing the rapid displacement of said additions and gas comprises a vertical duct opening into said crucible and having at least one portion disposed above the free surface of the liquid metal contained in said crucible, said electrode consisting of a metal wire mounted in said portion of said vertical duct with its end being located at a predetermined height above said free surface of said liquid metal.
  • Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said crucible has its bottom provided with a runner, said apparatus further comprising means for normally plugging said runner and a fluid-tight chamber in which said crucible is enclosed together with an ingot-mould having an open upper portion disposed within said chamber, below the runner of said crucible, and an open lower portion disposed externally of said chamber.
  • Apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising means for casting the mixture contained in said crucible under a vacuumized atmosphere.
  • Apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising means for casting the mixture contained in said crucible under an inert gas atmosphere.

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  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
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  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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US368434A 1972-06-09 1973-06-08 Reinforced composite alloys, process and apparatus for the production thereof Expired - Lifetime US3858640A (en)

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USRE31676E (en) 1982-09-29 1984-09-18 Thyssen Aktiengesellschaft vorm August Thyssen-Hutte AG Method and apparatus for dispensing a fluidizable solid from a pressure vessel
US4527776A (en) * 1983-12-19 1985-07-09 Armco, Inc. Method of controlling substantially equal distribution of particulates from a multi-outlet distributor and an article constructed according to the method
US4605438A (en) * 1985-06-28 1986-08-12 The Dow Chemical Company Apparatus and method for forming a wear-resistant metal composition
US4689199A (en) * 1984-09-27 1987-08-25 Aluminum Company Of America Process for adding material to molten media
US4759995A (en) * 1983-06-06 1988-07-26 Dural Aluminum Composites Corp. Process for production of metal matrix composites by casting and composite therefrom
US4784832A (en) * 1984-09-27 1988-11-15 Eckert Charles E Introducing materials into molten media
US4786467A (en) * 1983-06-06 1988-11-22 Dural Aluminum Composites Corp. Process for preparation of composite materials containing nonmetallic particles in a metallic matrix, and composite materials made thereby
US4792431A (en) * 1984-09-27 1988-12-20 Aluminum Company Of America Production of intermetallic particles
US4793971A (en) * 1985-12-24 1988-12-27 Aluminum Company Of America Grain refining
US4865806A (en) * 1986-05-01 1989-09-12 Dural Aluminum Composites Corp. Process for preparation of composite materials containing nonmetallic particles in a metallic matrix
US4916030A (en) * 1984-10-19 1990-04-10 Martin Marietta Corporation Metal-second phase composites
US4917964A (en) * 1984-10-19 1990-04-17 Martin Marietta Corporation Porous metal-second phase composites
US4961461A (en) * 1988-06-16 1990-10-09 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Method and apparatus for continuous casting of composites
US4985202A (en) * 1984-10-19 1991-01-15 Martin Marietta Corporation Process for forming porous metal-second phase composites
US5030577A (en) * 1986-02-07 1991-07-09 Aluminum Company Of America In-line sampling/alloying system and method
US5189953A (en) * 1992-05-21 1993-03-02 Consolidated Nbs, Inc. Electric motor driven imprinter
US5226946A (en) * 1992-05-29 1993-07-13 Howmet Corporation Vacuum melting/casting method to reduce inclusions
US6106588A (en) * 1998-03-11 2000-08-22 Mc21 Incorporated Preparation of metal matrix composites under atmospheric pressure
US6491423B1 (en) 1998-03-11 2002-12-10 Mc21, Incorporated Apparatus for mixing particles into a liquid medium
US20090224443A1 (en) * 2008-03-05 2009-09-10 Rundquist Victor F Niobium as a protective barrier in molten metals
US8574336B2 (en) 2010-04-09 2013-11-05 Southwire Company Ultrasonic degassing of molten metals
US8652397B2 (en) 2010-04-09 2014-02-18 Southwire Company Ultrasonic device with integrated gas delivery system
US9528167B2 (en) 2013-11-18 2016-12-27 Southwire Company, Llc Ultrasonic probes with gas outlets for degassing of molten metals
US10233515B1 (en) 2015-08-14 2019-03-19 Southwire Company, Llc Metal treatment station for use with ultrasonic degassing system

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Cited By (31)

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US4059251A (en) * 1976-11-04 1977-11-22 Paul Huzyak Agitator for melting furnace
USRE31676E (en) 1982-09-29 1984-09-18 Thyssen Aktiengesellschaft vorm August Thyssen-Hutte AG Method and apparatus for dispensing a fluidizable solid from a pressure vessel
US4759995A (en) * 1983-06-06 1988-07-26 Dural Aluminum Composites Corp. Process for production of metal matrix composites by casting and composite therefrom
US4786467A (en) * 1983-06-06 1988-11-22 Dural Aluminum Composites Corp. Process for preparation of composite materials containing nonmetallic particles in a metallic matrix, and composite materials made thereby
US4527776A (en) * 1983-12-19 1985-07-09 Armco, Inc. Method of controlling substantially equal distribution of particulates from a multi-outlet distributor and an article constructed according to the method
US4792431A (en) * 1984-09-27 1988-12-20 Aluminum Company Of America Production of intermetallic particles
US4689199A (en) * 1984-09-27 1987-08-25 Aluminum Company Of America Process for adding material to molten media
US4784832A (en) * 1984-09-27 1988-11-15 Eckert Charles E Introducing materials into molten media
US4985202A (en) * 1984-10-19 1991-01-15 Martin Marietta Corporation Process for forming porous metal-second phase composites
US4916030A (en) * 1984-10-19 1990-04-10 Martin Marietta Corporation Metal-second phase composites
US4917964A (en) * 1984-10-19 1990-04-17 Martin Marietta Corporation Porous metal-second phase composites
US4605438A (en) * 1985-06-28 1986-08-12 The Dow Chemical Company Apparatus and method for forming a wear-resistant metal composition
US4793971A (en) * 1985-12-24 1988-12-27 Aluminum Company Of America Grain refining
US5030577A (en) * 1986-02-07 1991-07-09 Aluminum Company Of America In-line sampling/alloying system and method
US4865806A (en) * 1986-05-01 1989-09-12 Dural Aluminum Composites Corp. Process for preparation of composite materials containing nonmetallic particles in a metallic matrix
US4961461A (en) * 1988-06-16 1990-10-09 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Method and apparatus for continuous casting of composites
US5189953A (en) * 1992-05-21 1993-03-02 Consolidated Nbs, Inc. Electric motor driven imprinter
US5226946A (en) * 1992-05-29 1993-07-13 Howmet Corporation Vacuum melting/casting method to reduce inclusions
US6491423B1 (en) 1998-03-11 2002-12-10 Mc21, Incorporated Apparatus for mixing particles into a liquid medium
US6106588A (en) * 1998-03-11 2000-08-22 Mc21 Incorporated Preparation of metal matrix composites under atmospheric pressure
US20090224443A1 (en) * 2008-03-05 2009-09-10 Rundquist Victor F Niobium as a protective barrier in molten metals
US8844897B2 (en) 2008-03-05 2014-09-30 Southwire Company, Llc Niobium as a protective barrier in molten metals
US9327347B2 (en) 2008-03-05 2016-05-03 Southwire Company, Llc Niobium as a protective barrier in molten metals
US8574336B2 (en) 2010-04-09 2013-11-05 Southwire Company Ultrasonic degassing of molten metals
US8652397B2 (en) 2010-04-09 2014-02-18 Southwire Company Ultrasonic device with integrated gas delivery system
US9382598B2 (en) 2010-04-09 2016-07-05 Southwire Company, Llc Ultrasonic device with integrated gas delivery system
US9617617B2 (en) 2010-04-09 2017-04-11 Southwire Company, Llc Ultrasonic degassing of molten metals
US10640846B2 (en) 2010-04-09 2020-05-05 Southwire Company, Llc Ultrasonic degassing of molten metals
US9528167B2 (en) 2013-11-18 2016-12-27 Southwire Company, Llc Ultrasonic probes with gas outlets for degassing of molten metals
US10316387B2 (en) 2013-11-18 2019-06-11 Southwire Company, Llc Ultrasonic probes with gas outlets for degassing of molten metals
US10233515B1 (en) 2015-08-14 2019-03-19 Southwire Company, Llc Metal treatment station for use with ultrasonic degassing system

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB1428681A (en) 1976-03-17
JPS4951103A (ja) 1974-05-17
FR2188613A6 (ja) 1974-01-18
BE800028R (fr) 1973-09-17
IT1045355B (it) 1980-05-10
DE2329419A1 (de) 1973-12-20
CH568396A5 (ja) 1975-10-31

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