US3833285A - Retrodirective reflector visible over wide range of observation angles - Google Patents
Retrodirective reflector visible over wide range of observation angles Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3833285A US3833285A US00362653A US36265373A US3833285A US 3833285 A US3833285 A US 3833285A US 00362653 A US00362653 A US 00362653A US 36265373 A US36265373 A US 36265373A US 3833285 A US3833285 A US 3833285A
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- reflector
- angle
- elements
- light
- planes
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/12—Reflex reflectors
- G02B5/122—Reflex reflectors cube corner, trihedral or triple reflector type
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/12—Reflex reflectors
- G02B5/122—Reflex reflectors cube corner, trihedral or triple reflector type
- G02B5/124—Reflex reflectors cube corner, trihedral or triple reflector type plural reflecting elements forming part of a unitary plate or sheet
Definitions
- the third dihedral angleof at least some of the reflector elements is substantially greater than the angle of the other'two dihedral angles, so that light reflected by the reflector is diverged into an elongated pattern.
- a cube-corner retrodirective reflector operates to reflect incident light substantially back to the source of the light. Theoretically a beam emanating from the source and striking such a cube-corner reflector will travel back toward the source essentially along the path of the incident light. If such an ideal reflector were mounted on a roadway to be impinged by light emanating from a vehicle head lamp, the reflected light would be directed substantially back to the head lamp. The reflector would appear dark to the driver of the vehicle, since no light would be directed to his eyes.
- a cube-corner reflector does not have such perfect characteristics but rather, the reflected light takes the form of a narrow cone.
- This conical pattern is due to inaccuracies in the reflector elements, particularly curvature in thecube-corner faces thereof.
- the cone is defined by an angle of divergence (angle between cone element and cone axis) at any point within which the specific intensity of the reflected light exceeds a selected value.
- the observation angle is defined as the angle between a viewers line of sight to the reflector and aline from the source to the reflector.
- a cube-corner reflector reflect more light at substantial observation angles, such as 1.5.
- Adding curvature to the cube-corner faces to increase the divergence angle to 15 is not satisfactory, since the intensity of light at observation angles of between and 0.5 would be much too low.
- One solution has been to place prismatic elements or cylindrical surfaces on the front surface of the reflector, which are respectively aligned with selected ones of the cube-corner elements on the back surface.
- prismatic elements serve to change the axis along which a peak response is achieved, that is, the nominal divergence axis, from 0 to another value, such as l.3.
- One disadvantage in this approach is that precise registry between the prismatic element and its associated cube-corner reflector element is necessary, but is difficult to achieve.
- the use of cylindrical surfaces modifies the divergence angle, with the attendant disadvantage above noted.
- Another object is to provide a retrodirective reflector which has high reflectivity at greater-than-usual observation angles but does not require the use of prismatic formations or the like on the front surface.
- Still another object is to provide a reflector which has good response at small observation angles, specifically between 0 and 0.5, yet has an improved response at greater observation angles, such as l.5.
- Yet another object is to provide a reflector in which the reflector elements are constructed to have nominal divergence axes at different angles, that is, the nominal divergence axes of some reflector elements are arranged at an angle of 0, the nominal divergence axes of other reflector elements are arranged atanother angle, say l.3, and perhaps the nominal divergence axes of still other reflector elements are arranged at other angles.
- a retrodirective reflector for retrodirectively reflecting light in an elongated pattern, the reflector comprising a body of transparent material having a light-receiving front face, and a plurality of retrodirective reflector elements at the rear of the body, each of the reflector elements having first and second and third faces intersecting to form first and second and third dihedral angles, the edges respectively defined by the first dihedral angles lying in parallel first planes, the second and third dihedral angles of each reflector element being substantially the first dihedral angle of at least some of the reflector elements being substantially greater the associated second and third dihedral angles, whereby light reflected by the reflector is diverged to a greater extent in planes perpendicular to the first plane than in planes parallel to the first plane.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the'rear surface of a reflector incorporating the features of the present invention, some of the reflector elements being shaded to denote those having nominal divergence axes at angles other than substantially 0;
- FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the reflector of FIG. 1, being impinged by incident light and illustrating the manner in which the reflected lightstrikes a receiving member, such as a sheet of film;
- FIG. 3 is an enlarged fragmentary view of a portion of the rear surface of the reflector of FIG. 1 on an enlarged scale and showing a group of the reflector elements;
- FIG. 4 is a greatly enlarged view of the reflector ele-- ment in' the circle marked 4 of FIG. 3;
- FIG. 5 is a view in cross section, taken along the line 5-5 of FIG. 4;
- FIG. 6 is a view in cross section, taken along the line 6-.6 of FIG. 4; I
- FIG. 7 is a view in cross section, taken along the line 7-7 of FIG. 6;
- FIG. 8 depicts a pattern produced by light reflected from a standard reflector element
- FIG. 9 depicts a pattern produced by light reflected from a unique reflector element incorporating one of the features of the present invention
- FIG. 10 depicts a curve plotting specific intensity against observation angle for the reflector of FIG. 1;
- FIG. 11 is an exploded view of a portion of the curve of FIG. 10.
- the reflector 20 comprises a body 21 of transparent material formed of a synthetic organic plastic resin, the preferred resin being methyl methacrylate.
- the body 21 has a smooth front face 22 which is also flat in the embodiment shown.
- the body 21 is provided with a configurated rear 23 schematically shown in FIG. 1.
- the configurated rear 23 is made up of a multiplicity of retrodirective reflector elements 40 (represented by shaded and unshaded squares) which serve to return the incoming ray back toward the source.
- the reflector has 320 unshaded reflector elements 40 (hereinafter characterized as standard reflector elements) and shaded reflector elements (hereinafter characterized as unique reflector elements).
- FIG. 2 the manner in which the reflector 20 operates will be described.
- a source of light 30 which emits a ray 31.
- the ray 3] passes through a hole 33 in a sheet of film 32.
- the ray 31 passes through the front face 22 of the re'- flector 20, through its body 21 to strike the configurated rear 23. Because of imperfections in the reflector 20, particularly in the flatness of the faces which make up the reflector elements, some of the light, as represented by the rays 31a and 31b, diverges. Thus, the returning light beam is in the form of a cone.
- the cone is defined by an angle of divergence (angle between an element of the cone and its axis) at any point within which the specific intensity of the reflected light exceeds a selected value. Depending upon the quality of the reflector, the angle of divergence will vary.
- FIGS. 3-6 illustrate the details of each of the reflector elements that make up the configurated rear 23 of the reflector.
- the reflector element is designated by the number 40 and includes three faces 41, 42, and 43 which intersect along edges 44, 45, and 46.
- the faces 41, 42, 43 are inclined away from a common peak or apex. 47.
- the reflector element 40 has an axis 48.
- Each reflector element 40 is square, although the outline could be rectangular, hexagonal, etc.
- Each reflector element 40 has one side 50'which is recilinear and is contained by the face 41.
- the end of the edge 44 divides a second side 51 into shorter and longer portions; the edge intersects a third side 52 and divides it into portions of equal length; and the edge 46 intersects a fourth side 53 and divides it into longer and shorter portions.
- the angle between the faces 41 and 42 issubstantially 90; similarly, in each reflector element 40, the angle between the faces 41 and 43 is also substantially 90.
- most of the reflector elements 40 also have an angle of substantially 90 between the faces 42 and 43, which are the standard reflector elements 40 that are unshaded in FIG- 1. An angle can exceed 90 by as much as 6 or 7 and still be substantially 90.
- the unique reflector elements 40 (those shaded in FIG. 1) have an angle between the faces 42 and 43 sub-. stantially greater than the angle between the faces 41 and 42 and the angle between the faces 41 and 43; for example, the angle between the faces 42 and 43 can be 9030. The angle between the faces 41 and 42 and the angle between the faces 41 and 43 remains substantially 90. In either event, because the edge 45 is and remains substantially perpendicular to the face 41, the above-described swivel of the face 42 does not affect the angle it forms with the face 41.
- the angle 55 between the faces 42 and 43 is substantially greater than the angles between the faces 41-42 and 41-43.
- the phantom line marked 56 represents an end view of a plane passing through the edge 45 and the element axis 48.
- the face 42 forms an angle 57 with the plane 56; and the face 43 forms an angle 58 with the plane 56.
- the angles 57 and 58 may each be 4515, in which case both faces 42 and 43 would have been swiveled in opposite directions about the edge 45.
- one of the faces, for example, 43 may remain fixed, so that it forms an angle of 45 with respect to the plane 56 and the other face 42 is swiveled about the edge 45 to furnish the desired angle. If the angle was 9030, the angle 57 would be selected to be 4530.
- FIG. 8 illustrates a piece of film 32 which has been exposed to a light beam reflected by a standard reflector element 40.
- An irregular area 60 centered about the hole 33 represents light reflected from the reflector 20. Since the light diverges, as exemplified by the rays 31a and 31b in FIG. 2, the light will not be concentrated at the center of the hole 33, but, rather, will have some finite size. The intensity at the center of the returning beam will have a maximum value; the farther from the center, the lower the intensity of the beam. Accordingly, the size of the area 60 will be determined by the time the film 32 is exposed. Because the angles between the faces 41-42,
- the light reflected by a standard element is in the pattern of a narrow, cone having a given angle of divergence.
- the pattern illustrated in FIG. 9 results.
- the exposed areas are displaced in a direction normal to planes containing the edges 45 and the element axes 48. If these planes are horizontal, which is the orientation illustrated in FIG. 3, then the displacement takes place vertically.
- the reflected light will cause an area 61 displaced upwardly a distance 62 from the center of the hole 33.
- the reflected light will cause an area 63 displaced downwardly from the center of the hole 33 a distance 64.
- the'angle of the nominal divergence axis can be calculated. With the angle between the faces 42 and 43 about 9030, the angle of the nominal divergence axis in each direction is about l.3. It is at this angle (up and down) where the peak light response is achieved. In much the same way as the irregular area 60 in FIG. 8
- the areas 61 and 63 represent varying intensities of the beam about a nominal divergence axis at an angle of 1.3".
- FIG. 10 depicts a curve, plotting specific intensity, measured in candle power per footcandle of incident light, against observation angle for the reflector 20.
- the reflector 20 furnished candle power per foot candle of incident light at an observation angle of 0 (line of sight aligned with nominal divergence axis of standard reflector elements 40).
- the specific intensity decreased to 20 at an observation angle of 0.5".
- the nominal divergence axis of the 320 standard reflector elements 40 in FIG. 1 is at an angle of 0".
- FIG. 11 is a vertically expanded version of the curve of FIG. 10 in the region of observation angles from 07 to 1.5".
- the nominal divergence axes of the unique reflector elements 40 are at an angle of l.3.
- the reflected light is in the form of cones centered about such axes.
- the value of the specific intensity at 1.3 is dependent on the number of unique reflector elements. Thus, if the number of unique reflector elements were increased, the specific intensity at 13 would increase. Assuming a fixed area accommodating 350 reflector elements 40 in all, increasing the number of unique" elements by 30 would result in a decrease by 30 of the number of standard reflector elements. The latter would result in a decrease in specific intensity of about 10% at the lower observation angles.
- the reflector 20 thus has a peak responseat about due to the standard reflector elements and another peak response at 13, due to the unique reflector elements.
- the total number of reflector elements 40 in the reflector 20, and the ratio in the number of standar elements to the number of unique elements control the values of specific intensity.
- the curves illustrated in FIG. 10 and 11 are merely exemplary.
- the standard reflector elements in the instant embodiment have angles of substantially 90, so as to furnish a nominal divergence axis at an angle of substantially-0, all three angles can be as much as a few minutes greater than 90, so that the nominal divergence axis angle would be as much as a few tenths of a degree.
- the angle 55 associated with the unique reflector elements 40 can have any value substantially greater than the other two angles, depending upon at what angle the nominal divergence axis or peak value of specific intensity is required.
- the unique reflector elements 40 have I a divergence angle characteristic similar to the divergence angle characteristic of the standard reflector servation angles, while the unique reflector elements 40 enable the reflector 20 to be visible at greater observation angles; If desired, reflector elements having nominal divergence axes at other angles may be employed. For example, reflector elements 40 having a nominal divergence axis at an angle of 0.8 may be provided to increase the response of the reflector 20 at that angle. Reflector elements having nominal divergence axes at several intermediate angles will flatten out the curves of FIGS. 10 and 11.
- the angle of divergence or spread of the curves in FIGS. 10 and 11 in the region of the peak response can be controlled by modifying the faces of the reflector elements 40. By adding some cylindrical curvature thereto, the spread may be increased.
- the reflector 20 may be mounted so that planes containing the edges 45 of the reflector elements 40 are arranged horizontally. In that case displacement of the nominal divergence axes occurs in vertical planes.
- a retrodirective reflector for retrodirectively reflecting light in an elongated pattern, said reflector comprising a body of transparent material having a light-receiving front face, and a plurality of retrodirective reflector elements at the rear of said body, each of said reflector elements having first and second and third faces intersecting to form first and second and third dihedral angles, the edges respectively defined by said first dihedral angles lying in parallel first planes, said second and third dihedral angles of each reflector element being substantially said first dihedral angle of at least some of said reflector elements being substantially greater than the associated second and third dihedral angles, whereby the light reflected by said reflector is diverged to a greater extent in planes perpendicular to said first planes than in planes parallel to said first planes.
Abstract
Description
Claims (5)
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US00362653A US3833285A (en) | 1973-05-22 | 1973-05-22 | Retrodirective reflector visible over wide range of observation angles |
CA195,532A CA996529A (en) | 1973-05-22 | 1974-03-20 | Retrodirective reflector visible over wide range of observation angles |
GB1380874A GB1458434A (en) | 1973-05-22 | 1974-03-28 | Retrodirective reflector |
DE2419629A DE2419629A1 (en) | 1973-05-22 | 1974-04-24 | REFLECTIVE REFLECTOR |
FR7414862A FR2231020B1 (en) | 1973-05-22 | 1974-04-29 | |
IT68537/74A IT1014202B (en) | 1973-05-22 | 1974-05-16 | REFLECTOR |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US00362653A US3833285A (en) | 1973-05-22 | 1973-05-22 | Retrodirective reflector visible over wide range of observation angles |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3833285A true US3833285A (en) | 1974-09-03 |
Family
ID=23426988
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US00362653A Expired - Lifetime US3833285A (en) | 1973-05-22 | 1973-05-22 | Retrodirective reflector visible over wide range of observation angles |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3833285A (en) |
CA (1) | CA996529A (en) |
DE (1) | DE2419629A1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2231020B1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB1458434A (en) |
IT (1) | IT1014202B (en) |
Cited By (36)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0269329A2 (en) | 1986-11-21 | 1988-06-01 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Cube-corner retroreflective articles having tailored divergence profiles |
EP0269327A2 (en) * | 1986-11-21 | 1988-06-01 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Roadway sign |
EP0342958A2 (en) | 1988-05-20 | 1989-11-23 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | High efficiency cube-corner retroreflective material |
US4895428A (en) * | 1988-07-26 | 1990-01-23 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | High efficiency retroreflective material |
US5122902A (en) * | 1989-03-31 | 1992-06-16 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Retroreflective articles having light-transmissive surfaces |
US5138488A (en) * | 1990-09-10 | 1992-08-11 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Retroreflective material with improved angularity |
EP0506517A1 (en) * | 1991-03-28 | 1992-09-30 | AEROSPATIALE Société Nationale Industrielle | Long range laser telemetry device |
US5393166A (en) * | 1993-05-10 | 1995-02-28 | Target Recycling Inc. | Reflective marker from recyclable material |
US5570230A (en) * | 1993-12-31 | 1996-10-29 | Aerospatiale Societe Nationale Industrielle | Retroreflector for laser geodesy with omnidirectional correction of speed aberrations |
US5657169A (en) * | 1992-02-05 | 1997-08-12 | Dbm Reflex Enterprises Inc. | Lens and method of making same |
WO1999015921A1 (en) * | 1997-09-25 | 1999-04-01 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Dual use reflective article |
WO1999015920A1 (en) * | 1997-09-25 | 1999-04-01 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Reflective article incorporating highly nonorthogonal reflecting surfaces |
US6015214A (en) * | 1996-05-30 | 2000-01-18 | Stimsonite Corporation | Retroreflective articles having microcubes, and tools and methods for forming microcubes |
JP2002507944A (en) * | 1997-07-02 | 2002-03-12 | ミネソタ マイニング アンド マニュファクチャリング カンパニー | Method for manufacturing a plurality of thin plates used in a mold for forming a retroreflective cube corner article, mold, and article formed thereby |
JP2002509495A (en) * | 1997-07-02 | 2002-03-26 | ミネソタ マイニング アンド マニュファクチャリング カンパニー | Retroreflective cube corner sheet mold, sheet forming the mold, and method of manufacturing the sheet |
US20020196542A1 (en) * | 1997-12-01 | 2002-12-26 | Reflexite Corporation | Multi-orientation retroreflective structure |
WO2002101423A3 (en) * | 2001-06-11 | 2003-04-24 | Avery Dennison Corp | Retroreflector with controlled divergence made by the method of groove undulation |
US20040066554A1 (en) * | 2002-10-08 | 2004-04-08 | Eastman Kodak Company | Method for making a modified cube corner retro-reflective screen |
US20040114243A1 (en) * | 2002-12-12 | 2004-06-17 | Couzin Dennis I. | Retroreflector with controlled divergence made by the method of localized substrate stress |
US20050141092A1 (en) * | 2003-12-24 | 2005-06-30 | Couzin Dennis I. | Cube corner retroreflector with limited range |
US20070007441A1 (en) * | 2002-04-14 | 2007-01-11 | Gubela Hans-Erich Sr | Wide-angle sensor system with a cube corner reflector, and production of the molds |
US20070071932A1 (en) * | 2005-09-26 | 2007-03-29 | Kejian Huang | Retroreflective sheeting |
US20080012162A1 (en) * | 2006-07-17 | 2008-01-17 | Chapman Steven R | Method of making an array of aberrated optical elements |
US20080212182A1 (en) * | 2007-03-02 | 2008-09-04 | Technology Solutions & Invention Llc | Two-sided corner-cube retroreflectors and methods of manufacturing the same |
US20080212181A1 (en) * | 2005-06-16 | 2008-09-04 | Avery Dennison Corporation | Retroreflective Sheet Structure |
WO2009028162A1 (en) | 2007-08-24 | 2009-03-05 | Nippon Carbide Industries Co., Inc | Cube corner retroreflective article |
US20090097118A1 (en) * | 2005-06-23 | 2009-04-16 | Imos Gubela Gmbh | Light-Reflecting Triple, Reflector, as Well as Method for Recognizing an Object |
US20100232019A1 (en) * | 2003-03-06 | 2010-09-16 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Lamina comprising cube corner elements and retroreflective sheeting |
US20130300594A1 (en) * | 2012-05-10 | 2013-11-14 | Ray Rard | Low Profile Conforming Radar Reflector |
EP2442148B1 (en) | 2003-03-06 | 2016-06-08 | 3M Innovative Properties Co. | Lamina comprising cube corner elements and retroreflective sheeting |
WO2018151960A1 (en) | 2017-02-14 | 2018-08-23 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Non-orthogonal cube corner elements and arrays thereof made by end milling |
US20190137860A1 (en) * | 2016-03-11 | 2019-05-09 | Mirraviz, Inc. | Customized reflection profiles for retro-reflective display system optimization |
US10444615B2 (en) * | 2017-08-29 | 2019-10-15 | Avery Dennison Corporation | Retroreflective sheeting for projector-based display system |
US10908329B2 (en) | 2014-07-14 | 2021-02-02 | S.V.V. Technology Innovations, Inc. | High incidence angle retroreflective sheeting |
DE102018112043B4 (en) | 2018-05-18 | 2022-01-13 | Hans-Erich Gubela | Arrangement of a retroreflector with optical elements |
US11280659B2 (en) * | 2019-08-23 | 2022-03-22 | Endress+Hauser SE+Co. KG | Reflector for radar-based fill level detection |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AU560276B2 (en) * | 1983-09-12 | 1987-04-02 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Cube-corner retroreflective articles |
DE10119671A1 (en) * | 2001-04-20 | 2002-10-24 | Sen Hans-Erich Gubela | Deflecting mirror structure consisting of a large number of triples |
Citations (4)
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US1671086A (en) * | 1923-07-09 | 1928-05-22 | Jonathan C Stimson | Reflecting device |
US2029375A (en) * | 1931-02-26 | 1936-02-04 | W P Montgomery | Reflector |
US2055298A (en) * | 1932-12-31 | 1936-09-22 | Leray Gustave | Light reflector |
US2216325A (en) * | 1939-04-21 | 1940-10-01 | Nat Colortype Company | Prismatic reflecting structure |
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FR559726A (en) * | 1922-01-12 | 1923-09-20 | Reflector refinements | |
US2682807A (en) * | 1949-12-10 | 1954-07-06 | Gen Motors Corp | Signal reflector |
FR1240121A (en) * | 1959-07-29 | 1960-09-02 | E Manducher & Co Sa | Wide field translucent tetrahedral reflector |
FR1270464A (en) * | 1960-10-19 | 1961-08-25 | Catadioptric reflector |
-
1973
- 1973-05-22 US US00362653A patent/US3833285A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1974
- 1974-03-20 CA CA195,532A patent/CA996529A/en not_active Expired
- 1974-03-28 GB GB1380874A patent/GB1458434A/en not_active Expired
- 1974-04-24 DE DE2419629A patent/DE2419629A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1974-04-29 FR FR7414862A patent/FR2231020B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1974-05-16 IT IT68537/74A patent/IT1014202B/en active
Patent Citations (4)
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US1671086A (en) * | 1923-07-09 | 1928-05-22 | Jonathan C Stimson | Reflecting device |
US2029375A (en) * | 1931-02-26 | 1936-02-04 | W P Montgomery | Reflector |
US2055298A (en) * | 1932-12-31 | 1936-09-22 | Leray Gustave | Light reflector |
US2216325A (en) * | 1939-04-21 | 1940-10-01 | Nat Colortype Company | Prismatic reflecting structure |
Cited By (105)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0269329A2 (en) | 1986-11-21 | 1988-06-01 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Cube-corner retroreflective articles having tailored divergence profiles |
EP0269327A2 (en) * | 1986-11-21 | 1988-06-01 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Roadway sign |
EP0269327A3 (en) * | 1986-11-21 | 1988-09-14 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Roadway sign |
US4775219A (en) * | 1986-11-21 | 1988-10-04 | Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Company | Cube-corner retroreflective articles having tailored divergence profiles |
US4938563A (en) * | 1986-11-21 | 1990-07-03 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | High efficiency cube corner retroflective material |
EP0342958A2 (en) | 1988-05-20 | 1989-11-23 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | High efficiency cube-corner retroreflective material |
EP0342958A3 (en) * | 1988-05-20 | 1990-02-21 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | High efficiency cube-corner retroreflective material |
AU620399B2 (en) * | 1988-05-20 | 1992-02-20 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | High efficiency cube-corner retroreflective material |
US4895428A (en) * | 1988-07-26 | 1990-01-23 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | High efficiency retroreflective material |
EP0356005A1 (en) * | 1988-07-26 | 1990-02-28 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | High efficiency retroreflective material |
US5122902A (en) * | 1989-03-31 | 1992-06-16 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Retroreflective articles having light-transmissive surfaces |
US5138488A (en) * | 1990-09-10 | 1992-08-11 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Retroreflective material with improved angularity |
US5202743A (en) * | 1991-03-28 | 1993-04-13 | Societe Nationale Industrielle Et Aerospatiale | Long range laser ranging device |
EP0506517A1 (en) * | 1991-03-28 | 1992-09-30 | AEROSPATIALE Société Nationale Industrielle | Long range laser telemetry device |
FR2674637A1 (en) * | 1991-03-28 | 1992-10-02 | Aerospatiale | LASER TELEMETRY DEVICE WITH HIGH DISTANCE. |
US5657169A (en) * | 1992-02-05 | 1997-08-12 | Dbm Reflex Enterprises Inc. | Lens and method of making same |
US5393166A (en) * | 1993-05-10 | 1995-02-28 | Target Recycling Inc. | Reflective marker from recyclable material |
US5570230A (en) * | 1993-12-31 | 1996-10-29 | Aerospatiale Societe Nationale Industrielle | Retroreflector for laser geodesy with omnidirectional correction of speed aberrations |
USRE40455E1 (en) | 1996-05-30 | 2008-08-12 | Avery Dennison Corporation | Retroreflective articles having microcubes, and tools and methods for forming microcubes |
US6767102B1 (en) | 1996-05-30 | 2004-07-27 | Avery Dennison Corporation | Retroreflective articles having microcubes, and tools and methods for forming microcubes |
EP2246182A2 (en) | 1996-05-30 | 2010-11-03 | Avery Dennison Corporation | Retroreflective articles having microcubes, and tools and methods for forming microcubes |
US6015214A (en) * | 1996-05-30 | 2000-01-18 | Stimsonite Corporation | Retroreflective articles having microcubes, and tools and methods for forming microcubes |
USRE40700E1 (en) | 1996-05-30 | 2009-04-14 | Avery Dennison Corporation | Retroreflective articles having microcubes, and tools and methods for forming microcubes |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB1458434A (en) | 1976-12-15 |
FR2231020B1 (en) | 1979-09-28 |
FR2231020A1 (en) | 1974-12-20 |
CA996529A (en) | 1976-09-07 |
DE2419629A1 (en) | 1974-12-12 |
IT1014202B (en) | 1977-04-20 |
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