US3832266A - Fiberglass laminate backed ceramic armor - Google Patents

Fiberglass laminate backed ceramic armor Download PDF

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Publication number
US3832266A
US3832266A US31239872A US3832266A US 3832266 A US3832266 A US 3832266A US 31239872 A US31239872 A US 31239872A US 3832266 A US3832266 A US 3832266A
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United States
Prior art keywords
fiberglass
cloth
fiberglass laminate
silicone oil
oil
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
Inventor
P Archibald
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US Department of Army
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US Department of Army
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Publication date
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Priority to US31239872 priority Critical patent/US3832266A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3832266A publication Critical patent/US3832266A/en
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Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
    • B32B5/24—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/26—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer another layer next to it also being fibrous or filamentary
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/02—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres in the form of fibres or filaments
    • B32B17/04—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres in the form of fibres or filaments bonded with or embedded in a plastic substance
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B9/00—Layered products comprising a layer of a particular substance not covered by groups B32B11/00 - B32B29/00
    • B32B9/005—Layered products comprising a layer of a particular substance not covered by groups B32B11/00 - B32B29/00 comprising one layer of ceramic material, e.g. porcelain, ceramic tile
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B9/00—Layered products comprising a layer of a particular substance not covered by groups B32B11/00 - B32B29/00
    • B32B9/04—Layered products comprising a layer of a particular substance not covered by groups B32B11/00 - B32B29/00 comprising such particular substance as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
    • B32B9/047—Layered products comprising a layer of a particular substance not covered by groups B32B11/00 - B32B29/00 comprising such particular substance as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material made of fibres or filaments
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
    • F41H5/02—Plate construction
    • F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
    • F41H5/0414—Layered armour containing ceramic material
    • F41H5/0428—Ceramic layers in combination with additional layers made of fibres, fabrics or plastics
    • F41H5/0435—Ceramic layers in combination with additional layers made of fibres, fabrics or plastics the additional layers being only fibre- or fabric-reinforced layers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
    • B32B2262/10—Inorganic fibres
    • B32B2262/101—Glass fibres
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2571/00—Protective equipment
    • B32B2571/02—Protective equipment defensive, e.g. armour plates, anti-ballistic clothing
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/30—Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
    • Y10T442/3472—Woven fabric including an additional woven fabric layer
    • Y10T442/3528—Three or more fabric layers

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an improved high-impactstrength fiberglass laminate and more particularly to a fiberglass laminate which may be utilized in conjunction with a ceramic as a backing material.
  • the coupling agent is designated as applied to the fabric as a chemical surface treatment in the form of a size if it is applied as the fibers are formed.
  • a finish is reference to surface treatment applied after the fibers are fabricated into yarn or woven fabric.
  • Temporary sizes are utilized in the production of yarns and fabrics. Temporary sizes generally contain such ingredients as dextrinized starch gum, hydrogenated vegetable oil, nonionic emulsifying agent, cationic lubricant gelatin, and polyvinyl alcohol. The above ingredients are commonly called starch-oil sizes.
  • Commercial manufacture of fiberglass usually apply a starch-oil coating to the glass fibers as they are drawn from the spinneret. This lubricating coating prevents the individual fibers from abrading one another when they are woven into glass cloth.
  • starch-oil size While the presence of a starch-oil size on the fabrics is beneficial for some applications, it is not compatible with some resins, does not wet-out well, and gives poor laminate wet strength retention. Consequently, the starch-oil size is usually removed by a burning-off process known as heat cleaning, which involves subjecting the material to a temperature of around 650 R, wherein most of the organic sizing is burned off. The usual commercial practice is then to apply a finish to the heat cleaned cloth which will allow for the formation of a chemical bond between the glass fibers and the resin matrix.
  • heat cleaning a burning-off process
  • a compatible size or chemical bonding type of size typically contains a coupling agent, a lubricant and a film former.
  • Compatible sizes are categorized by their coupling agent which is generally a silane or chrome complex.
  • woven roving For economic reasons as well as performance, a desirable type of glass fabric for use in armor backing is known in the trade as woven roving. This material is relatively coarse and is not subjected to excess abrasion when it is in the loom and in the process of being formed into cloth. Hence, it is the usual commercial practice to apply a chemical bonding type of size to the glass fibers as they are drawn from the melt. This eliminates the heat cleaning and the reapplication of a finish.
  • fiberglass cloth, style 1543 which is a unidirectional cloth manufactured by Hexcel Corporation of Dublin, Calif.
  • the fiberglass cloth was made from fibers manufactured by Corning Glass Company, to which a starch-oil size has been applied.
  • Silicone oil (Dow Corning, DC-ZOO; 1000 centistokes) in an amount of 0.7% by weight was applied to the fiberglass cloth from a xylene solution in a commercial coating tower, which comprises conveying means and a dip tank, wherein the fiberglass cloth is conducted through the silicone containing solution in the dip tank.
  • Laminates consisting of 34 plies were constructed from the treated cloth. The laminates were bonded to 0.34" thick alumina targets with an adhesive sold under the trademark of Glom-O-N, manufactured by Thermo Resist, Inc., Fullerton, Calif.
  • Table 1 below sets forth the effects of the surface finish of a fiberglass laminate on ballistic performance. Table 1 shows the effect of applying various amounts of silicone oil to fiberglass cloth having an original starch-oil finish, which has been subjected to heat treatment of around 650 F. All targets were 0.34" thick alumina backed with 34 ply fiberglass laminate. 0.30 caliber armorpiercing projectiles were utilized. The reference to V represents the average projectile velocity required to penetrate the target.
  • the high-impactstrength fiberglass laminate has other applications, e.g., lining the cabin of aircrafts.
  • fabric KC-2408 which is a woven roving of the type most useful for armor backing, was also evaluated. The results are set forth in Table 3 below. This fabric is normally available only with a silane type of chemical coupling agent applied at the time the glass fibers are drawn. The target and projectiles utilized in the evaluation were identical to those used in the tests set forth in Tables 1 and 2. Six plies of like woven roving fabric were required to make a laminate of a thickness equivalent to 34 plies of the 1543 cloth style.
  • test no. 1 of Table 3 no silicone oil was applied to the fabric. An application of 0.7% by weight silicone oil resulted is improved ballistic performance as shown in test No 2.
  • An armor material consisting of a ceramic material to which has been bonded a backing consisting of a fiberglass laminate, said fiberglass laminate being constructed of a plurality of plies having a starch-oil size and a ballistically effective amount of about 0.7% by weight of a silicone oil finish.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)

Abstract

A FIBERGLASS LAMINATE WHICH MAY BE UTILIZED IN CONJUNCTION WITH A CERAMIC AS A BACKING MATERIAL, CONSTRUCTED OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE FIBERGLASS CLOTH HAVING A TEMPORARY OR COMPATIBLE SIZE, AND HAVING APPLIED IN ADDITION THERETO A SMALL AMOUNT OF A SILICONE OIL FINISH.

Description

ate
Int. Cl. B32b 7/00 US. Cl. 161-93 2 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A fiberglass laminate which may be utilized in conjunction with a ceramic as a backing material, constructed of commercially available fiberglass cloth having a temporary or compatible size, and having applied in addition thereto a small amount of a silicone oil finish.
This invention relates to an improved high-impactstrength fiberglass laminate and more particularly to a fiberglass laminate which may be utilized in conjunction with a ceramic as a backing material.
Good adhesion between the glass and plastic matrix is obtained by the utilization agents which react with or bond strongly to the plastic matrix. The coupling agent is designated as applied to the fabric as a chemical surface treatment in the form of a size if it is applied as the fibers are formed. A finish is reference to surface treatment applied after the fibers are fabricated into yarn or woven fabric.
There are two general types of sizes: temporary and compatible. Temporary sizes are utilized in the production of yarns and fabrics. Temporary sizes generally contain such ingredients as dextrinized starch gum, hydrogenated vegetable oil, nonionic emulsifying agent, cationic lubricant gelatin, and polyvinyl alcohol. The above ingredients are commonly called starch-oil sizes. Commercial manufacture of fiberglass usually apply a starch-oil coating to the glass fibers as they are drawn from the spinneret. This lubricating coating prevents the individual fibers from abrading one another when they are woven into glass cloth. While the presence of a starch-oil size on the fabrics is beneficial for some applications, it is not compatible with some resins, does not wet-out well, and gives poor laminate wet strength retention. Consequently, the starch-oil size is usually removed by a burning-off process known as heat cleaning, which involves subjecting the material to a temperature of around 650 R, wherein most of the organic sizing is burned off. The usual commercial practice is then to apply a finish to the heat cleaned cloth which will allow for the formation of a chemical bond between the glass fibers and the resin matrix.
A compatible size or chemical bonding type of size typically contains a coupling agent, a lubricant and a film former. Compatible sizes are categorized by their coupling agent which is generally a silane or chrome complex.
For economic reasons as well as performance, a desirable type of glass fabric for use in armor backing is known in the trade as woven roving. This material is relatively coarse and is not subjected to excess abrasion when it is in the loom and in the process of being formed into cloth. Hence, it is the usual commercial practice to apply a chemical bonding type of size to the glass fibers as they are drawn from the melt. This eliminates the heat cleaning and the reapplication of a finish.
Theoretical studies indicate that the ballistic performance of fiberglass laminates used in armor should improve if the individual glass fibers can absorb more projectile energy when they act individually than when they are resin-bonded to each other in a network. In an attempt to demonstrate this theoretical prediction, various investigators have applied a surfacefinish of silicone oil to commercial heat cleaned fiberglass cloth, the intention being to lubricate the individual fibers so that they can slip past one another when they decouple from the resin matrix. The ballistic performance of such siliconetreated laminates has been unexpectedly poor. Very little improvement has been noted in comparison with laminates which have not been treated with silicone oil.
I have discovered that if silicone oil is applied to commercially available glass fabric which still has the manufacturers temporary or compatible size and which has not been heat cleaned, a significant improvement in ballistic performance of the resulting laminate is obtained.
It is an object of the present invention to provide and disclose an improved high-impact-strength fiberglass laminate.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide and disclose an improved high-impact-strength fiberglass laminate bonded to a ceramic.
Other objects and a fuller understanding of the invention may be had by referring to the following description and claims.
In a specific example to illustrate one aspect of the in vention, fiberglass cloth, style 1543, which is a unidirectional cloth manufactured by Hexcel Corporation of Dublin, Calif., was utilized. The fiberglass cloth was made from fibers manufactured by Corning Glass Company, to which a starch-oil size has been applied. Silicone oil (Dow Corning, DC-ZOO; 1000 centistokes) in an amount of 0.7% by weight was applied to the fiberglass cloth from a xylene solution in a commercial coating tower, which comprises conveying means and a dip tank, wherein the fiberglass cloth is conducted through the silicone containing solution in the dip tank. Laminates consisting of 34 plies were constructed from the treated cloth. The laminates were bonded to 0.34" thick alumina targets with an adhesive sold under the trademark of Glom-O-N, manufactured by Thermo Resist, Inc., Fullerton, Calif.
Table 1 below sets forth the effects of the surface finish of a fiberglass laminate on ballistic performance. Table 1 shows the effect of applying various amounts of silicone oil to fiberglass cloth having an original starch-oil finish, which has been subjected to heat treatment of around 650 F. All targets were 0.34" thick alumina backed with 34 ply fiberglass laminate. 0.30 caliber armorpiercing projectiles were utilized. The reference to V represents the average projectile velocity required to penetrate the target.
The ballistic evaluations above were repeated as shown in Table 2 below, with the exception that the fiberglass alumina back-up material was not subjected to heat cleaning in order to remove the starch-oil size.
TABLE 2 Wt. percent silicone Table 1 discloses that surface treatment with silicone oil has a negligible effect on the ballistic performance of cloth that has been heat-cleaned to remove the original starch-oil size. Test No. 1 of Table 2 shows the improved ballistic performance of a cloth which had not been heatcleaned, and hence retained the original starch-oil size. This improved performance was obtained even in the absence of a silicone oil surface treatment as shown in Test No. 1. It appears that optimum ballistic performance is obtained by the application to the cloth of a maximum of around 0.7% by weight silicone oil. The application of 1.5% silicone oil resulted in decreased ballistic performance in comparison to the application of around 0.7% by weight.
In addition to the utilization of the fiberglass laminate in conjunction with a ceramic material, the high-impactstrength fiberglass laminate has other applications, e.g., lining the cabin of aircrafts.
In another aspect of the invention, fabric KC-2408 which is a woven roving of the type most useful for armor backing, was also evaluated. The results are set forth in Table 3 below. This fabric is normally available only with a silane type of chemical coupling agent applied at the time the glass fibers are drawn. The target and projectiles utilized in the evaluation were identical to those used in the tests set forth in Tables 1 and 2. Six plies of like woven roving fabric were required to make a laminate of a thickness equivalent to 34 plies of the 1543 cloth style.
In test no. 1 of Table 3, no silicone oil was applied to the fabric. An application of 0.7% by weight silicone oil resulted is improved ballistic performance as shown in test No 2.
Although I have described my invention with a certain degree of particularity, it is understood that the present disclosure has been made by way of example and that numerous changes may be resorted to without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Having described my invention, I claim:
1. An armor material consisting of a ceramic material to which has been bonded a backing consisting of a fiberglass laminate, said fiberglass laminate being constructed of a plurality of plies having a starch-oil size and a ballistically effective amount of about 0.7% by weight of a silicone oil finish.
2. An armor material in accordance with claim 1 wherein the ceramic material is alumina.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,683,828 8/1972 Alliegro et a1. 161-404 3,702,593 11/1972 Fine 16140-4 2,953,477 9/1960 Evans l6193 3,046,243 7/1962 Santelli 117-126 GS 3,445,267 5/1969 Layne 117126 GS 3,634,297 1/1972 Campbell 117126 GS OTHER REFERENCES Industrial Glass Fabrics, Hess, Goldsmith & Co., June 1, 1964, p. 6.
GEORGE F. LESMES, Primary Examiner J. J. BELL, Assistant Examiner US. Cl. X.R.
22.5; 117-126 GS; l61DIG. 04, 206, 404
US31239872 1972-12-05 1972-12-05 Fiberglass laminate backed ceramic armor Expired - Lifetime US3832266A (en)

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Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3873998A (en) * 1974-03-26 1975-04-01 Us Army Body armor system
FR2459956A1 (en) * 1979-06-26 1981-01-16 Cristiani Jacques Ballistic screens partic. for bulletproof sheeting for car body mfr. - incorporates laminate of fibrous materials combined with metal sheet, light in wt. and thin
US4352316A (en) * 1978-06-30 1982-10-05 Medlin Richard C Lightweight armored vehicle and method of making same using woven polyester glass protective sheets
US4547122A (en) * 1983-10-14 1985-10-15 Aeronautical Research Associates Of Princeton, Inc. Method of containing fractured turbine blade fragments
US6009791A (en) * 1998-06-05 2000-01-04 Medlin; Richard C. Armored vehicle with a retractable weapon platform system
US6327954B1 (en) 1993-06-03 2001-12-11 Richard C. Medlin Lightweight armored vehicle and method of making same
US20050235818A1 (en) * 2001-07-25 2005-10-27 Lucuta Petru G Ceramic components, ceramic component systems, and ceramic armour systems
US20100083428A1 (en) * 2008-10-06 2010-04-08 Mcelroy Michael Body Armor Plate Having Integrated Electronics Modules
US20110173731A1 (en) * 2010-01-15 2011-07-21 Mcelroy Michael Portable electrical power source for incorporation with an armored garment

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3873998A (en) * 1974-03-26 1975-04-01 Us Army Body armor system
US4352316A (en) * 1978-06-30 1982-10-05 Medlin Richard C Lightweight armored vehicle and method of making same using woven polyester glass protective sheets
FR2459956A1 (en) * 1979-06-26 1981-01-16 Cristiani Jacques Ballistic screens partic. for bulletproof sheeting for car body mfr. - incorporates laminate of fibrous materials combined with metal sheet, light in wt. and thin
US4547122A (en) * 1983-10-14 1985-10-15 Aeronautical Research Associates Of Princeton, Inc. Method of containing fractured turbine blade fragments
US6327954B1 (en) 1993-06-03 2001-12-11 Richard C. Medlin Lightweight armored vehicle and method of making same
US6009791A (en) * 1998-06-05 2000-01-04 Medlin; Richard C. Armored vehicle with a retractable weapon platform system
US20050235818A1 (en) * 2001-07-25 2005-10-27 Lucuta Petru G Ceramic components, ceramic component systems, and ceramic armour systems
US20080264243A1 (en) * 2001-07-25 2008-10-30 Petru Grigorie Lucuta Ceramic components, ceramic component systems, and ceramic armour systems
US7562612B2 (en) * 2001-07-25 2009-07-21 Aceram Materials & Technologies, Inc. Ceramic components, ceramic component systems, and ceramic armour systems
US20100101403A1 (en) * 2001-07-25 2010-04-29 Aceram Materials And Technologies Inc. Ceramic components, ceramic component systems, and ceramic armour systems
US8215223B2 (en) 2001-07-25 2012-07-10 Aceram Materials And Technologies Inc. Ceramic components, ceramic component systems, and ceramic armour systems
US20100083428A1 (en) * 2008-10-06 2010-04-08 Mcelroy Michael Body Armor Plate Having Integrated Electronics Modules
US7805767B2 (en) * 2008-10-06 2010-10-05 Bae Systems Land & Armaments Body armor plate having integrated electronics modules
US20110173731A1 (en) * 2010-01-15 2011-07-21 Mcelroy Michael Portable electrical power source for incorporation with an armored garment
US8502506B2 (en) 2010-01-15 2013-08-06 Bae Systems Aerospace & Defense Group Inc. Portable electrical power source for incorporation with an armored garment

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