US3791465A - Boring tool - Google Patents

Boring tool Download PDF

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Publication number
US3791465A
US3791465A US00303155A US3791465DA US3791465A US 3791465 A US3791465 A US 3791465A US 00303155 A US00303155 A US 00303155A US 3791465D A US3791465D A US 3791465DA US 3791465 A US3791465 A US 3791465A
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Prior art keywords
plates
boring tool
wheel
support
tool according
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US00303155A
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E Metge
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UNION IND
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UNION IND
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D9/00—Tunnels or galleries, with or without linings; Methods or apparatus for making thereof; Layout of tunnels or galleries
    • E21D9/10—Making by using boring or cutting machines
    • E21D9/1006—Making by using boring or cutting machines with rotary cutting tools
    • E21D9/104—Cutting tool fixtures
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B10/00—Drill bits
    • E21B10/08—Roller bits
    • E21B10/12—Roller bits with discs cutters
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B10/00—Drill bits
    • E21B10/46—Drill bits characterised by wear resisting parts, e.g. diamond inserts
    • E21B10/50—Drill bits characterised by wear resisting parts, e.g. diamond inserts the bit being of roller type
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B10/00—Drill bits
    • E21B10/46—Drill bits characterised by wear resisting parts, e.g. diamond inserts
    • E21B10/50—Drill bits characterised by wear resisting parts, e.g. diamond inserts the bit being of roller type
    • E21B10/52—Drill bits characterised by wear resisting parts, e.g. diamond inserts the bit being of roller type with chisel- or button-type inserts

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT Boring tool comprising a wheel in the form of a disk, formed by a substantially circular metal support provided at its periphery with elements made of a hard substance, said elements being plates arranged in a substantially contiguous configuration, the plane of said plates coinciding substantially with the plane of symmetry of said wheel perpendicular to the axis of rotation so as to produce a continuous crown.
  • the present invention concerns a boring tool, more particularly for a continuous boring machine and for hard ground, and relates, more particularly, to a tool comprising a wheel in disc form consisting of a substantially circular metal support provided at the periphery with elements made of a hard substance.
  • the shape of the studs and their arrangement on their metal support result in essentially discontinuous stresses on'the support of the wheel when the latter rotates freely about its axis, rolls on the ground during boring, giving rise to vibrations in the link members, more particularly in the case of sweeping arm machines, and reducing their service life.
  • the prior art studded tungsten carbide wheel for boring in hard ground has an outer diameter comprised of between 300 and 400 millimeters, whereas the peripheral spacing P is in the order of 40 millimeters.
  • the studs 1 are cylindrical and have spherical outer ends, their diameter being in the order of 15 millimeters, and they are fitted in a metal support 2 by embedding.
  • the curve 3 represents the variation of the stress F to which the wheel 2 is subjected during the course of time t.
  • duration A of the active phase that is, the phase during which a stud digs into the rock, andis subjected to a maximum stress M, is short in relation to the time B which passes between the successive digging actions of two neighboring studs. That time B is in the order of a hundredth of a second, whereas A is about five times less.
  • the essential feature of the invention consists in the use of plates made of ahard substance arranged in a substantially contiguous configuration, the plane of said plates coinciding substantially with the plane of symmetry of the wheel, perpendicular to the axis of rotation, so as to produce a continuous crown.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 show a known wheel fitted with studs
  • FIG. 3 shows variations, in the course of time, of the stress applied to the wheel in FIG. 1.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 show a wheel according to the invention, illustrated respectively in an elevation view and in a transversal cross-section view.
  • FIG. 6 shows the variations in the force applied, in the course of time, to the .wheel in FIG. 4.
  • the wheel according to the invention comprises the metal support 5 in the shape of a biconical circular ring, made of steel which resists abrasion, while tungsten carbide plates 4, arranged contiguously or at a slight distance from one another, so that the unit forms a continuous crown, are fixed by brazing in a circular groove formed in the said ring.
  • the embedded portion of the tungstencarbide plates 4 in the metal support 5 is greatly increased in relation to that of the cylindrical studs 1 in FIG. 1 that danger of breakage by bending is hence greatly reduced.
  • the retaining of the plates 4 in their embedding recesses is insured by any known means, more particularly by brazing on the support 5 according to any current technique, normally in a neutral atmosphere or in a vacuum; the support being adapted to facilitate the operation, or even by crimping.
  • the curve 7 represents the speed of the variations in the total stress F applied, during the course of time t, on the wheel of FIG. 4 for which a number of plates equal to 20, that is, equal to that of the studs in FIG. 2, has been chosen.
  • any substance having a hardness which is at least equivalent to that of tungsten carbide, either in the carbide family or in the nitride family, or even ceramic plates of the type used for machining tools and known under the trade name of ceroxydes, may furthermore be used.
  • a boring tool comprising: a wheel in disk form consisting of a substantially circular metal support provided at the periphery with elements made of a hard substance, the improvement wherein: said elements comprise plates arranged in a substantially contiguous configuration with the plane of the said plates coinciding substantially with the plane of symmetry of the said wheel perpendicular to the axis of rotation, so asto form a continuous crown.
  • the plates are made of one material of the group consisting of carbides and nitrides.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
  • Excavating Of Shafts Or Tunnels (AREA)

Abstract

Boring tool comprising a wheel in the form of a disk, formed by a substantially circular metal support provided at its periphery with elements made of a hard substance, said elements being plates arranged in a substantially contiguous configuration, the plane of said plates coinciding substantially with the plane of symmetry of said wheel perpendicular to the axis of rotation so as to produce a continuous crown.

Description

United States Patent [191 Metge BORING TOOL [75] Inventor: Emile Metge, Paris, France [73] Assignee: Union Industrielle Blanzy-Quest,
Paris, France [22] Filed: Nov. 2, 1972 [21] App1.No.:303,155
[30] Foreign Application Priority Data Nov. 10, 1971 France "7140324 [52] US. Cl. 175/373, 175/374 [51] Int. Cl. E2lc 13/01 [58] Field of Search 175/327, 351, 371375, 175/410 56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,516,340 11/1924 Holdaway et al. 175/351 1,691,623 11/1928 Black 175/373 X Feb. 12, 1974 2,121,202 6/1938 Killgore 175/374 2,223,864 12/1940 Zublin 175/373 2,887,302 5/1959 Gar'ner 175/374 3,191,699 6/1965 Robbins et al.. 175/374 3,596,724 8/1971 Bechem l 175/375 3,679,009 7/1972 Goodfellow l t 175/372 X Primary Examiner-David H. Brown Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Sughrue, Rothwell, Mion, Zinn & Macpeak [57] ABSTRACT Boring tool comprising a wheel in the form of a disk, formed by a substantially circular metal support provided at its periphery with elements made of a hard substance, said elements being plates arranged in a substantially contiguous configuration, the plane of said plates coinciding substantially with the plane of symmetry of said wheel perpendicular to the axis of rotation so as to produce a continuous crown.
7 Claims, 6 Drawing Figures PATENTERF'EB T 2 RM SHEET 1 RT 2 FIG. 1 PRloR ART) FIG. 2(PRIOR ART) F IG. 3(PRT0R ART) PAIENI FEB 1 21914 SHEET 2 BF 2 FIGS lllll Ill.
FIG.6
BORING TOOL BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention concerns a boring tool, more particularly for a continuous boring machine and for hard ground, and relates, more particularly, to a tool comprising a wheel in disc form consisting of a substantially circular metal support provided at the periphery with elements made of a hard substance.
-2. Description of the Prior Art It is known, indeed, that when the ground reaches a certain threshold of hardness, many manufacturers equip their boring machines with tools provided with tungsten carbide studs. These studs are generally arranged on a substantially circular metal support of the boring disk type in a same plane, or possibly in two neighboring parallel planes, perpendicular to the axis of the said support and with a relatively great peripheral interval, while the studs are cylindrical with spherical ends.
The shape of the studs and their arrangement on their metal support result in essentially discontinuous stresses on'the support of the wheel when the latter rotates freely about its axis, rolls on the ground during boring, giving rise to vibrations in the link members, more particularly in the case of sweeping arm machines, and reducing their service life.
In FIGS. 1 and 2, the prior art studded tungsten carbide wheel for boring in hard ground has an outer diameter comprised of between 300 and 400 millimeters, whereas the peripheral spacing P is in the order of 40 millimeters. The studs 1 are cylindrical and have spherical outer ends, their diameter being in the order of 15 millimeters, and they are fitted in a metal support 2 by embedding.
In FIG. 3, the curve 3 represents the variation of the stress F to which the wheel 2 is subjected during the course of time t.
It will be seen thatthe duration A of the active phase, that is, the phase during which a stud digs into the rock, andis subjected to a maximum stress M, is short in relation to the time B which passes between the successive digging actions of two neighboring studs. That time B is in the order of a hundredth of a second, whereas A is about five times less. I
It will also be noted that between two active phases, the normal stress becomes negative and has a minimum m, due to the resilient nature of the wheel and of its support, and assumes only small positive values m.
The result of this is that violent shocks occurring during the active phases expose all the mechanical elements linked to the wheel to high periodic alternate stresses. I
These various mechanical elements are inevitably assembled together with a certain amount of play, or by slightly rigid linking means. Primary shocks due to boring during the active phases induce, at the level of these linking means, secondary shocks in which the energy of the primary shocks is dissipated.
Practically, these phenomena result in wear, damage or breakage of the linking means, more particularly of the bearings, bushings, bolts and screw threads.
The direct disadvantages of this type of wheel are:
On the one hand,'adanger of breakage of the studs,
I on the other hand, the short service life of the metal support, on which the wear between thestuds by abrasion causes the baring of the studs, thus resulting in their breakage by bending.
It is therefore important to find means for limiting or even removing these causes of damage, and this is the aim of the present invention. For that purpose, the continuity of the cutting edge of the wheel, that is, of the hard parts of the latter in contact with the cutting face and penetrating the rock to bore it away, is reestablished.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The essential feature of the invention consists in the use of plates made of ahard substance arranged in a substantially contiguous configuration, the plane of said plates coinciding substantially with the plane of symmetry of the wheel, perpendicular to the axis of rotation, so as to produce a continuous crown.
The aims and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of an embodiment related to the. drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGS. 1 and 2 show a known wheel fitted with studs,
respectively in an elevation view and in a transversal cross-section view.
FIG. 3 shows variations, in the course of time, of the stress applied to the wheel in FIG. 1.
FIGS. 4 and 5 show a wheel according to the invention, illustrated respectively in an elevation view and in a transversal cross-section view.
FIG. 6 shows the variations in the force applied, in the course of time, to the .wheel in FIG. 4.
DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT In FIGS. 4 and 5, the wheel according to the invention comprises the metal support 5 in the shape of a biconical circular ring, made of steel which resists abrasion, while tungsten carbide plates 4, arranged contiguously or at a slight distance from one another, so that the unit forms a continuous crown, are fixed by brazing in a circular groove formed in the said ring.
The embedded portion of the tungstencarbide plates 4 in the metal support 5 is greatly increased in relation to that of the cylindrical studs 1 in FIG. 1 that danger of breakage by bending is hence greatly reduced.
Moreover, in a conventional wheel, wear by abrasion between the studs is often very fast, especially when the ground contains silica; this results in baring of the studs which rapidly causes their breakage by bending. Nothing of the sort can occur in the case of contiguous plates. Wear by abrasion concerns only the lateral faces of the metal support and is consequently very much slower because of the slight pressure to which they are subjected, and the service life of the tool is hence considerably lengthened.
The cumulated stoppage time of a boring machine resulting from the adding of the durations of each change of wheels is thus appreciably reduced because stoppage periods are rare, and this directly causes a substantial improvement of the overall efficiency of the said machine.
The retaining of the plates 4 in their embedding recesses is insured by any known means, more particularly by brazing on the support 5 according to any current technique, normally in a neutral atmosphere or in a vacuum; the support being adapted to facilitate the operation, or even by crimping.
In FIG 6, the curve 7 represents the speed of the variations in the total stress F applied, during the course of time t, on the wheel of FIG. 4 for which a number of plates equal to 20, that is, equal to that of the studs in FIG. 2, has been chosen.
Nevertheless, it is observed that the normal stress between two consecutive active phases is no longer cancelled as in a conventional studded wheel, as stated in FIG. 3, but keeps a relatively high positive value M. That positive value represents, at the level of the link means between the mechanical elements linked to the wheel, pre-stress efforts which take up any possible play and increase the rigidity of the link means.
These pre-stress efforts make it possible to transmit the energy due to primary shocks across the mechanical elements linked to the wheel without any secondary shocks occurring at the level of the link means. Downstream from the above-mentioned mechanical elements, the energy of the primary shocks is either retransmitted to the ground, or absorbed by a suitable damping element. Damage to the connection elements is prevented or at least greatly reduced.
It must be understood that the description set forth above of an embodiment of the invention constitutes only an example having no limiting character, and that numerous variations which will be obvious to the man in the art and correspond to the general definition which has been given thereof, do not go beyond the scope of the protection applied for.
Thus, inasmuch as concerns the plates, any substance having a hardness which is at least equivalent to that of tungsten carbide, either in the carbide family or in the nitride family, or even ceramic plates of the type used for machining tools and known under the trade name of ceroxydes, may furthermore be used.
It is known that the hardness qualities of a substance increase in the same direction as the fragility; that is why the plates whose greatest surfaces are arranged parallel to the transversal plane of symmetry of the support are embedded between two lateral cheeks insuring the required mechanical properties thereof.
What is claimed is:
1. In a boring tool comprising: a wheel in disk form consisting of a substantially circular metal support provided at the periphery with elements made of a hard substance, the improvement wherein: said elements comprise plates arranged in a substantially contiguous configuration with the plane of the said plates coinciding substantially with the plane of symmetry of the said wheel perpendicular to the axis of rotation, so asto form a continuous crown. V
2. The boring tool according to claim 1, wherein: said plates are fixed in a circular groove arranged in the plane of symmetry of the support, and wherein the support has the shape of a biconical circular ring.
3. The boring tool according to claim 1, wherein: the plates are made of one material of the group consisting of carbides and nitrides.
4. The boring tool according to claim 1, wherein the plates are made of a ceramic substance.
5. The boring tool according to claim 1 wherein: the plates are fixed to the support by brazing.
6. The boring tool according to claim 2 wherein: the plates are fixed to the support by brazing.
7. The boring tool according to claim 3, wherein: the
plates are fixed to the support by brazing.

Claims (7)

1. In a boring tool comprising: a wheel in disk form consisting of a substantially circular metal support provided at the periphery with elements made of a hard substance, the improvement wherein: said elements comprise plates arranged in a substantially contiguous configuration with the plane of the said plates coinciding substantially with the plane of symmetry of the said wheel perpendicular to the axis of rotation, so as to form a continuous crown.
2. The boring tool according to claim 1, wherein: said plates are fixed in a circular groove arranged in the plane of symmetry of the support, and wherein the support has the shape of a biconical circular ring.
3. The boring tool according to claim 1, wherein: the plates are made of one material of the group consisting of carbides and nitrides.
4. The boring tool according to claim 1, wherein the plates are made of a ceramic substance.
5. The boring tool according to claim 1 wherein: the plates are fixed to the support by brazing.
6. The boring tool according to claim 2 wherein: the plates are fixed to the support by brazing.
7. The boring tool according to claim 3, wherein: the plates are fixed to the support by brazing.
US00303155A 1971-11-10 1972-11-02 Boring tool Expired - Lifetime US3791465A (en)

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AU (1) AU468612B2 (en)
BE (1) BE790714A (en)
CA (1) CA964291A (en)
CH (1) CH561841A5 (en)
DE (1) DE2253414C2 (en)
ES (1) ES408225A1 (en)
FR (1) FR2159742A5 (en)
GB (1) GB1408794A (en)
IT (1) IT975468B (en)
NL (1) NL170764C (en)
SE (1) SE405882B (en)
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Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3858670A (en) * 1972-05-08 1975-01-07 Eugene Gray Ott Insert cutter for cutting kerfs
US4004645A (en) * 1974-07-31 1977-01-25 Gwilym James Rees Disc cutting units for use on rock boring machines
US5234064A (en) * 1992-03-09 1993-08-10 The Robbins Company Roller cutter assembly having adjustable ring cutter spacing
US5456522A (en) * 1991-10-14 1995-10-10 Kennametal Inc. Concave cutter bit
US5626201A (en) * 1993-09-20 1997-05-06 Excavation Engineering Associates, Inc. Disc cutter and method of replacing disc cutters
US5645323A (en) * 1995-12-11 1997-07-08 Kennametal Inc. Concave cutter bit with sacrificial constraint
US5904211A (en) * 1993-09-20 1999-05-18 Excavation Engineering Associates, Inc. Disc cutter and excavation equipment
EP1319797A1 (en) * 2001-12-15 2003-06-18 Sandra Duden Cutter ring of a roller disc in part and whole section boring machines
US20060144200A1 (en) * 2003-01-10 2006-07-06 Sandra Duden Cutting ring for disk rolls pertaining to partial and/or full cutting machines
US20110036639A1 (en) * 2009-08-13 2011-02-17 Baker Hughes Incorporated Roller cone disk with shaped compacts
US20140251696A1 (en) * 2013-03-08 2014-09-11 Us Synthetic Corporation Cutter assemblies, disc cutters, and related methods of manufacture
US9556733B2 (en) 2013-03-08 2017-01-31 Us Synthetic Corporation Tunnel boring machine disc cutters and related methods of manufacture

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AUPO106896A0 (en) * 1996-07-17 1996-08-08 Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation A disc cutter
CN114934782A (en) * 2022-07-22 2022-08-23 山西天地煤机装备有限公司 Cutting mechanism of heading machine and heading machine

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US1516340A (en) * 1923-04-18 1924-11-18 Petroleum Engineering Corp Rotary drilling bit
US1691623A (en) * 1925-06-17 1928-11-13 Lester C Black Well-drilling tool
US2121202A (en) * 1935-03-19 1938-06-21 Robert J Killgore Rotary bit
US2223864A (en) * 1939-03-13 1940-12-03 John A Zublin Roller cutter
US2887302A (en) * 1956-08-31 1959-05-19 Dresser Operations Inc Bit and cutter therefor
US3191699A (en) * 1963-02-18 1965-06-29 Robbins & Assoc James S Cutting wheel for rock drilling machine
US3596724A (en) * 1967-06-09 1971-08-03 J C Soding & Halback Kg Cutting roller
US3679009A (en) * 1971-02-02 1972-07-25 Kennametal Inc Rotary cutter for excavation, especially for use with raise boring and tunnel boring machines

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1143275A (en) * 1914-05-02 1915-06-15 Sharp Hughes Tool Company Domountable cutting edge for drilling-tools.
US1174578A (en) * 1914-08-04 1916-03-07 Sharp Hughes Tool Company Rotary disk drill.
GB807190A (en) * 1956-10-01 1959-01-07 Unternehmungen Der Eisenund St Rotary cutter for drilling earth and rock

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1516340A (en) * 1923-04-18 1924-11-18 Petroleum Engineering Corp Rotary drilling bit
US1691623A (en) * 1925-06-17 1928-11-13 Lester C Black Well-drilling tool
US2121202A (en) * 1935-03-19 1938-06-21 Robert J Killgore Rotary bit
US2223864A (en) * 1939-03-13 1940-12-03 John A Zublin Roller cutter
US2887302A (en) * 1956-08-31 1959-05-19 Dresser Operations Inc Bit and cutter therefor
US3191699A (en) * 1963-02-18 1965-06-29 Robbins & Assoc James S Cutting wheel for rock drilling machine
US3596724A (en) * 1967-06-09 1971-08-03 J C Soding & Halback Kg Cutting roller
US3679009A (en) * 1971-02-02 1972-07-25 Kennametal Inc Rotary cutter for excavation, especially for use with raise boring and tunnel boring machines

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3858670A (en) * 1972-05-08 1975-01-07 Eugene Gray Ott Insert cutter for cutting kerfs
US4004645A (en) * 1974-07-31 1977-01-25 Gwilym James Rees Disc cutting units for use on rock boring machines
US5456522A (en) * 1991-10-14 1995-10-10 Kennametal Inc. Concave cutter bit
US5234064A (en) * 1992-03-09 1993-08-10 The Robbins Company Roller cutter assembly having adjustable ring cutter spacing
US5904211A (en) * 1993-09-20 1999-05-18 Excavation Engineering Associates, Inc. Disc cutter and excavation equipment
US5626201A (en) * 1993-09-20 1997-05-06 Excavation Engineering Associates, Inc. Disc cutter and method of replacing disc cutters
US5961185A (en) * 1993-09-20 1999-10-05 Excavation Engineering Associates, Inc. Shielded cutterhead with small rolling disc cutters
US5645323A (en) * 1995-12-11 1997-07-08 Kennametal Inc. Concave cutter bit with sacrificial constraint
EP1319797A1 (en) * 2001-12-15 2003-06-18 Sandra Duden Cutter ring of a roller disc in part and whole section boring machines
US20060144200A1 (en) * 2003-01-10 2006-07-06 Sandra Duden Cutting ring for disk rolls pertaining to partial and/or full cutting machines
US20110036639A1 (en) * 2009-08-13 2011-02-17 Baker Hughes Incorporated Roller cone disk with shaped compacts
US8307920B2 (en) * 2009-08-13 2012-11-13 Baker Hughes Incorporated Roller cone disk with shaped compacts
US20140251696A1 (en) * 2013-03-08 2014-09-11 Us Synthetic Corporation Cutter assemblies, disc cutters, and related methods of manufacture
US9366088B2 (en) * 2013-03-08 2016-06-14 Us Synthetic Corporation Cutter assemblies, disc cutters, and related methods of manufacture
US9556733B2 (en) 2013-03-08 2017-01-31 Us Synthetic Corporation Tunnel boring machine disc cutters and related methods of manufacture

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ZA727677B (en) 1973-09-26
GB1408794A (en) 1975-10-08
ES408225A1 (en) 1975-11-16
DE2253414A1 (en) 1973-05-30
BE790714A (en) 1973-04-30
AU4838672A (en) 1974-05-02
CA964291A (en) 1975-03-11
NL170764B (en) 1982-07-16
AU468612B2 (en) 1976-01-15
SE405882B (en) 1979-01-08
JPS4858601A (en) 1973-08-17
FR2159742A5 (en) 1973-06-22
NL7215206A (en) 1973-05-14
NL170764C (en) 1982-12-16
CH561841A5 (en) 1975-05-15
DE2253414C2 (en) 1981-10-01
IT975468B (en) 1974-07-20
JPS5424961B2 (en) 1979-08-24

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