US3777200A - High powered arc electrodes - Google Patents

High powered arc electrodes Download PDF

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US3777200A
US3777200A US00143508A US3777200DA US3777200A US 3777200 A US3777200 A US 3777200A US 00143508 A US00143508 A US 00143508A US 3777200D A US3777200D A US 3777200DA US 3777200 A US3777200 A US 3777200A
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cathode
anode
arc
annulus
end surface
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J Hall
C Gettelman
A Decker
J Pollak
G Goldman
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B31/00—Electric arc lamps
    • H05B31/02—Details
    • H05B31/06—Electrodes
    • H05B31/14—Metal electrodes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S1/00—Beacons or beacon systems transmitting signals having a characteristic or characteristics capable of being detected by non-directional receivers and defining directions, positions, or position lines fixed relatively to the beacon transmitters; Receivers co-operating therewith
    • G01S1/02—Beacons or beacon systems transmitting signals having a characteristic or characteristics capable of being detected by non-directional receivers and defining directions, positions, or position lines fixed relatively to the beacon transmitters; Receivers co-operating therewith using radio waves

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  • ABSTRACT [52] U.S. Cl 313/32, 313/153, 313/209,
  • This invention is concerned with a high power, freeburning electric are which forms the radiation source for a solar simulator.
  • the invention is particularly directed to improved electrodes capable of extended life and clean operation.
  • Various types of electrodes are used to produce electric arcs.
  • Consumable carbon electrodes are used with many types of arcs.
  • Compact arc lamps which utilize less than kilowatts employ radiation cooled, nonconsumable metal electrodes.
  • Compact arc lamps in the 20 to 40 kilowatt range employ water cooled metal nonconsumable electrodes.
  • Still higher power lamps greater than 50 kilowatts have similar electrodes in addition to a moving gas which provide useful lives of several hours.
  • Some electrodes have short lives while others are not economical to operate.
  • the consumable electrodes require periodic replacement. Only a limited amount of illumination can be expected from some low powered lamps.
  • a solar simulator uses an arc as the radiation source. This are must be positioned precisely and maintained stable with respect to an optical collector. Electrodes for the arc must be capable of high power operation. Evaporation of the electrodes must be small to minimize the deposition of electrode material on optical surfaces.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide nonconsumable metal electric arc electrodes having longer lives for use in a solar simulator.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide electrodes that are capable of being sealed for the most effivcient operation under various conditions.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a portion of a solar simulator constructed in accordance with the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is an enlarged vertical section view of an anode utilized in the apparatus shown in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is an enlarged vertical section view of a cathode utilized in the apparatus shown in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 4 is an enlarged vertical section view of an alternate embodiment of the cathode shown in F IG. 3 which includes apparatus for generating a magnetic field;
  • FIG. 5 is an enlarged vertical section view of an alternate embodiment of the cathode as shown in FIG. 3 having an annulus with a raised center point;
  • FIG. 6 is an enlarged vertical section view of an alternate embodiment of the cathode shown in FIG. 3 having a provision for the admission of a cooling gas to the center of the arc;
  • FIG. 7 is an enlarged vertical section view of an alternate embodiment of the anode shown in FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 8 is an enlarged quarter section view of still another alternate embodiment of the anode utilized in the apparatus shown in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 1 a pair of electrodes constructed in accordance with the present invention. These electrodes are used to form the arc of a solar simulator.
  • Each electrode pair comprises an anode l0 and a cathode 12positioned in a housing 14 that is filled with a suitable inert gas, such as argon, krypton, or xenon.
  • a suitable inert gas such as argon, krypton, or xenon.
  • the anode 10 is rigidly mounted to a base 16.
  • the cathode 12 is supported by suitable mechanism 18 for reciprocable movement toward and away from the anode 10.
  • the mechanism 18 enables the cathode 12 to be moved into contact with the anode 10 to initiate an are by the passage of a short circuit current through the electrodes.
  • the mechanism 18 further enables the cathode 12 to be separated from the anode 10 a predetermined distance when the current is increased to the operating value. 1 s
  • the anode 10 has a cylindrical body 20 of high conductivity copper. It is also contemplated that the anode 10 can be fabricated from refractory metals, such as tungsten and molybdenum, or from alloys of these metals.
  • an end surface 22 of the body 20 which is directed towards the cathode 12 is slightly concave.
  • the surface 22 is smooth to avoid constriction of the arc attachment.
  • a plurality of parallel conduits 24 are adjacent to the surface 22.
  • the conduits 24 are in communication with an intake manifold'26 and exhaust manifold 28.
  • Each of these manifolds extends about approximately one-half the periphery of the body
  • Supply passages 30 extend along one side of the body 20 parallel to the axis of the anode 10.
  • One end of each supply passage 30 is in communication with the intake manifold 26 while the opposite end is connected to a suitable coolant source 32 such as water pressurized to about l000psi through a supply line 34.
  • Discharge passages 36 extend along the opposite side of the body 20 as shown in FIG. 2. One end of each discharge passage 36 is in communication with the exhaust manifold 28 while the opposite end is in communication with a suitable coolant cooling device 38 through an exhaust line 40 as shown in FIG. 1.
  • Each cooling conduit 24 preferably has a small diameter on the order of about one-fourth inch or less. It is contemplated that internal rifling may be utilized to increase the heat transfer through a thin wall structure. Conduits 24 in the form of tubes having thin walls capable of withstanding high internal coolant pressures have been successfully used. A high pressure is necessary to raise the saturation temperature of the cooling liquid and to cause high flow velocities which is the requirement for high heat transfer.
  • the cathode 12 has a cylindrical body 42 which supports a cap 44 as shown in FIG. 3.
  • the body 42 is preferably copper while the cap 44 is thoriated tungsten.
  • the copper body 42 is vacuum cast directly to the thoriated tungsten cap 44. This eliminates the customary uncertainties encountered when making an indirect bond.
  • a tube 46 extends along the axis of the cylindrical body 42 toward the cap 44.
  • a flow divider 48 is mounted on the end of the tube 46. The opposite end of the tube 46 is placed in communication with the coolant source 32 through a supply line 50 as shown in FIG. I.
  • the coolant passes through the tube 46 toward the cap 44 and strikes a tin 52 in the center of the body 42. This serves to divide the flow of coolant through a constant area channel 54 adjacent the cap 44.
  • the coolant then passes through an annular passage 56 where it flows into a discharge line 58 connected to the cooling device 38.
  • the coolant flow passages inside the cathode 12 are plated with a less chemically active metal, such as gold, to resist deposits from the coolant thereby reducing the problem of low thermal conductivity resulting from such deposits.
  • the curved water passage 54 and central fin 52 reduce the local heat load to the coolant by increasing the area over which the cathode heat load enters the coolant.
  • the constant cross sectional area of the passage 54 ensures a high heat transfer coefficient over the entire cathode cooling surface.
  • An important feature of the invention is the provision of a v-shaped crater 60 in the cap 44.
  • the crater 60 creates an annular cathode from the molten annulus which forms near the rim of the crater 60 when the arc is runmng.
  • the cathode 12 is moved into contact with the anode 10 by the mounting mechanism 18.
  • An arc is struck by passing a short circuit current of about 350 amperes through the electrodes.
  • This current is supplied by two direct current generators 62 and 64 connected to a continuously variable voltage control 66.
  • the generators 62 and 64 have the capacity of supplying from to 500 volts.
  • a ballast resistor68 is connected in series with the electrodes.
  • the cathode 12 is separated from the anode for a distance of about 3 inches. The are spreads over the crater 60 and forms a molten annulus near the rim. The area of attachment of the arc to the cathode 12 is larger than on conventional cathode tips. This larger area of attachment reduces the local heat load.
  • the emission from the cathode 12 can spread along the rim of the crater 60 before design operating power is reached. Emission increases strongly with increasing temperature.
  • the rim of the crater 60 is the least cooled part of the cap 44 causing simultaneous emission to occur from a ring or line near the rim.
  • the local heat load limits the current density and electrical power at which an electrode operates effectively. Effective operation is operation without excessive boiling off or melting of the emitting material, or
  • FIG. 4 there is shown an alternate embodiment of a cathode utilized in the apparatus shown in FIG. 1.
  • This cathode has a flow divider 70 mounted on the centrally disposed tube 46.
  • the configuration of the flow divider 70 is the same as that of the flow divider 48 as shown in FIG. 3.
  • a direct current magnetic field generating device 72 is contained in the flow divider 70.
  • the magnetic field generating device 72 controls the rotation of the spot arc emission about the tip of the annulus 60.
  • a similar rotating magnetic field producing device can be mounted inside the hollow anode.
  • the arc attachment area is rotated to reduce the dwell of the arc foot and the local heat load on the anode.
  • the cathode shown in'the embodiment of FIG. 5 utilizes a cap 74 having an annulus 76 with a raised center point 78. This embodiment combines line and spot emission.
  • the cathode shown in FIG. 6 has a cap 80 with a crater or annulus 82.
  • An opening 84 is provided in the center of the crater 82.
  • a passage 86 has one end in communication with the opening 84 and the opposite end connected to a source of inert cooling gas. In this embodiment the inert gas is injected into the center of the are through the center of the annulus.
  • end surface 22 of the anode 10 may be flat as shown in FIG. 7 or convex as shown in FIG. 8 as well as concave.
  • Apparatus for producing an arc for a radiation source in a solar simulator comprising,
  • a copper cathode mounted for reciprocal movement toward and away from said anode for initiating and adjusting the are
  • a housing enclosing said anode and said cathode, said housing being filled with an inert gas
  • a thoriated tungsten cap bonded to the end of said cathode, said cap having a crater facing the end surface of said anode for forming an annulus whereby the emission area of said cathode is spread from a concentrated spot to a line with emission from all portions of said line occurring simultaneously.
  • Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 including a raised central portion within the annulus.
  • Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein a housing is filled with an inert gas as selected from the group consisting of argon, xenon and krypton.
  • Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 including first cooling means for removing heat from the anode, and
  • Apparatus as claimed in claim 4 including a source of water under pressure connected to said first cooling means and said second cooling means for removing heat from said anode and said cathode.
  • said second cooling means includes a plurality of passages in said cathode
  • Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 including an opening in the center of said annulus, and means for supplying an inert gas to the are through said opening.
  • Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 including means for generating a magnetic field in said cathode for controlling the rotation of spot arc emissions around the annulus.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Plasma Technology (AREA)
  • Burglar Alarm Systems (AREA)

Abstract

Nonconsumable metal electric arc electrodes capable of being operated in a variety of gases at various pressures, current, and powers. The cathode has a circular annulus tip to spread the emission area for improved cooling.

Description

3 UEQ SMEQS a1en1 [111 3,7 77,200
Hall et a1. 1451 Dec. 4, 1973 [54] HIGH POWERED ARC ELECTRODES 1,055,003 3/ 1913 Wagener 313/32 2,239,416 4/1941 Ehrenberg 313 37 [75] lmemors- Jesse Park 2,887,603 5 1959 Haidinger 313/211 Clarence Gamma", westlake; 2,179,929 11/1939 Hansel] 313 30 J a North Olmsted, all 3,405,305 10 1968 Winzeler et al 313 30 of Ohio; Gary C. Goldman, Ann 3,474,278 10/1969 ThOUl'et et a]. 313 30 Arbor, Mich.; Arthur J. Decker, 3,531,673 9/1970 Paquette 313/32 Lakewood, Ohio [73] Assignee: The Uniteerqli State; ogzmenica as f Primary Examiner Roy Lake g z f t f 0 Assistant ExaminerDarwin R. Hostetter e ,P emnautfcs space Attorney-N. T. Musial, o. E. Shook and 1. R. Administration, Washington, DC. Manning [22] Filed: May 14, 1971 [21] Appl. No; 143,508
[57] ABSTRACT [52] U.S. Cl 313/32, 313/153, 313/209,
- 313/217, 313/224 Nonconsumable metal electric arc electrodes capable [51] Int. Cl. H01 j 17/04 of being operated in a variety of gases at various pres- [58] Field of Search 313/30, 32, 37, 209, sures, current, and powers. The cathode has a circular 313/211, 217, 184, 224, 341 annulus tip to spread the emission area for improved cooling. [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 13 Claims, 8 Drawing Figures 3,073,984 l/l963 Eschenbach et a1 313/30 62 I m [4 M n I PATENTED 41975 3,777. 200
sum 1 or 4 INVENTORS JESSE H. HALL CLARENCE C. GETTELMAN BY JOHN L. POLLACK GARY C. GOLDMAN RTHUR J. DECKER 0 7 M M w ATTORNEYS Pmmnw: 41975 3.777. 200
sum 2 OF 4 mvmons JESSE H." HALL CLARENCE c. GETTELMAN JOHN 1.. POLLACK BY GARY c. GOLDMAN RTHUR J. DECKER M ATTORNEYS PATENTEU 41975 SHEET 3 0F 4 INVENTORS JES HALL CLA E C. GETTELMAN JOH POLLACK GARY C. GOLD /yTHUR J.
SE H. C
MAN DECKER W ATTORNEYS HIGH POWERED ARC ELECTRODES ORIGIN OF THE INVENTION The invention described herein was made by employees of the United States Government and may be manufactured and used by or for the Government for governmental purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon or therefor.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention is concerned with a high power, freeburning electric are which forms the radiation source for a solar simulator. The invention is particularly directed to improved electrodes capable of extended life and clean operation.
Various types of electrodes are used to produce electric arcs. Consumable carbon electrodes are used with many types of arcs. Compact arc lamps which utilize less than kilowatts employ radiation cooled, nonconsumable metal electrodes. Compact arc lamps in the 20 to 40 kilowatt range employ water cooled metal nonconsumable electrodes. Still higher power lamps greater than 50 kilowatts have similar electrodes in addition to a moving gas which provide useful lives of several hours.
Some electrodes have short lives while others are not economical to operate. The consumable electrodes require periodic replacement. Only a limited amount of illumination can be expected from some low powered lamps.
A solar simulator uses an arc as the radiation source. This are must be positioned precisely and maintained stable with respect to an optical collector. Electrodes for the arc must be capable of high power operation. Evaporation of the electrodes must be small to minimize the deposition of electrode material on optical surfaces.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide nonconsumable electrodes that are capable of being operated at high power. I
Another object of the invention is to provide nonconsumable metal electric arc electrodes having longer lives for use in a solar simulator.
A further object of the invention is to provide electrodes that are capable of being sealed for the most effivcient operation under various conditions.
These and other objects of the invention will be apparent from the specification that follows and from the drawing wherein like numerals are used throughout to identify like parts.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a portion of a solar simulator constructed in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged vertical section view of an anode utilized in the apparatus shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged vertical section view of a cathode utilized in the apparatus shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is an enlarged vertical section view of an alternate embodiment of the cathode shown in F IG. 3 which includes apparatus for generating a magnetic field;
FIG. 5 is an enlarged vertical section view of an alternate embodiment of the cathode as shown in FIG. 3 having an annulus with a raised center point;
FIG. 6 is an enlarged vertical section view of an alternate embodiment of the cathode shown in FIG. 3 having a provision for the admission of a cooling gas to the center of the arc;
FIG. 7 is an enlarged vertical section view of an alternate embodiment of the anode shown in FIG. 2; and
FIG. 8 is an enlarged quarter section view of still another alternate embodiment of the anode utilized in the apparatus shown in FIG. 1.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring now to the drawing there is shown in FIG. 1 a pair of electrodes constructed in accordance with the present invention. These electrodes are used to form the arc of a solar simulator.
Each electrode pair comprises an anode l0 and a cathode 12positioned in a housing 14 that is filled with a suitable inert gas, such as argon, krypton, or xenon. The anode 10 is rigidly mounted to a base 16. The cathode 12 is supported by suitable mechanism 18 for reciprocable movement toward and away from the anode 10. The mechanism 18 enables the cathode 12 to be moved into contact with the anode 10 to initiate an are by the passage of a short circuit current through the electrodes. The mechanism 18 further enables the cathode 12 to be separated from the anode 10 a predetermined distance when the current is increased to the operating value. 1 s
The anode 10 has a cylindrical body 20 of high conductivity copper. It is also contemplated that the anode 10 can be fabricated from refractory metals, such as tungsten and molybdenum, or from alloys of these metals.
As shown in FIG. 2 an end surface 22 of the body 20 which is directed towards the cathode 12 is slightly concave. The surface 22 is smooth to avoid constriction of the arc attachment. A plurality of parallel conduits 24 are adjacent to the surface 22. The conduits 24 are in communication with an intake manifold'26 and exhaust manifold 28. Each of these manifolds extends about approximately one-half the periphery of the body Supply passages 30 extend along one side of the body 20 parallel to the axis of the anode 10. One end of each supply passage 30 is in communication with the intake manifold 26 while the opposite end is connected to a suitable coolant source 32 such as water pressurized to about l000psi through a supply line 34.
Discharge passages 36 extend along the opposite side of the body 20 as shown in FIG. 2. One end of each discharge passage 36 is in communication with the exhaust manifold 28 while the opposite end is in communication with a suitable coolant cooling device 38 through an exhaust line 40 as shown in FIG. 1.
Each cooling conduit 24 preferably has a small diameter on the order of about one-fourth inch or less. It is contemplated that internal rifling may be utilized to increase the heat transfer through a thin wall structure. Conduits 24 in the form of tubes having thin walls capable of withstanding high internal coolant pressures have been successfully used. A high pressure is necessary to raise the saturation temperature of the cooling liquid and to cause high flow velocities which is the requirement for high heat transfer.
The cathode 12 has a cylindrical body 42 which supports a cap 44 as shown in FIG. 3. The body 42 is preferably copper while the cap 44 is thoriated tungsten. The copper body 42 is vacuum cast directly to the thoriated tungsten cap 44. This eliminates the customary uncertainties encountered when making an indirect bond.
A tube 46 extends along the axis of the cylindrical body 42 toward the cap 44. A flow divider 48 is mounted on the end of the tube 46. The opposite end of the tube 46 is placed in communication with the coolant source 32 through a supply line 50 as shown in FIG. I.
The coolant passes through the tube 46 toward the cap 44 and strikes a tin 52 in the center of the body 42. This serves to divide the flow of coolant through a constant area channel 54 adjacent the cap 44. The coolant then passes through an annular passage 56 where it flows into a discharge line 58 connected to the cooling device 38. The coolant flow passages inside the cathode 12 are plated with a less chemically active metal, such as gold, to resist deposits from the coolant thereby reducing the problem of low thermal conductivity resulting from such deposits.
The curved water passage 54 and central fin 52 reduce the local heat load to the coolant by increasing the area over which the cathode heat load enters the coolant. The constant cross sectional area of the passage 54 ensures a high heat transfer coefficient over the entire cathode cooling surface.
An important feature of the invention is the provision of a v-shaped crater 60 in the cap 44. The crater 60 creates an annular cathode from the molten annulus which forms near the rim of the crater 60 when the arc is runmng.
In operation, the cathode 12 is moved into contact with the anode 10 by the mounting mechanism 18. An arc is struck by passing a short circuit current of about 350 amperes through the electrodes. This current is supplied by two direct current generators 62 and 64 connected to a continuously variable voltage control 66. The generators 62 and 64 have the capacity of supplying from to 500 volts. A ballast resistor68 is connected in series with the electrodes.
After the arc is struck, the cathode 12 is separated from the anode for a distance of about 3 inches. The are spreads over the crater 60 and forms a molten annulus near the rim. The area of attachment of the arc to the cathode 12 is larger than on conventional cathode tips. This larger area of attachment reduces the local heat load.
The emission from the cathode 12 can spread along the rim of the crater 60 before design operating power is reached. Emission increases strongly with increasing temperature. The rim of the crater 60 is the least cooled part of the cap 44 causing simultaneous emission to occur from a ring or line near the rim.
The local heat load limits the current density and electrical power at which an electrode operates effectively. Effective operation is operation without excessive boiling off or melting of the emitting material, or
DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATE EMBODIMENTS Referring now to FIG. 4 there is shown an alternate embodiment of a cathode utilized in the apparatus shown in FIG. 1. This cathode has a flow divider 70 mounted on the centrally disposed tube 46. The configuration of the flow divider 70 is the same as that of the flow divider 48 as shown in FIG. 3.
A direct current magnetic field generating device 72 is contained in the flow divider 70. The magnetic field generating device 72 controls the rotation of the spot arc emission about the tip of the annulus 60.
It is contemplated that a similar rotating magnetic field producing device can be mounted inside the hollow anode. In this embodiment the arc attachment area is rotated to reduce the dwell of the arc foot and the local heat load on the anode.
The cathode shown in'the embodiment of FIG. 5 utilizes a cap 74 having an annulus 76 with a raised center point 78. This embodiment combines line and spot emission.
The cathode shown in FIG. 6 has a cap 80 with a crater or annulus 82. An opening 84 is provided in the center of the crater 82. A passage 86 has one end in communication with the opening 84 and the opposite end connected to a source of inert cooling gas. In this embodiment the inert gas is injected into the center of the are through the center of the annulus.
While the preferred embodiment as well as several alternate embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it is contemplated that other structural modifications may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention or scope of the subjoined claims. By way of example it is contemplated that the end surface 22 of the anode 10 may be flat as shown in FIG. 7 or convex as shown in FIG. 8 as well as concave.
What is claimed is:
1. Apparatus for producing an arc for a radiation source in a solar simulator comprising,
a rigidly mounted copper anode having an outwardly directed end surface,
a copper cathode mounted for reciprocal movement toward and away from said anode for initiating and adjusting the are,
a housing enclosing said anode and said cathode, said housing being filled with an inert gas,
means for passing an electric current through said anode and cathode to maintain said arc, and
a thoriated tungsten cap bonded to the end of said cathode, said cap having a crater facing the end surface of said anode for forming an annulus whereby the emission area of said cathode is spread from a concentrated spot to a line with emission from all portions of said line occurring simultaneously.
2. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 including a raised central portion within the annulus.
3. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein a housing is filled with an inert gas as selected from the group consisting of argon, xenon and krypton.
4. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 including first cooling means for removing heat from the anode, and
second cooling means for removing heat from the cathode.
5. Apparatus as claimed in claim 4 including a source of water under pressure connected to said first cooling means and said second cooling means for removing heat from said anode and said cathode.
6. Apparatus as claimed in claim 5 wherein said first cooling means includes a plurality of parallel conduits in said anode, and
means for supplying water under pressure from said source to said parallel conduits, and
said second cooling means includes a plurality of passages in said cathode, and
means for supplying water under pressure from said source to said passages.
7. Apparatus as claimed in claim 6 wherein the water from said source is under pressure from about 1,000 ps1.
8. Apparatus as claimed in claim 6 wherein the passages in said cathode are gold plated to resist deposits from the pressurized water.
9. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 including an opening in the center of said annulus, and means for supplying an inert gas to the are through said opening.
10. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 including means for generating a magnetic field in said cathode for controlling the rotation of spot arc emissions around the annulus.
11. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said outwardly directed end surface of said anode is concave.
12. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said outwardly directed end surface of said anode is substantially fiat.
13. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said outwardly directed end surface of said anode is convex.

Claims (13)

1. Apparatus for producing an arc for a radiation source in a solar simulator comprising, a rigidly mounted copper anode having an outwardly directed end surface, a copper cathode mounted for reciprocal movement toward and away from said anode for initiating and adjusting the arc, a housing enclosing said anode and said cathode, said housing being filled with an inert gas, means for passing an electric current through said anode and cathode to maintain said arc, and a thoriated tungsten cap bonded to the end of said cathode, said cap having a crater facing the end surface of said anode for forming an annulus whereby the emission area of said cathode is spread from a concentrated spot to a line with emission from all portions of said line occurring simultaneously.
2. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 including a raised central portion within the annulus.
3. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein a housing is filled with an inert gas as selected from the group consisting of argon, xenon and krypton.
4. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 including first cooling means for removing heat from the anode, and second cooling means for removing heat from the cathode.
5. Apparatus as claimed in claim 4 including a source of water under pressure connected to said first cooling means and said second cooling means for removing heat from said anode and said cathode.
6. Apparatus as claimed in claim 5 wherein said first cooling means includes a plurality of parallel conduits in said anode, and means for supplying water under pressure from said source to said parallel conduits, and said second cooling means includes a plurality of passages in said cathode, and means for supplying water under pressure from said source to said passages.
7. Apparatus as claimed in claim 6 wherein the water from said source is under pressure from about 1,000 psi.
8. Apparatus as claimed in claim 6 wherein the passages in said cathode are gold plated to resist deposits from the pressurized water.
9. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 including an opening in the center of said annulus, and means for supplying an inert gas to the arc through said opening.
10. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 including means for generating a magnetic field in said cathode for controlling the rotation of spot arc emissions around the annulus.
11. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said outwardly directed end surface of said Anode is concave.
12. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said outwardly directed end surface of said anode is substantially flat.
13. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said outwardly directed end surface of said anode is convex.
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WO2001043155A1 (en) * 1999-12-07 2001-06-14 Trusi Technologies, Llc Hollow electrode for plasma generation
JP2011077057A (en) * 2003-01-16 2011-04-14 Patent Treuhand Ges Elektr Gluehlamp Mbh Electrode for high-pressure discharge lamp

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US3747036A (en) * 1972-01-17 1973-07-17 Honeywell Inc Magnetic line sensor
DE4302848C2 (en) * 1993-02-02 1999-09-09 Grabowski System for the transmission of pulses, in particular control pulses based on radio frequency

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JP2011077057A (en) * 2003-01-16 2011-04-14 Patent Treuhand Ges Elektr Gluehlamp Mbh Electrode for high-pressure discharge lamp

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