US3769086A - Porous, electrically conductive member - Google Patents
Porous, electrically conductive member Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3769086A US3769086A US00196339A US3769086DA US3769086A US 3769086 A US3769086 A US 3769086A US 00196339 A US00196339 A US 00196339A US 3769086D A US3769086D A US 3769086DA US 3769086 A US3769086 A US 3769086A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- filaments
- metal
- electrically conductive
- carbon
- fibres
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 18
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000001465 metallisation Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 8
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 7
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 3
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001722 carbon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007792 gaseous phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000004209 hair Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000615 nonconductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetaminophen Chemical compound CC(=O)NC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005476 soldering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten carbide Chemical compound [W+]#[C-] UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H1/00—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters
- F24H1/10—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium
- F24H1/101—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium using electric energy supply
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
- H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
- H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
- H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
- H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
- H05B3/145—Carbon only, e.g. carbon black, graphite
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
- H05B3/42—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible
- H05B3/48—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible heating conductor embedded in insulating material
Definitions
- a porous electrically conductive member particularly suitable for forming an electrical heating element is [52] Cl 6 6 54 81 i formed by coating thin filaments with electrically con- 51 I l B44! 6 4 00 ductive metal, cutting them into short lengths or fibres g 1 17 and piling the fibres into a felt-like mass. This is made 1 e 0 17 into a cohesive element preferably by further metal 1 l 9 29/419 deposition which adds another coating to make the fibres adhere at their points of contact, although sin- [56] Reta-wees cued tering or other methods can be used.
- the invention relates to porous electrically conductive members, particularly ones suitable for forming electrical heating elements for the rapid heating of gases, liquids, vapours or aerosols.
- Such members consist of a felt-like structure with a great number of oblong, interlocked particles which are interconnected by a metal at their points of contact.
- these particles consist of hairs, needles, rods or crystal whiskers with a diameter of under 10 am or of lamellar particles with a thickness of under 1 pm.
- These particles can be metallic or they can consist of a thread-like nonconductor, such as aluminum oxide, quartz, glass or some organic synthetic material, and a conductive metal coating.
- a thread-like nonconductor such as aluminum oxide, quartz, glass or some organic synthetic material
- the selected material has high heat resistance so that, even at temperatures of about 1,000 C, the strength properties will not be appreciably affected.
- the thread -like nonconductor can be provided with a conducitive metal coating in the most economical manner.
- an even fibre cross section is essential to ensure homogeneous heating of the medium in question.
- the base material which has to be metallized is also desirably as cheap as possible.
- Nonmetallized hair, thread-shaped or lamellar particles meet these requirements only partially.
- Nonmetallic whiskers of aluminium oxide with high heat resistance are still too expensive for industrial application in felt-like heating elements. Though these whiskers have a very great length-diameter ratio of the order of about l0,000:l and more, this represents, however, at a diameter of 1 micron, a length of only about 10 mm which renders the economical production of a metal coating difficult.
- a porous, electrically conductive member compsising a felt-like mass of oblong, interlocked particles interconnected by a metal at their points of contact, said particles consisting of graphitic carbon fibres on the surface of which a metal has been deposited by the thermal decomposition of a metal compound in the gaseous phase.
- carbon filaments are produced by the carbonization, at comparatively low temperatures, of natural or synthetic filaments which consist of a carbon compound, such as cotton filaments or polyacrylonitrile filaments. For increased stresses these carbon filaments can be converted into crystalline graphite at a temperature of about 2,500 C. Carbon filaments of this kind are referred to as graphitic car bon filaments. Carbon filaments have high heat resistance, up to about 3,000 C, high specific strength and a low specific weight and they are obtained as yarn in any length since the starting material, for instance polyacrylonitrile filaments or cotton filaments, can be produced as a continuous or twisted filament. For this reason it is possible to metallize the carbon filaments at high speed (several m/sec) in a continuous process, ei-
- a carbonyl of the metals chrominum, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum or a mixture of such carbonyls is preferably used for the coating of the carbon filaments. It is generally known that metal carbonyls have the property that they decompose in metal and carbon dioxide at a certain temperature. Thus the metals can be deposited in finely crystalline form on the surface of the carbon filaments to give a very adhesive, coherent coating which can be connected in an electrically conductive manner with the coatings of adjacent carbon filaments.
- This connection can be established through sintering, through additional depositing of metal in the gaseous phase to cause metallic bonding at the points of contact of the various metal-coated carbon filaments, through high frequency-induction heating to fuse the various filaments, through electron beam welding, through ultrasonic sealing, or through laser beam heating for example.
- a reaction of the metal coating with the material of the carbon filament If for instance a carbon filament is coated with tungsten and if this coated filament is heated to a temperature exceeding 1,000 C, tungsten carbide which is distinguished by its exceptional hardness and chemical resistance is formed through the known reaction of tungsten with carbon.
- the thickness of the coating depends upon the retention time of the filaments in the reaction chamber, namely upon the rate of passage assuming there to be continuous flow through the chamber. lt amounts for instance to 0.1 to 0.5 micron.
- the filaments which have been metal-coated in this way are still not coherent and they are now cut up into staple fibres which will be gathered by known measures, for instance by an air-sifting method into a loose pile.
- This loose pile is introduced into the central part of a cylinder 1, referring now to the drawing, between two pistons 2 and 3 which can be moved towards each other.
- the sides of pistons 2 and 3 which are not facing each other and the ends of the cylinder 1 define chambers 4 and 5.
- the cylindrical chamber 5 provided with a feedpipe 6 for a mixture of nickel carbonyl vapour and an inert gas, and a discharge pipe 7 leads from the cylindrical chamber 4 for undecomposed residual gases as well as for the CO which is produced by the decomposition of the nickel carbonyl.
- the pistons 2 and 3 are provided with through bores 8. At least the facing sides of these two pistons are electrically conductive and can be connected to a source of current. After the introduction of the pile between the pistons 2 and 3 the latter are moved towards each other until the desired porosity of the pile is attained. The pistons 2 and 3 are then connected with the source of current and the pile is heated by the direct passage of current to the decomposition temperature of the carbonyl which is used.
- a mixture of 90 percent argon and 10 percent nickel carbonyl vapour is now fed through the pipe 6 into the chamber 5 this passes through the bores 8 in the piston 3 into the pile 10 where the nickel carbonyl is decomposed and nickel atoms are deposited on the metal coated filaments and on the points of contact of the filaments, whereby a good electrically conductive connection between the filaments will be established.
- This second coating can attain a thickness of 0.! to 2 micron.
- it is essential that the pressure which is exerted by the pistons 2 and 3 on the pile 10 is maintained during the subsequent metallizing process, since the metallized carbon filaments will otherwise tend to move away from each other in view of their high modulus of elasticity.
- Carbon filaments are provided with a nickel coating in the manner proviously described.
- the continuous filaments are then cut up into lengths of about 1 cm and these staple fibres are gathered in the shape of a loose pile by pouring them into a mould or by allowing them to be precipitated from a liquid.
- the short lengths of fibres are compacted until the desired porosity is attained and are then submitted to a caking process by heating to approximately 600 l,000 C over a period of about 30 minutes. It will be understood that as far as this second method is concerned the thickness of the metal coating of the continuous carbon filaments should exceed that of the first example, since at the subsequent joining of the individual filaments by a sintering process a second metal deposit on the filaments does not take place.
- Such porous, electrically conductive members are particularly suitable as heating elements for the rapid heating of gas vapours, aerosols and liquids. It is possible to convert with these heating elements, for example, liquid hydrocarbons into vapours within fractions of seconds.
- a jet of hot gases, for instance of argon, with a temperature of 1,300 C can be produced which can be used for hard-soldering, welding or flash welding.
- these elements are principally intended and suitable for applications where great demands on the heat resistance are made, they are also suitable as hot or cold electrodes for electrochemical processes, fuel cells or as secondary cells. The low specific weight is of particular importance in this connection.
- a process for the production of a porous, electrically conductive member comprising the steps of:
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Resistance Heating (AREA)
- Inorganic Fibers (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Alloys Or Alloy Compounds (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE2055927A DE2055927C3 (de) | 1970-11-13 | 1970-11-13 | Poröser, elektrisch leitender Gegenstand, insbesondere elektrisches Heizelement |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3769086A true US3769086A (en) | 1973-10-30 |
Family
ID=5788036
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US00196339A Expired - Lifetime US3769086A (en) | 1970-11-13 | 1971-11-08 | Porous, electrically conductive member |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3769086A (fr) |
AT (1) | AT306181B (fr) |
BE (1) | BE775100A (fr) |
CA (1) | CA942367A (fr) |
CH (1) | CH581376A5 (fr) |
CS (1) | CS162630B2 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE2055927C3 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2114442A5 (fr) |
GB (1) | GB1355987A (fr) |
IT (1) | IT940530B (fr) |
SE (1) | SE380419B (fr) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4058116A (en) * | 1974-10-09 | 1977-11-15 | Louis Bucalo | Methods, materials, and devices for providing electrical conductivity particularly for living beings |
US4957543A (en) * | 1989-06-16 | 1990-09-18 | Inco Limited | Method of forming nickel foam |
US6674042B1 (en) * | 1999-05-21 | 2004-01-06 | Renault Sas | Method and device for forming porous metal parts by sintering |
CN110101119A (zh) * | 2019-04-30 | 2019-08-09 | 伍鹏飞 | 发热体和电子烟 |
CN112157265A (zh) * | 2020-09-30 | 2021-01-01 | 西部金属材料股份有限公司 | 一种电阻烧结制备金属纤维多孔材料的方法及设备 |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2356401C2 (de) * | 1973-11-12 | 1987-12-23 | Philips Patentverwaltung Gmbh, 2000 Hamburg | Poröses Heizelement aus kohlenstoffhaltigem Material |
US3952048A (en) * | 1974-01-08 | 1976-04-20 | The Upjohn Company | Substituted anilide esters of PGA |
DE2961494D1 (en) * | 1978-03-09 | 1982-01-28 | Seikisui Chemical Co Ltd | Heating unit capable of generating heat upon passing an electric current therethrough, method for producing such a heating unit, and heating systems comprising such a heating unit |
SE8004352L (sv) * | 1979-06-14 | 1980-12-15 | Atomic Energy Authority Uk | Vermeoverforingselement och -system |
DE102007003549A1 (de) * | 2007-01-24 | 2008-07-31 | Valeo Klimasysteme Gmbh | Luftstromerwärmungsvorrichtung mit Heizvlies |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2862783A (en) * | 1954-02-04 | 1958-12-02 | Ohio Commw Eng Co | Method of making metallized fibers |
US3071637A (en) * | 1959-01-27 | 1963-01-01 | Accumulatoren Fabrik Ag | Process of producing porous, electrically conductive sheet material |
US3157531A (en) * | 1960-01-21 | 1964-11-17 | Ethyl Corp | Process for the manufacture of carbonaceous solid bodies |
US3409469A (en) * | 1964-03-05 | 1968-11-05 | United Aircraft Corp | Vapor coating conductive filaments utilizing uniform temperature |
US3550247A (en) * | 1967-02-02 | 1970-12-29 | Courtaulds Ltd | Method for producing a metal composite |
US3553820A (en) * | 1967-02-21 | 1971-01-12 | Union Carbide Corp | Method of producing aluminum-carbon fiber composites |
-
1970
- 1970-11-13 DE DE2055927A patent/DE2055927C3/de not_active Expired
-
1971
- 1971-11-04 AT AT953871A patent/AT306181B/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1971-11-04 FR FR7139550A patent/FR2114442A5/fr not_active Expired
- 1971-11-05 SE SE7114137A patent/SE380419B/xx unknown
- 1971-11-08 GB GB5177371A patent/GB1355987A/en not_active Expired
- 1971-11-08 US US00196339A patent/US3769086A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1971-11-09 BE BE775100A patent/BE775100A/fr unknown
- 1971-11-11 IT IT30961/71A patent/IT940530B/it active
- 1971-11-11 CH CH1642371A patent/CH581376A5/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1971-11-11 CS CS7905A patent/CS162630B2/cs unknown
- 1971-11-12 CA CA127,523A patent/CA942367A/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2862783A (en) * | 1954-02-04 | 1958-12-02 | Ohio Commw Eng Co | Method of making metallized fibers |
US3071637A (en) * | 1959-01-27 | 1963-01-01 | Accumulatoren Fabrik Ag | Process of producing porous, electrically conductive sheet material |
US3157531A (en) * | 1960-01-21 | 1964-11-17 | Ethyl Corp | Process for the manufacture of carbonaceous solid bodies |
US3409469A (en) * | 1964-03-05 | 1968-11-05 | United Aircraft Corp | Vapor coating conductive filaments utilizing uniform temperature |
US3550247A (en) * | 1967-02-02 | 1970-12-29 | Courtaulds Ltd | Method for producing a metal composite |
US3553820A (en) * | 1967-02-21 | 1971-01-12 | Union Carbide Corp | Method of producing aluminum-carbon fiber composites |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4058116A (en) * | 1974-10-09 | 1977-11-15 | Louis Bucalo | Methods, materials, and devices for providing electrical conductivity particularly for living beings |
US4957543A (en) * | 1989-06-16 | 1990-09-18 | Inco Limited | Method of forming nickel foam |
US6674042B1 (en) * | 1999-05-21 | 2004-01-06 | Renault Sas | Method and device for forming porous metal parts by sintering |
CN110101119A (zh) * | 2019-04-30 | 2019-08-09 | 伍鹏飞 | 发热体和电子烟 |
CN112157265A (zh) * | 2020-09-30 | 2021-01-01 | 西部金属材料股份有限公司 | 一种电阻烧结制备金属纤维多孔材料的方法及设备 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CH581376A5 (fr) | 1976-10-29 |
AT306181B (de) | 1973-03-26 |
DE2055927A1 (de) | 1972-07-20 |
BE775100A (fr) | 1972-03-01 |
SE380419B (sv) | 1975-11-03 |
GB1355987A (en) | 1974-06-12 |
DE2055927B2 (de) | 1977-09-08 |
FR2114442A5 (fr) | 1972-06-30 |
CA942367A (en) | 1974-02-19 |
CS162630B2 (fr) | 1975-07-15 |
IT940530B (it) | 1973-02-20 |
DE2055927C3 (de) | 1978-04-20 |
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