US3743485A - Bimetal capable of deformation - Google Patents

Bimetal capable of deformation Download PDF

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Publication number
US3743485A
US3743485A US00206124A US3743485DA US3743485A US 3743485 A US3743485 A US 3743485A US 00206124 A US00206124 A US 00206124A US 3743485D A US3743485D A US 3743485DA US 3743485 A US3743485 A US 3743485A
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bimetal
temperature
phase
deformation
temperatures
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US00206124A
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A Gottlieb
G Majesko
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Carpenter Technology Corp
Wilbur B Driver Co
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Wilbur B Driver Co
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
    • B32B15/011—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic all layers being formed of iron alloys or steels
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
    • B23K20/22—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating taking account of the properties of the materials to be welded
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/125—Deflectable by temperature change [e.g., thermostat element]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/125—Deflectable by temperature change [e.g., thermostat element]
    • Y10T428/12521—Both components Fe-based with more than 10% Ni

Definitions

  • a bimetal that consists essentially of a first metallic element that undergoes two phase changes at two preselected temperatures.
  • the first element is metallurgically bonded to a second metallic element that does not undergo phase changes under the operating temperatures and has a coefiicient of thermal expansion which approximately matches the first element through the range of the preselected temperatures.
  • the bimetal is deformed a predetermined amount by subjecting the bimetal to one of the transformation temperatures. After deformation the bimetal remains in the deformed state without an appreciable change until the bimetal reaches the other phase change temperature.
  • This invention relates to bimetals. More particularly it relates to bimetallic materials that are capable of being deformed a predetermined amount upon heating or cooling.
  • bimetals are used to yield a deflection of the composite with a change in temperature by utilizing the differences in the coefiicients of thermal expansion of two alloys which are metallurgically bonded along a common interface. As can be appreciated these bimetallic materials deflect throughout a given temperature range. Therefore, such bimetallic elements are useful in indicating the temperature over arange of temperatures.
  • a bimetal material consisting essentially of a first metallic element which undergoes a first phase change at a first preselected temperature and a second phase change at a second preselected temperature that is substantially different than the first preselected temperature.
  • a second metallic element which is metallurgically bonded to the first element along a common interface is single phase throughout a temperature range which overlaps and is substantially broader than the range between the first preselected temperature and the second preselected temperature.
  • the coefficient of the thermal expansion of the second element is substantially the same as that of the first element between the first preselected temperature and the second preselected temperature.
  • the bimetallic materials of this invention employ as a first element a metal which undergoes a phase change at a first preselected temperature, referred to herein as T at which temperature the metal undergoes a pronounced change in volume. This phase will remain until the temperature reaches a second preselected temperature, refererd to herein as T at which the metal is transformed to the original phase.
  • the first element is metallurgically bonded to a second metallic element having a single phase over a temperature range which overlaps and is broader than the range between T and T
  • the second element has substantially the same coefiicient of thermal expansion as the first element between T and T
  • a phase change as used herein, it is meant that the original phase is at least partially replaced by a new phase.
  • the bimetallic material of this invention can be fabricated by different methods to yield a bimetallic material which will function in numerous ways.
  • the bimetallic element deforms by an amount determined by the new volume of the first element.
  • the second element is selected to have a coefficient of thermal expansion substantially the same as the first element in the martensite phase, therefore the material does not additionally deform while the temperature is being raised, until T is reached where the first element transforms back to austenite.
  • the bimetallic element at T regains its original shape.
  • the bimetallic element Upon further elevation of temperature above T the bimetallic element will operate in a conventional manner depending upon the coefiicients of thermal expansion of the two elements and will continue to function in its original shape as a conventional bimetal until cooled to T
  • T is not numerically equal to T in the previous described embodiment but merely refers to the temperature where the first element undergoes a first phase change. The numerical values will depend upon the particular alloy.
  • the first element is transformed upon reaching T from martensite to austenite and the deformation of the bimetallic material of this invention occurs.
  • the deformation will remain relatively constant until the temperature of the material reaches T at which time the first element is appreciably transformed to a martensite phase and the deformation is eliminated.
  • the bimetallic materials of this invention can be used in a variety of shapes. For example, often in assembly of various devices space limitations are severe and it may be desired to fasten two or more elements together using bolts and the like.
  • the materials of this invention enable the assembly of the various elements together loosely and if the materials of this invention herein are used as conventional washers along with nuts and bolts, then upon a simple heating or cooling to T of the assembled device, the material of this invention Will deform and remove the looseness and act as a lock washer. The device will become securely fastened and remain in this state. :If it is desired to disassemble the device, all that is required is to reverse the process and either raise or lower the temperature to T depending upon which was done to cause the original deformation.
  • the material of this invention will then assume its original shape and the nut can be easily removed from the bolt.
  • Numerous geometric shapes can be utilized, for example, springs, washers, rivets, fasteners, etc. Additionally, the elements of this .invention can be used as thermosensitive electrical switches since they will deform upon reaching a particular temperature.
  • a metal particularly suited for a first element is' an iron-nickel alloy consisting essentially of from about 31 to 33% by weight nickel, balance iron.
  • One phase change temperature of that alloy is near the temperature of Dry Ice (-78.5 C.). At that temperature and below the alloy undergoes an appreciable transformation from the austenite to martensite phase. Upon heating from about 300 to 400 C., a transformation of the alloy from martensite to austenite occurs.
  • a material which can be used as a second with the foregoing first element is an alloy consisting essentially of about 50% by Weight nickel, balance iron which is single phase throughout the tempera.- ture ranges used. The bimetallic material fabricated from the foregoing elements would deform upon being cooled to 78.5 C.
  • Another suitable alloy for a first element to be used in conjunction with the foregoing second element is an alloy consisting essentially of about 28% by weight nickel, about 17% by weight cobalt selected minors balance iron alloy.
  • a 'bimetallic material so constructed would deform at temperatures below about -20 C. and remain deformed until a temperature of about 600 C. is reached.
  • a bimetallic material which deforms upon heating to T and remains deformed until cooled to T it can be fabricated by using an alloy consisting essentially of from about 35% to 38% by weight nickel, about to 3% by weight of manganese or chromium, balance iron as the second element and the beforementioned 33% nickel-iron alloy as the first element when the first element is originally in the martensite phase.
  • first element having one phase change temperature below about 20 C. and another phase change temperature, above about 200 C.
  • the first and second elements should have substantially the same coefficients of thermal expansion during the time the material is deformed and between T and T that is, the differences in the average coefiicients of expansion between the two elements when in the deformed state and between T and T should not exceed about 5 p.p.m./ C.
  • a bimetallic material consisting essentially of a first metallic element which undergoes a first phase change at a first preselected temperature and second phase change at a second preselected temperature, said first element being metallurgically bonded along a common interface to a second metallic element being single phase throughout an operating temperature range which overlaps and is broader than the temperature range between said first and second temperatures and having substantially the same coefiicient of thermal expansion as said first element between said first and second preselected temperatures after said first element has reached said first preselected temperature.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Details Of Measuring And Other Instruments (AREA)

Abstract

A BIMETAL IS DISCLOSED THAT CONSISTS ESSENTIALLY OF A FIRST METALLIC ELEMENT THAT UNDERGOES TOW PHASE CHANGES AT TWO PRESELECTED TEMPERATURES. THE FIRST ELEMENT IS METALLURGICALLY BONDED TO A SECOND METALLIC ELEMENT THAT DOES NOT UNDERGO PHASE CHANGES UNDER THE OPERATING TEMPERATURES AND HAS A COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION WHICH APPROXIMATELY MATCHES THE FIRST ELEMENT THROUGH THE RANGE OF THE PRESELECTED TEMPERATURES. THE BIMETAL IS DEFORMED A PREDETERMINED AMOUNT BY SUBJECTING THE BIMETAL TO ONE OF THE TRANSFORMATION TEMPERATURES. AFTER DEFORMATION THE BIMETAL REMAINS IN THE DEFORMED STATE WITHOUT AN APPRECIABLE CHANGE UNTIL THE BIMETAL REACHED S THE OTHER PHASE CHANGE TEMPERATURE.

Description

United States Patent Office Patented July 3, 1973 3,743,485 BIMETAL CAPABLE OF DEFORMATION Arnold J. Gottlieb, Colonia, and George A. Majesko,
Glen Ridge, NJ., assignors to Wilbur B. Driver Com- P y No Drawing. Filed Dec. 8, 1971, Ser. No. 206,124 Int. Cl. B23p 3/20 U.S. Cl. 29195.5 10 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A bimetal is disclosed that consists essentially of a first metallic element that undergoes two phase changes at two preselected temperatures. The first element is metallurgically bonded to a second metallic element that does not undergo phase changes under the operating temperatures and has a coefiicient of thermal expansion which approximately matches the first element through the range of the preselected temperatures. The bimetal is deformed a predetermined amount by subjecting the bimetal to one of the transformation temperatures. After deformation the bimetal remains in the deformed state without an appreciable change until the bimetal reaches the other phase change temperature.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the invention This invention relates to bimetals. More particularly it relates to bimetallic materials that are capable of being deformed a predetermined amount upon heating or cooling.
Conventional bimetals are used to yield a deflection of the composite with a change in temperature by utilizing the differences in the coefiicients of thermal expansion of two alloys which are metallurgically bonded along a common interface. As can be appreciated these bimetallic materials deflect throughout a given temperature range. Therefore, such bimetallic elements are useful in indicating the temperature over arange of temperatures.
In certain applications, however, it would be beneficial to have a material which could be placed in a location, subjected to a particular temperature upon which the material would deflect a desired amount and thereafter retain the same amount of deflection until subjected to a second particular temperature. A material yielding these properties would be an advancement in the art.
OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of this invention to provide a bimetallic material capable of controlled deformation.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a bimetallic material having a constant deformation over a predetermined temperature range.
It is an additional object of this invention to provide a bimetallic material which can be cooled or heated to reach a first preselected temperature thereby producing a controlled deformation which deformation remains constant until a second preselected temperature is reached at which the material is converted to its original shape.
These and other objects are achieved in one aspect of this invention by providing a bimetal material consisting essentially of a first metallic element which undergoes a first phase change at a first preselected temperature and a second phase change at a second preselected temperature that is substantially different than the first preselected temperature. A second metallic element which is metallurgically bonded to the first element along a common interface is single phase throughout a temperature range which overlaps and is substantially broader than the range between the first preselected temperature and the second preselected temperature. The coefficient of the thermal expansion of the second element is substantially the same as that of the first element between the first preselected temperature and the second preselected temperature.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS For a better understanding of the present invention, together with other and further objects, advantages and capabilities thereof, reference is made to the following disclosure and appended claims in connection with the above description of some of the aspects of the invention.
The bimetallic materials of this invention employ as a first element a metal which undergoes a phase change at a first preselected temperature, referred to herein as T at which temperature the metal undergoes a pronounced change in volume. This phase will remain until the temperature reaches a second preselected temperature, refererd to herein as T at which the metal is transformed to the original phase. The first element is metallurgically bonded to a second metallic element having a single phase over a temperature range which overlaps and is broader than the range between T and T The second element has substantially the same coefiicient of thermal expansion as the first element between T and T By a phase change, as used herein, it is meant that the original phase is at least partially replaced by a new phase. The bimetallic material of this invention can be fabricated by different methods to yield a bimetallic material which will function in numerous ways.
For example, if the first and second metallic elements are bonded together and are cooled to T while the first element is in the austenite phase an appreciable conversion to the martensite phase will occur with an increase in volume. Since the second element does not transform at T the bimetallic element deforms by an amount determined by the new volume of the first element. The second element is selected to have a coefficient of thermal expansion substantially the same as the first element in the martensite phase, therefore the material does not additionally deform while the temperature is being raised, until T is reached where the first element transforms back to austenite. The bimetallic element at T regains its original shape. Upon further elevation of temperature above T the bimetallic element will operate in a conventional manner depending upon the coefiicients of thermal expansion of the two elements and will continue to function in its original shape as a conventional bimetal until cooled to T To provide a bimetallic material of this invention that undergoes the deformation upon being heated to T the coefiicient of expansion of the second element is matched with that of the first element after the phase change occurs upon heating to T In this instance T is not numerically equal to T in the previous described embodiment but merely refers to the temperature where the first element undergoes a first phase change. The numerical values will depend upon the particular alloy. In this embodiment the first element is transformed upon reaching T from martensite to austenite and the deformation of the bimetallic material of this invention occurs. The deformation will remain relatively constant until the temperature of the material reaches T at which time the first element is appreciably transformed to a martensite phase and the deformation is eliminated.
The bimetallic materials of this invention can be used in a variety of shapes. For example, often in assembly of various devices space limitations are severe and it may be desired to fasten two or more elements together using bolts and the like. The materials of this invention enable the assembly of the various elements together loosely and if the materials of this invention herein are used as conventional washers along with nuts and bolts, then upon a simple heating or cooling to T of the assembled device, the material of this invention Will deform and remove the looseness and act as a lock washer. The device will become securely fastened and remain in this state. :If it is desired to disassemble the device, all that is required is to reverse the process and either raise or lower the temperature to T depending upon which was done to cause the original deformation. The material of this invention will then assume its original shape and the nut can be easily removed from the bolt. Numerous geometric shapes can be utilized, for example, springs, washers, rivets, fasteners, etc. Additionally, the elements of this .invention can be used as thermosensitive electrical switches since they will deform upon reaching a particular temperature.
A metal particularly suited for a first element is' an iron-nickel alloy consisting essentially of from about 31 to 33% by weight nickel, balance iron. One phase change temperature of that alloy is near the temperature of Dry Ice (-78.5 C.). At that temperature and below the alloy undergoes an appreciable transformation from the austenite to martensite phase. Upon heating from about 300 to 400 C., a transformation of the alloy from martensite to austenite occurs. A material which can be used as a second with the foregoing first element is an alloy consisting essentially of about 50% by Weight nickel, balance iron which is single phase throughout the tempera.- ture ranges used. The bimetallic material fabricated from the foregoing elements would deform upon being cooled to 78.5 C. or below and remain deformed until a temperature of about 300 C. is reached. Another suitable alloy for a first element to be used in conjunction with the foregoing second element is an alloy consisting essentially of about 28% by weight nickel, about 17% by weight cobalt selected minors balance iron alloy. A 'bimetallic material so constructed would deform at temperatures below about -20 C. and remain deformed until a temperature of about 600 C. is reached.
If a bimetallic material is desired which deforms upon heating to T and remains deformed until cooled to T it can be fabricated by using an alloy consisting essentially of from about 35% to 38% by weight nickel, about to 3% by weight of manganese or chromium, balance iron as the second element and the beforementioned 33% nickel-iron alloy as the first element when the first element is originally in the martensite phase.
In most instances, it will be desired to use a first element having one phase change temperature below about 20 C. and another phase change temperature, above about 200 C. The first and second elements should have substantially the same coefficients of thermal expansion during the time the material is deformed and between T and T that is, the differences in the average coefiicients of expansion between the two elements when in the deformed state and between T and T should not exceed about 5 p.p.m./ C.
While there has been shown and described what are at present considered the preferred embodiments of the invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
What is claimed is:
1. A bimetallic material consisting essentially of a first metallic element which undergoes a first phase change at a first preselected temperature and second phase change at a second preselected temperature, said first element being metallurgically bonded along a common interface to a second metallic element being single phase throughout an operating temperature range which overlaps and is broader than the temperature range between said first and second temperatures and having substantially the same coefiicient of thermal expansion as said first element between said first and second preselected temperatures after said first element has reached said first preselected temperature.
2. A bimetallic material according to claim 1 wherein said first element converts from the austenitic phase to martensitic phase below about 20 C. remains in the martensitic phase to at least about 200 C.
3. A bimetallic material according to claim 2 wherein said second element has a coefficient of expansion substantially the same as the coefficient of expansion of the first element when said first element is in the austenite phase after reaching said first preselected temperature.
4. A bimetallic material according to claim 2 wherein said second element has a coeificient of expansion substantially the same as the coefficient of expansion of the first element when said first element is in the martensite phase after reaching said first preselected temperature.
5. A bimetallic material according to claim 4 wherein said first element is an alloy consisting essentially of about 28% by weight nickel, about 17% by weight cobalt, balance iron.
6. A bimetallic material according to claim 4 wherein said first element is an alloy consisting essentially of from about 31 to 33% by weight nickel, and balance iron.
7. A bimetallic material according to claim 5 wherein said second element is an alloy consisting essentially of about 50% by weight nickel and balance iron.
8. A bimetallic material according to claim 6 wherein said second element is an alloy consisting essentially of about 50% nickel and balance iron.
9. A bimetallic material according to claim 3 wherein said first element is an alloy consisting essentially of from about 31 to 33% by Weight nickel and balance iron.
10. A bimetallic material according to claim 9 wherein said second element is an alloy consisting essentially of from about 35 to about 38% by weight nickel, from about 0 to about 3% by weight of an element selected from manganese and chromium and balance iron.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,332,416 10/ 1943 Waltenberg.
2,403,895 7/1946 Alban et al.
2,575,213 11/1951 Fruth.
3,512,947 5/1970 Alban 29195;5 3,560,171 2/1971 Ornstein et al. 29-4955 3,581,366 6/1971 Gottlieb et al 291'95.5 3,563,712 2/1971 Zeigler 29-l95.5
CHARLES N. LOVELL, Primary Examiner W. W. STALLARD, Assistant Examiner U.S. Cl. X.R. l4834
US00206124A 1971-12-08 1971-12-08 Bimetal capable of deformation Expired - Lifetime US3743485A (en)

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3826947A (en) * 1973-06-29 1974-07-30 Gte Sylvania Inc Cathode positioning retainer
US3848154A (en) * 1973-12-13 1974-11-12 Gte Sylvania Inc Cathode ray tube antenna getter structure comprising permanent phase transformation bimetallic material
US4239264A (en) * 1979-06-14 1980-12-16 Evans Karl K Thermal expansion joint for pipes
WO1991006957A1 (en) * 1989-10-31 1991-05-16 Carpenter Technology Corporation Thermally responsive article, method of making same, and a device incorporating said article

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3826947A (en) * 1973-06-29 1974-07-30 Gte Sylvania Inc Cathode positioning retainer
US3848154A (en) * 1973-12-13 1974-11-12 Gte Sylvania Inc Cathode ray tube antenna getter structure comprising permanent phase transformation bimetallic material
US4239264A (en) * 1979-06-14 1980-12-16 Evans Karl K Thermal expansion joint for pipes
WO1991006957A1 (en) * 1989-10-31 1991-05-16 Carpenter Technology Corporation Thermally responsive article, method of making same, and a device incorporating said article
US5066886A (en) * 1989-10-31 1991-11-19 Carpenter Technology Corporation Thermally responsive article, method of making same, and a device incorporataing said article

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