US3730044A - Fluid operated apparatus - Google Patents

Fluid operated apparatus Download PDF

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Publication number
US3730044A
US3730044A US00187645A US3730044DA US3730044A US 3730044 A US3730044 A US 3730044A US 00187645 A US00187645 A US 00187645A US 3730044D A US3730044D A US 3730044DA US 3730044 A US3730044 A US 3730044A
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United States
Prior art keywords
piston
chamber
ram
piston means
fluid device
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US00187645A
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English (en)
Inventor
E Sawdon
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BTM Corp
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BTM Corp
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Publication date
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B15/00—Fluid-actuated devices for displacing a member from one position to another; Gearing associated therewith
    • F15B15/08—Characterised by the construction of the motor unit
    • F15B15/12—Characterised by the construction of the motor unit of the oscillating-vane or curved-cylinder type
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T83/00—Cutting
    • Y10T83/808—Two tool pairs, driver for one pair moves relative to driver for other pair
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T83/00—Cutting
    • Y10T83/869—Means to drive or to guide tool
    • Y10T83/8821—With simple rectilinear reciprocating motion only
    • Y10T83/8841—Tool driver movable relative to tool support
    • Y10T83/8848—Connecting rod articulated with tool support
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T83/00—Cutting
    • Y10T83/869—Means to drive or to guide tool
    • Y10T83/8821—With simple rectilinear reciprocating motion only
    • Y10T83/8858—Fluid pressure actuated
    • Y10T83/8866—Offset cutter

Definitions

  • An improved fluid motor including a rotationally oscillating piston within a generally sector-shaped chamber, a reciprocating ram element for performing work, linkage means interconnecting the ram element and piston, and means for supplying a fluid under pressure to said chamber, selectively to either one side or the other side of said piston to actuate the latter.
  • the fluid motor of the present invention is disclosed, for exemplary purposes, embodied in an improved punching machine.
  • the motor and machine are so constructed and are of such a configuration that a number of them may be stacked or mounted side by side to provide punching or other operations on very close centers.
  • the present invention relates generally to fluid motors for use in applications where conventional pneumatic piston and cylinder motors are presently used, for example in the machine tool field.
  • Pneumatic piston and cylinder units are used in a great many different ways for many different functions in connection with the machine tool field, such functions including advancing and retracting tools of various types, advancing and retracting fixtures and the like, advancing and retracting workpieces, ejecting workpieces, workpiece locating, workpiece clamping, etc.
  • Another object of the present invention resides in the provision of an improved punching machine which is extremely narrow in one dimension, without a sacrifice in output force capacity, whereby a plurality of such machines may be mounted extremely close to one another, or actually affixed to one another, for performing work at closely adjacent points, without requiring cumbersome exposed levers.
  • a further object of the present invention resides in the provision of an improved fluid motor which is relatively simple and inexpensive to manufacture, has relatively few parts, is light in weight, and has great flexibility in being easily adapted to different applications, utilizing standardized components.
  • a related object concerns the provision of an improved punching machine utilizing such fluid motor.
  • Another object of the present invention resides in the provision of an improved fluid motor having a nonrotating ram.
  • FIG. 1 is a side elevational view, partly in section and with certain parts broken away, of an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a transverse sectional view taken along line 2-2 in FIG. l;
  • FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of the portion of the structure illustrated within the broken circle in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 4 is a front elevational view of a plurality of the mechanisms shown in FIG. 1, stacked or mounted together in such a way that each may operate independently on close centers;
  • FIG. 5 is a view similar to FIG. 4 but illustrating a modified manner in which the mechanisms of the present invention may be mounted for operation on minimum centers.
  • the present invention is disclosed for exemplary purposes embodied in a simple punching machine, it being appreciated that the fluid motor of the present invention is suited for many different applications where it is desired to obtain work from a source of fluid under pressure.
  • the punch generally comprises a body 10 of the configuration in plan shown in FIG. 1, and having opposite faces 12 and 14 disposed parallel to one another. Secured to faces 12 and 14 by means of threaded fasteners 16 are a pair of flat plates 18 and 20, respectively. Plates 18 and 20 are of the same configuration as the upper portion of body 10, terminating at a lower edge 22. Threaded fasteners 16 are preferably flat head screws threadably engaging suitable tapped holes in body 10, the outer surfaces of plates 18 and 20 being suitably countersunk so that the screw heads are flush with such surfaces.
  • Body 10 is provided at the lower end thereof with a workpiece receiving throat or recess 24 defining a projection 26 having a vertically extending bore 28 therethrough in which is disposed a conventional punch button 30, held in place and against rotation by a set screw 32.
  • Bore 28 is threaded at the lower end thereof to threadably receive a standard button adjustment screw 34, which is held in place by a lock nut 36.
  • Button 30 and adjustment screw 34 are hollow so that the punched scrap may pass therethrough.
  • Opening 38 is generally sector-shaped in configuration, comprising a circular cylindrical surface 40 at the apex thereof and disposed opposite thereto an arcuate cylindrical surface 42 having a center of curvature coincident with the centerof curvature of surface 40.
  • the top of opening 38 is defined by a stop surface 44 and a recess 46, the latter communicating with a fluid passageway 48 extending to the outside of the body and provided thereat with a tapped bore 50.
  • the opposite side of opening 38 includes a recess 52, a stop surface 54 and a recess 56.
  • Recess 52 communicated with a fluid passageway 58 which extends through body 10 to the outside thereof where there is provided a tapped bore 60.
  • Recess 56 communicates with a bore 62 extending from opening 38 into recess 24 and being coaxial with bore 28.
  • Tapped bores 50 and 60 are adapted to threadably receive conventional tubing fittings.
  • a ram 64 Slidably disposed within bore 62 is a ram 64 having disposed within a suitable opening in the lower end thereof a conventional punch 66, which is held in place and against rotation by a set screw 68.v Slidably disposed about the end of punch 66 is a stripper 70 which is spring biased downwardly by a compression spring 72 and held in place by a stripper case 74 threadably secured to the lower end of ram 64, all in the conventional manner.
  • a work piece 66 is shown with a hole being punched therein and with the punch at the bottom of its stroke.
  • ram 64 is provided with oppositely facing flat parallel surfaces 76 and is pivotally secured to a pair oflinks 78 and 80 by means of a pin 82 extending therethrough.
  • the upper ends of links 78 and 80 are pivotally secured by means of a pin 83 to a boss 86 projecting from a piston 86.
  • Pins 82 and 84 are just slightly shorter in length than the thickness of body and are retained in place by plates 18 and 20.
  • Ram 64 is provided with an O-ring or like resilient seal 88 disposed within a suitable annular groove therearound to provide a seal between the ram and bore 62.
  • Piston 86 is an elongated member generally rectangular in cross section and having in plan at the upper end thereof a cylindrical surface 90 adapted to rotationally fit within surface 40. Piston 86 is just slightly less in thickness than the thickness of body 10 (minimum working clearance) and is adapted to rotate or swing back and forth within opening 38 between a first position in which it engages stop surface 54 (as shown in. FIG. 1) and a second position in which it engages stop surface 44. As can be seen, when piston 86 is in its first position the geometry of the linkage system connecting it with ram 64 is such that the latter is at the bottom of its stroke, and when piston 86 is moved to its second position ram 64 is moved to the top of its stroke, and vice versa.
  • Links 78 and 80 in conjunction with piston 86 define a toggle linkage system so that there is a progressively increasing amplification of the force exerted on ram 64 by piston 86 as the latter moves to its first position, that portion of the stroke of ram 64 being the portion in which it performs work, in this case the punching operation.
  • the linkage system also prevents rotation of ram 64, important when punching non-circular holes.
  • piston 86 is disposed closely adjacent surface 42 so that the piston in effect divides the chamber defined by opening 38 and plates 18 and into two chamber portions, one of which communicates with passageway 58 and the other of which communicates with passageway 48.
  • These passageways are connected by means of conventional fittings threadably disposed in tapped bores 60 and 50, respectively, to a conventional fluid supply source for fluid motors (not shown).
  • Recesses 46 and 52 are so located with respect to stop surfaces 38 and 54 that piston 86 cannot move to a position in which both passageways 48 and 58 communicate with the same side thereof. Thus, when fluid is supplied to passageway 48 and passageway 58 placed in communication with the atmosphere or exhaust.
  • piston 86 will be urged in a downward or clockwise direction by the force exerted by the fluid under pressure. until it engages stop surface 54.
  • fluid under pressure is supplied to passageway 58 and passageway 48 is placed in communication with the atmosphere or exhaust piston 86 is urged upwardly or in a counterclockwise direction by the force of the fluid under pressure, until it engages stop surface 38.
  • the control of the fluid supply in order to so operate the piston back and forth is exactly the same as is conventionally utilized in connection with conventional piston and cylinder fluid motors, in accordance with principals well known in the art.
  • This sealing means comprises a pair of generally parallel, annular, continuous grooves 92 and 94 disposed about the entire outer periphery of piston 56, each in a plane perpendicular to the plane of surfaces 12 and 14. Disposed in each groove is a resilient annular sealing element 96, having a generally V-shaped cross section, as best seen in FIG. 3. Elements 96 are arranged so that they face in opposite directions, to thereby maximize the efficiency of the seal in both directions of movement of piston 86.
  • the pivotal connection between piston 86 and body 10 may be lubricated by means of a lubricating groove 98 communicating with a tapped opening 100 into which may be threadably secured a conventional grease fitting (not shown).
  • bore 62 communicates with a tapped opening 102 into which may be provided a conventional grease fitting for lubricating ram 64.
  • one of the great advantages of the fluid motor of the present invention is the amount of force that can be generated at conventional working pressures in a device which is extremely narrow in width, thereby facilitating the use of a number of such devices extremely close to one another in a machine tool, without requiring external linkages to transmit the working force from a remote point, as with pistion and cylinder units.
  • a pneumatic fluid motor having the general configuration shown in the drawing and a 1 /2 inch overal thickness or width (a 1 inch body and two A inch plates) has been found to be capable of exerting a 2,000-pound force with an psi air supply.
  • the present mechanisms may be stacked or mounted side by side in a row, utilizing as many as is desired, such as shown in FIG. 4.
  • this assembly would be capable of punching holes on 1 /2 inch centers, with each punch being operable independently.
  • using standardized parts of a given dimension it is possible to fabricate fluid motors having greater force capabilities and/or minimum punching centers by merely affixing two or more pistons together side by side within two or more bodies affixed together side by side, eliminating the inside plates and utilizing only two plates on the outside of the assembly.
  • Such an assembly is shown in FIG. 5.
  • a pair of holes 104 may be provided through each body 10 to receive dowel pins for aligning and mounting two or more bodies together.
  • each piston 86 may be provided with a pair of holes 106 to facilitate a similar joining of two or more pistons 86.
  • Single or multiple rams may be utilized, depending on the application. Using the above example in this manner would result in an assembly capable of punching on 1 inch centers, although all of the punches would have to operate in unison. The design flexibility of the present invention in different applications, with a minimum number of standardized parts, is thus substantial.
  • a fluid device comprising: a body member having a chamber therein; piston means disposed in said chamber for rotational oscillation therein; sealing means for sealing said piston means with respect to the walls of said chamber in all operating positions of said piston means; reciprocating ram means disposed in said body member; and linkage means pivotally interconnecting said piston means and said ram means.
  • a fluid device comprising: housing means having a chamber therein, said chamber having substantially parallel side walls opposing one another; piston means mounted in said chamber for rotational movement about an axis of rotation disposed adjacent one end of said piston and extending perpendicular to said chamber side walls; means defining a first cylindrical surface in said chamber between said chamber walls, said first cylindrical surface having a center of curvature coincident with said rotational axis and being disposed adjacent said one end of said piston means; means defining a second cylindrical surface in said chamber between said chamber walls, said second cylindrical surface having a center of curvature coincident with said rotational axis and being disposed immediately adjacent the opposite end of said piston means; means sealing said piston means with respect to said first and second cylindrical surfaces and said side walls.
  • piston means divides said chamber into first and second separate chamber portions; first passage means in said housing means for communicating fluid into and out of said first chamber portion; second passage means in said housing means for communicating fluid into and out of said second chamber portion; ram means extending through said housing means; and linkage means pivotally connecting said piston means to said ram means, whereby back and forth rotation of said piston means will cause said ram means to reciprocate.
  • said linkage means includes a link pivotally connected at one end to said ram means and at the other end to said piston means, said piston means being mounted so that it can rotate to a position where the axis of rotation of its pivotal connection with said other end of said link approximately intersects said longitudinal axis.
  • stop means is provided in said chamber for stopping the rotational movement of said piston means in one direction at a point where the axis of rotation of its pivotal connection with said other end of said link approximately intersects said longitudinal axis.
  • sealing means comprises a continuous groove disposed about the entire outer periphery of said piston means in a plane perpendicular to the plane of said side walls,
  • stop means are provided in said chamber for limiting pivotal movement of said piston means in both directions.
  • a punching machine comprising: housing means having a chamber therein, said chamber having substantially parallel side walls opposing one another; piston means mounted in said chamber for rotational movement about an axis of rotation disposed adjacent one end of said piston and extending perpendicular to said chamber side walls; means defining a first cylindrical surface in said chamber between said chamber walls, said first cylindrical surface having a center of curvature coincident with said rotational axis and being disposed adjacent said one end of said piston means; means defining a second cylindrical surface in said chamber between said chamber walls, said second cylindrical surface having a center of curvature coincident with said rotational axis and being disposed immediately adjacent the opposite end of said piston means; means sealing said piston means with respect to said first and second cylindrical surfaces and said side walls, whereby said piston means divides said chamber into first and second separate chamber portions; first passage means in said housing means for communicat-- ing fluid into and out of said first chamber portion; second passage means in .said housing means for communicating fluid into and out of said second chamber portion; ram
  • a fluid device comprising: a body having oppositely disposed flat parallel faces having an opening therethrough; a flat plate mounted on each of said faces whereby the inside faces of said plates and said opening define a chamber; piston means mounted in said chamber for rotational movement about an axis of rotation disposed adjacent one end of said piston and extending perpendicular to said faces; means defining a first cylindrical surface in said chamber between said faces, said first cylindrical surface having a center of curvature coincident with said rotational axis and being disposed adjacent said one end of said piston means; means defining a second cylindrical surface in said chamber between said faces, said second cylindrical surface having a center of curvature coincident with said rotational axis and being disposed immediately adjacent the opposite end of said piston means; means sealing said piston means with respect to said first and second cylindrical surfaces and said inside faces of said plates, whereby said piston means divides said chamber into first and second separate chamber portions; first passage means in said body for communicating fluid into and out of said first chamber portion; second passage means in said body for communicating fluid into and
  • a fluid device as claimed in claim 16 wherein said body is provided with accurately located through holes adapted to receive dowel pins for locating and joining a plurality of said bodies together.
  • a fluid device as claimed in claim 16 further comprising support means formed integrally with said body adjacent said free end of said ram means, said support means lying on the axis of reciprocation of said ram means, punch means mounted on said free end of said ram means, and button means mounted on said support means in alignment with said punch means.
  • a punching machine comprising: a first body member having oppositely disposed substantially parallel outside faces and having an opening therethrough; a second body member of substantially identical construction affixed to said first body member in face to face relationship with the respective openings in each alignment; first piston means disposed in said opening in said first body member for rotational reciprocation therein, said piston means having a width just slightly less than the thickness of said first body means; second piston means disposed in the opening in said second body member for rotational reciprocation therein, said second piston means having a width just slightly less than the thickness of said second body means, said first and second piston means being affixed to one another in side by side relationship; plate means sealingly disposed on the exposed outside faces of said body members to fully cover the combined openings; sealing means for sealing both of said piston means with respect to each other, said body members and said plate means, in all operating positions of said piston means; reciprocating ram means disposed in said body member; and linkage means pivotally interconnecting one of said piston means and said ram means.
  • both said piston means are provided with accurately located through holes adapted to receive dowel pins for locating and joining them together.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Press Drives And Press Lines (AREA)
  • Control Of Cutting Processes (AREA)
  • Actuator (AREA)
  • Punching Or Piercing (AREA)
  • Hydraulic Motors (AREA)
  • Perforating, Stamping-Out Or Severing By Means Other Than Cutting (AREA)
  • Pistons, Piston Rings, And Cylinders (AREA)
US00187645A 1971-10-08 1971-10-08 Fluid operated apparatus Expired - Lifetime US3730044A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US18764571A 1971-10-08 1971-10-08

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3730044A true US3730044A (en) 1973-05-01

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US00187645A Expired - Lifetime US3730044A (en) 1971-10-08 1971-10-08 Fluid operated apparatus

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US (1) US3730044A (it)
JP (1) JPS5344708B2 (it)
AU (1) AU466807B2 (it)
CA (1) CA973137A (it)
DE (2) DE2242204C3 (it)
FR (1) FR2156187B1 (it)
GB (1) GB1378808A (it)
IT (1) IT963882B (it)

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4099659A (en) * 1976-10-15 1978-07-11 Grimaldi Jr David C Adjustable pneumatic power driving apparatus
USRE32736E (en) * 1984-04-20 1988-08-23 Alignment system for vehicle load bed
US4959989A (en) * 1988-06-09 1990-10-02 Reo Hydraulic Pierce & Form Force multiplying press
US5411521A (en) * 1992-03-04 1995-05-02 American Cyanamid Company Medical suturing device, a single-strike die mechanism, and a method of using said die mechanism for forming the medical suturing device
US5432989A (en) * 1992-10-27 1995-07-18 Archer Manufacturing Corporation Apparatus and method for joining sheet material
US5782130A (en) * 1997-01-27 1998-07-21 Btm Corporation Apparatus for retaining tools
US5860315A (en) * 1994-07-29 1999-01-19 Etm Corporation Device for securing tools
EP1215398A2 (en) * 2000-12-18 2002-06-19 Btm Corporation Actuator for a shot pin
US6585142B1 (en) * 2002-12-02 2003-07-01 Tung-Hsien Chen Hammer head assembly used in an air nailing gun for driving U-nails
US7694399B2 (en) 2005-03-04 2010-04-13 Btm Corporation Sheet fastening apparatus and method
US20100212131A1 (en) * 2009-02-23 2010-08-26 Btm Corporation Clinching tool
US10328481B2 (en) 2014-03-18 2019-06-25 Btm Company Llc Clinching punch and apparatus
CN111216901A (zh) * 2018-11-26 2020-06-02 本田技研工业株式会社 电源装置以及飞行体

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN113976679B (zh) * 2021-09-30 2024-05-17 南京邮电大学 一种大吨位的金属折弯传动机构

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2469182A (en) * 1946-03-27 1949-05-03 South Windsor Mfg Company Pneumatic clipper
GB742033A (en) * 1952-07-31 1955-12-21 Carl Heinz Muller Improvements in and relating to motor driven shears for veneer strips and the like
US3302504A (en) * 1964-10-30 1967-02-07 William J Fisher Punch press

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2553973A (en) * 1946-02-01 1951-05-22 Detroit Harvester Co Vane type hydraulic actuator
US3554096A (en) * 1968-12-09 1971-01-12 Xomox Corp Vane-type actuator

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2469182A (en) * 1946-03-27 1949-05-03 South Windsor Mfg Company Pneumatic clipper
GB742033A (en) * 1952-07-31 1955-12-21 Carl Heinz Muller Improvements in and relating to motor driven shears for veneer strips and the like
US3302504A (en) * 1964-10-30 1967-02-07 William J Fisher Punch press

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4099659A (en) * 1976-10-15 1978-07-11 Grimaldi Jr David C Adjustable pneumatic power driving apparatus
USRE32736E (en) * 1984-04-20 1988-08-23 Alignment system for vehicle load bed
US4959989A (en) * 1988-06-09 1990-10-02 Reo Hydraulic Pierce & Form Force multiplying press
US5411521A (en) * 1992-03-04 1995-05-02 American Cyanamid Company Medical suturing device, a single-strike die mechanism, and a method of using said die mechanism for forming the medical suturing device
US5432989A (en) * 1992-10-27 1995-07-18 Archer Manufacturing Corporation Apparatus and method for joining sheet material
US5860315A (en) * 1994-07-29 1999-01-19 Etm Corporation Device for securing tools
US5782130A (en) * 1997-01-27 1998-07-21 Btm Corporation Apparatus for retaining tools
US6450082B1 (en) 2000-12-18 2002-09-17 Btm Corporation Shot pin
EP1215398A2 (en) * 2000-12-18 2002-06-19 Btm Corporation Actuator for a shot pin
EP1215398A3 (en) * 2000-12-18 2003-12-03 Btm Corporation Actuator for a shot pin
US6585142B1 (en) * 2002-12-02 2003-07-01 Tung-Hsien Chen Hammer head assembly used in an air nailing gun for driving U-nails
US7694399B2 (en) 2005-03-04 2010-04-13 Btm Corporation Sheet fastening apparatus and method
US20100212131A1 (en) * 2009-02-23 2010-08-26 Btm Corporation Clinching tool
US8650730B2 (en) 2009-02-23 2014-02-18 Btm Corporation Clinching tool
US10328481B2 (en) 2014-03-18 2019-06-25 Btm Company Llc Clinching punch and apparatus
CN111216901A (zh) * 2018-11-26 2020-06-02 本田技研工业株式会社 电源装置以及飞行体

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE2242204B2 (de) 1977-12-08
AU466807B2 (en) 1975-11-13
DE2242204C3 (de) 1978-07-27
DE2265348B2 (de) 1980-04-30
IT963882B (it) 1974-01-21
FR2156187B1 (it) 1976-01-30
GB1378808A (en) 1974-12-27
DE2242204A1 (de) 1973-04-12
JPS4845773A (it) 1973-06-29
JPS5344708B2 (it) 1978-11-30
CA973137A (en) 1975-08-19
FR2156187A1 (it) 1973-05-25
DE2265348C3 (de) 1981-01-22
AU4751872A (en) 1974-04-11
DE2265348A1 (de) 1977-10-20

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