US3729293A - Lead-bearing steel and method of manufacture - Google Patents
Lead-bearing steel and method of manufacture Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3729293A US3729293A US00131812A US3729293DA US3729293A US 3729293 A US3729293 A US 3729293A US 00131812 A US00131812 A US 00131812A US 3729293D A US3729293D A US 3729293DA US 3729293 A US3729293 A US 3729293A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- lead
- tool
- steel
- charge
- sulfur
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 27
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title description 27
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title description 5
- 229910001315 Tool steel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 28
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 abstract description 20
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 18
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 18
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 abstract description 18
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 17
- 229910000464 lead oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000012255 powdered metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- HTUMBQDCCIXGCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Pb+2] HTUMBQDCCIXGCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 8
- YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxolead Chemical compound [Pb]=O YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 5
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 4
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000997 High-speed steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910001209 Low-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006233 lamp black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 2
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- VCTOKJRTAUILIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(2+);sulfide Chemical class [S-2].[Mn+2] VCTOKJRTAUILIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000005272 metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- LJAOOBNHPFKCDR-UHFFFAOYSA-K chromium(3+) trichloride hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cr+3] LJAOOBNHPFKCDR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- WGLYADVYCJUFAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N cloran Chemical compound C12CC3C(=O)OC(=O)C3CC2C2(Cl)C(Cl)=C(Cl)C1(Cl)C2(Cl)Cl WGLYADVYCJUFAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004763 sulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003463 sulfur Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
- C22C33/02—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C33/0257—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/60—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing lead, selenium, tellurium, or antimony, or more than 0.04% by weight of sulfur
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S75/00—Specialized metallurgical processes, compositions for use therein, consolidated metal powder compositions, and loose metal particulate mixtures
- Y10S75/95—Consolidated metal powder compositions of >95% theoretical density, e.g. wrought
Definitions
- This invention relates to a tool-steel composition characterized by improved machinability by the addition of .5 to 2% lead in combination with sulfur in an amount up to about .3%.
- Articles characterized by improved machinability are produced in accordance with the present invention by providing a charge of powdered metal of a desired tool-steel composition, coating the particles with lead oxide, thereafter heating said charge under conditions of temperature and pressure to decompose said lead oxide by gassification and then removing the products of gassification from the powdered metal charge to leave the particles coated with lead. The lead-containing charge of particles is then compacted to form a dense compact.
- manganese sulfides incident to sulfurized tool steels cause the fine cutting edges of tool steel articles, such as drills, taps, reamers, knives, cutters and the like, to be more prone to chipping at the cutting edges. This decreases tool life over similar nonsulfurized tool steels.
- Cold-worked tool steels may be of the plain carbon or low-alloy variety. The latter are of higher hardenability than the plain-carbon tool steels so that they may be hardened in heavier sections, or with less drastic quenches and consequently less distortion.
- the hot-worked tool steels are of intermediate alloy content. They typically contain tungsten, molybdenum or vanadium for the purpose of combining with the carbon in the steel to form hard and wear-resisting carbides.
- High-speed tool steels like the hot-worked tool steel compositions, contain carbide-forming elements but in larger amounts so that they are, like the hot-worked tool steels, provided with wear-resisting carbides and in addition have sufficient carbide-forming elements to promote secondary hardening, whereby the resistance to softening at elevated temperature of tools made from this steel is drastically increased.
- the uses of tool steels of the above-mentioned types are extremely diverse. Obviously,
- a more particular object of the invention is to provide a tool-steel composition of improved machinability produced by the addition of a substantial quantity of lead that remlains in a fine uniform distribution throughout the tool stee
- a related object of the invention is to provide a method for producing tool-steel articles characterized by improved machinability.
- a more particular related object of the invention is to provide a method for producing leaded, free-machining tool steel articles by the use of a pewdered metallurgy technique.
- the machinability of tool steels is improved by adding lead in a fine, uniform distribution throughout the steel in an amount of about .5 to 2%.
- Lead may be used alone within this range for the purpose of improving machinability or, alternately, it may be used in combination with a quantity of surfur up to about 3% max. It has been found that with lead contents greater than 2%, there is no further significant improvement obtained with respect to machinability. Lead contents of at least 5% are required toachieve the desired significant improvement with regard to machinability.
- composition range for a cold-Worked tool steel suitable in the practice of the present invention is as follows:
- a hot-worked tool steel composition suitable for use in the practice of the invention is as follows:
- Element Percent Carbon .3 to .5. Manganese Up to .8. Sulfur Up to .25. Chromium 2 to 7. Vanadium Up to 2. Tungsten Up to 12. Cobalt Up to 4. Molybdenum Up to 3. Iron Balance.
- Element Percent Carbon .8 to 1.3. Silicon Up to .5. Sulfur Up to .3. Chromium 4 to 5. Molybdenum 3.5 to 9.5. Tungsten .8 to 7. Vanadium 1.0 to 5. Cobalt Up to 12. Iron Balance.
- a charge of powdered metal for example comprising particles of the desired tool-steel composition is produced.
- the particles are coated with lead oxide, preferable by tumbling the particles with a quantity of lead oxide in colloidal form until, as a result of the tumbling action, all of the particles are properly coated.
- the charge is heated under conditions of temperature and pressure sufficient to decompose the lead oxide by gassification thereof.
- the carbon monoxide and other gaseous reaction products are removed from the particle charge.
- the carbon may be introduced to the charge by coating the particles with lampblack. It is understood, of course, that other carbon containing materials suitable for the purpose may also be used.
- the particle charge is contained within a container, which may be constructed of mild steel.
- the container is provided with a stem that is connected to a vacuum pump to effect the removal of the gaseous reaction products.
- the container with the particle charge therein is disconnected from the vacuum pump and the connecting stem is sealed.
- the particle charge within the container is subjected to substantial pressure while at elevated temperature.
- the tool-steel particle charge is compacted to a high density, typically on the order of at least about 95%.
- the container is removed by pickling, machining or a combination of both.
- the resulting tool steel article may then be subjected to the machining and grinding operations required in the production of the desired, final tool-steel product.
- A151 M2 and M28 tool steel powders of mesh were tumbled with a quantity of colloidal lead oxide until each particle was coated with the lead oxide.
- a quantity of lampblack was introduced to the charge and accordingly coated onto the particles.
- the powdered metal charges were placed in mild steel cylindrical containers having a stem connecting the container interiors to a vacuum pump.
- the containers were placed in a furnace and heated to a temperature of about 2150 F. Upon reaching this temperature, which took approximately one hour, the container interiors were pumped to remove the gaseous reaction products, which are substantially all carbon monoxide.
- the containers which are 3 /2" diameter x 3" high, were then upset-forged and elongated repeatedly to produce extensive and thorough working throughout the particle charge.
- Thrust at the tip of the M-inch diameter drill 150 lbs. Drilling speed: 480 r.p.m. Depth of drilled hole: .250 inch PIM M2 (0.9% 0) standard... 100 100 100 P/M M2 (0.93% C) 1.1% Pb--- 163 166 Commercial M25 (1.0% O) 125 123 126 Thrust at the tip of the %-inch diameter drill: 225 lbs. Drilling speed: 480 r.p.m. Depth of drilled hole: 250 inch P/M M2 (0.9% 0) standard.
- a compacted powder hot-worked tool steel substantially fully dense article consisting essentially of, in weight percent, .3 to .5 carbon, up to .8 manganese, up to .25 sulfur, 2 to 7 chromium, up to 2 vanadium, up to 12 tungsten, up to 4 cobalt, up to 3 molybdenum, and the balance iron, the improvement comprising an addition of lead within the range of .5 to 2% 3.
- a compacted powder cold-worked tool steel substantially fully dense article consisting essentially of.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US13181271A | 1971-04-30 | 1971-04-30 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3729293A true US3729293A (en) | 1973-04-24 |
Family
ID=22451133
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US00131812A Expired - Lifetime US3729293A (en) | 1971-04-30 | 1971-04-30 | Lead-bearing steel and method of manufacture |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3729293A (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3863318A (en) * | 1972-03-06 | 1975-02-04 | Toyota Motor Co Ltd | High temperature-resistant wearproof sintered alloys |
US3948649A (en) * | 1971-08-04 | 1976-04-06 | Daido Seiko Kabushiki Kaisha | Free cutting steel |
JPS51117106A (en) * | 1975-03-21 | 1976-10-15 | Ugine Aciers | Process for production of metal or alloy having improved cutting property |
-
1971
- 1971-04-30 US US00131812A patent/US3729293A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3948649A (en) * | 1971-08-04 | 1976-04-06 | Daido Seiko Kabushiki Kaisha | Free cutting steel |
US3863318A (en) * | 1972-03-06 | 1975-02-04 | Toyota Motor Co Ltd | High temperature-resistant wearproof sintered alloys |
JPS51117106A (en) * | 1975-03-21 | 1976-10-15 | Ugine Aciers | Process for production of metal or alloy having improved cutting property |
JPS563897B2 (en) * | 1975-03-21 | 1981-01-27 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: COLT INDUSTRIES OPERATING CORP. Free format text: MERGER AND CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:CRUCIBLE CENTER COMPANY (INTO) CRUCIBLE INC. (CHANGED TO);REEL/FRAME:004120/0308 Effective date: 19821214 |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: CRUCIBLE MATERIALS CORPORATION, PENNSYLVANIA Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:COLT INDUSTRIES OPERATING CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004194/0621 Effective date: 19831025 Owner name: CRUCIBLE MATERIALS CORPORATION, A DE CORP. Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:COLT INDUSTRIES OPERATING CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004194/0621 Effective date: 19831025 |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: MELLON BANK, N.A. FOR THE CHASE MANHATTAN BANK (NA Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CRUCIBLE MATERIALS CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE.;REEL/FRAME:004490/0452 Effective date: 19851219 Owner name: CHASE MANHATTAN BANK, THE (NATIONAL ASSOCIATION) A Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CRUCIBLE MATERIALS CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE.;REEL/FRAME:004490/0452 Effective date: 19851219 Owner name: MELLON FINANCIAL SERVICES CORPORATION Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CRUCIBLE MATERIALS CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE.;REEL/FRAME:004490/0410 Effective date: 19851219 Owner name: MELLON BANK, N.A. AS AGENT FOR MELLON BANK N.A. & Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CRUCIBLE MATERIALS CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE.;REEL/FRAME:004490/0410 Effective date: 19851219 |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: CRUCIBLE MATERIALS CORPORATION, NEW YORK Free format text: RELEASED BY SECURED PARTY;ASSIGNOR:MELLON BANK, N.A.;REEL/FRAME:005240/0099 Effective date: 19891020 |