US3649734A - Crucible electron beam evaporation of aluminum - Google Patents
Crucible electron beam evaporation of aluminum Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3649734A US3649734A US110937A US3649734DA US3649734A US 3649734 A US3649734 A US 3649734A US 110937 A US110937 A US 110937A US 3649734D A US3649734D A US 3649734DA US 3649734 A US3649734 A US 3649734A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- aluminum
- crucible
- liner
- cement
- cavity
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract description 43
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract description 42
- 238000005566 electron beam evaporation Methods 0.000 title description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 22
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 abstract description 22
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 22
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 abstract description 16
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229910052582 BN Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 5
- PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron nitride Chemical compound N#B PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 5
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- QYEXBYZXHDUPRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N B#[Ti]#B Chemical compound B#[Ti]#B QYEXBYZXHDUPRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910033181 TiB2 Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
- YXTPWUNVHCYOSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis($l^{2}-silanylidene)molybdenum Chemical compound [Si]=[Mo]=[Si] YXTPWUNVHCYOSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910021344 molybdenum silicide Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011195 cermet Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010285 flame spraying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002470 thermal conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/24—Vacuum evaporation
- C23C14/28—Vacuum evaporation by wave energy or particle radiation
- C23C14/30—Vacuum evaporation by wave energy or particle radiation by electron bombardment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/24—Vacuum evaporation
- C23C14/243—Crucibles for source material
Definitions
- a liner is provided for the water-cooled copper crucible which has low thermal conductivity and good electrical conductivity and which does not react to a great extent to the hot aluminum.
- the liner may be of an intermetallic composite such as titanium diboride and boron nitride.
- lt is stuck to the copper crucible by a cement comprising titanium or tungsten or molybdenum or a cermet such as molybdenum silicide.
- the disclosed cement will stick to the copper of the crucible. While the cement and intermetallic composition are being applied as by flame spraying, there will be sufficient mixing of the cement and the composition so that the composition will be held in place in the cavity in the copper crucible.
- the lining is sufficiently conductive to act as a connection for the electron beam and is of sufficiently low thermal conductivity so that neither it nor the copper crucible gets very hot, whereby the efficiency of the application of heat to the aluminum is greatly increased. Due to the fact that the liner sticks to the crucible, molten aluminum cannot get between the liner and the copper crucible. Since the liner does not get too hot, the chemical interaction between the aluminum and the liner is minimized whereby the liner lasts a long time and the evaporated aluminum is nearly pure.
- a copper crucible having a cavity 11 for receiving a charge 14 to be melted and also having water-cooling passages 12 therethrough.
- the cavity 11 in the crucible 10 is provided to receive a charge of aluminum 14 to be evaporated by an electron beam 16 projected LII thereon by an electron gun 18.
- the aluminum 14 is shown as the beam 16 is conducted to the copper crucible l0 and is removed by the cooling water In the passageways 12.
- An inner liner 22 of an intermetallic composite such as titanium diboride and boron nitride, which has been used for making resistance heating evaporation boats, may be provided in the cavity 11 of the copper crucible 10.
- Such an inner liner however does not make a good thermal contact with the surface of the cavity 11. Therefore, after a short while, the molten aluminum will run over the edge of the composite 22 because of the poor thermal conductivity of the composite with the cavity 11 and the molten aluminum will wet the adjacent surfaces of the liner and of the cavity 11, whereby the aluminum is again thermally coupled to the crucible and the heat is carried away by the cooling water as before. Furthermore, as the lining 22 gets hot enough, the aluminum and the inner liner 22 will interact chemically and the inner liner 22 will be damaged or destroyed and the evaporated aluminum will not be pure.
- a cement 20, which may be of titanium or tungsten or molybdenum or a cermet such as molybdenum silicide is provided to cement the inner liner 22 in place in the cavity 11 of the copper crucible 10. Then, the outside of the inner liner 22 sticks to the inside of the cavity 11 and the aluminum 14 cannot get between the inner liner 22 and the crucible 10.
- the inner liner 22 acts as a poor thermal conductor between the aluminum l4 and the copper crucible l0 and the heat provided by the beam 16 is used more efficiently in evaporating the aluminum 14.
- the liner comprising the inner liner layer 22 and including the cement 20 provides sufficient electrical conductivity to act as an electrode for the beam 16. The inner liner 22 does not get hot enough to react to any great extent with the aluminum 14, whereby the inner liner 22 lasts a long while and the vaporized aluminum is not contaminated with material of the inner liner 22.
- a crucible comprising:
- said vaporizing means includes a source of a beam of electrons.
Abstract
A crucible liner is provided for a water-cooled copper crucible for evaporating aluminum, the lining being electrically conductive but having a poor thermal conductivity. Also, the lining which does not react to a great extent with hot aluminum is and remains in intimate contact with the copper. The inner layer 22 of the lining is a composite of titanium diboride and boron nitride which is cemented to the water-cooled copper body of the crucible by a second layer operating as a cement comprising titanium or tungsten or molybdenum or a cement such as molybdenum silicide.
Description
United States Wilson atent Mar. 14, 1972 [54] CRUCIBLE ELECTRON BEAM EVAPQRATION OF ALUMINUM [72] Inventor: Richard W. Wilson, Phoenix, Ariz.
[73] Assignee: Motorola, lnc., Franklin Park, Ill.
[22] Filed: Jan. 29, 1971 211 Appl. No.: 110,937
[58] Field of Search 13/3 1; 263/48; 266/34, 39
[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,467,058 9/1969 Box et al. ..l3/31 X 3,554,512 1/1971 Elliot et al ..l3/31 X Primary Exaininer-Bemard A. Gilheany Assistant Examiner-R. N. Envall, Jr. Attorney-Mueller and Aichele [5 7] ABSTRACT A crucible liner is provided for a water-cooled copper crucible for evaporating aluminum, the lining being electrically conductive but having a poor thermal conductivity. Also, the lining which does not react to a great extent with hot aluminum is and remains in intimate contact with the copper. The inner I layer 22 of the lining is a composite of titanium diboride and boron nitride which is cemented to the water-cooled copper body of the crucible by a second layer operating as a cement comprising titanium or tungsten or molybdenum or a cement such as molybdenum silicide.
4 Claims, 1 Drawing Figure PATENTEUHAR 14 I972 3, 649.734
INVENIOR Richard H. Wilson MM MM? Arrris.
ClRUCllBLE ELECTRON BEAM EVAPORATION F ALUMINUM BACKGROUND In evaporation depositing of aluminum, the aluminum is usually melted and vaporized by the application thereto of an electron beam. The aluminum is melted and vaporized in a cavity of a water-cooled copper crucible. When the aluminum melts, it wets the copper whereby much of the heat provided for the evaporating 0f the aluminum is actually used up in heating the copper crucible and the cooling water for the crucible. If a crucible liner is used, the aluminum soon wets over the lip of the liner to the crucible whereby the copper crucible again carries away heat that was intended for vaporizing the aluminum. The hot aluminum and the liner may react at high temperatures of the molten aluminum. This reaction of aluminum with the crucible can contaminate the aluminum or the molten aluminum will stick to the hot crucible and if aluminum is left in the crucible upon cooling, the contraction of the residual aluminum will fracture the crucible requiring a new one be used for each evaporation. Since the electron beam is used for providing the heat, the liner must be electrically conductive. To conserve heat, the liner should have low heat conductivity. The liner should stick to the crucible and it should react very little or not at all with hot aluminum.
It is an object of this invention to provide an improved crucible for vaporizing aluminum.
It is another object of this invention to provide a crucible for vaporizing aluminum in which the part that is in contact with the hot aluminum is not very reactive therewith, is electrically conductive but has low thermal conductivity and is not easily separated from the body of the crucible.
SUMMARY In accordance with this invention, a liner is provided for the water-cooled copper crucible which has low thermal conductivity and good electrical conductivity and which does not react to a great extent to the hot aluminum. The liner may be of an intermetallic composite such as titanium diboride and boron nitride. lt is stuck to the copper crucible by a cement comprising titanium or tungsten or molybdenum or a cermet such as molybdenum silicide. The disclosed cement will stick to the copper of the crucible. While the cement and intermetallic composition are being applied as by flame spraying, there will be sufficient mixing of the cement and the composition so that the composition will be held in place in the cavity in the copper crucible. The lining is sufficiently conductive to act as a connection for the electron beam and is of sufficiently low thermal conductivity so that neither it nor the copper crucible gets very hot, whereby the efficiency of the application of heat to the aluminum is greatly increased. Due to the fact that the liner sticks to the crucible, molten aluminum cannot get between the liner and the copper crucible. Since the liner does not get too hot, the chemical interaction between the aluminum and the liner is minimized whereby the liner lasts a long time and the evaporated aluminum is nearly pure.
The invention will be better understood upon reading the following description in connection with the accompanying drawing, the sole FIGURE of which illustrates a cross section of a crucible in accordance with this invention.
DESCRIPTION As shown in the FIGURE, a copper crucible is provided having a cavity 11 for receiving a charge 14 to be melted and also having water-cooling passages 12 therethrough. The cavity 11 in the crucible 10 is provided to receive a charge of aluminum 14 to be evaporated by an electron beam 16 projected LII thereon by an electron gun 18. The aluminum 14 is shown as the beam 16 is conducted to the copper crucible l0 and is removed by the cooling water In the passageways 12. An inner liner 22 of an intermetallic composite such as titanium diboride and boron nitride, which has been used for making resistance heating evaporation boats, may be provided in the cavity 11 of the copper crucible 10. Such an inner liner however does not make a good thermal contact with the surface of the cavity 11. Therefore, after a short while, the molten aluminum will run over the edge of the composite 22 because of the poor thermal conductivity of the composite with the cavity 11 and the molten aluminum will wet the adjacent surfaces of the liner and of the cavity 11, whereby the aluminum is again thermally coupled to the crucible and the heat is carried away by the cooling water as before. Furthermore, as the lining 22 gets hot enough, the aluminum and the inner liner 22 will interact chemically and the inner liner 22 will be damaged or destroyed and the evaporated aluminum will not be pure. A cement 20, which may be of titanium or tungsten or molybdenum or a cermet such as molybdenum silicide is provided to cement the inner liner 22 in place in the cavity 11 of the copper crucible 10. Then, the outside of the inner liner 22 sticks to the inside of the cavity 11 and the aluminum 14 cannot get between the inner liner 22 and the crucible 10. The inner liner 22 acts as a poor thermal conductor between the aluminum l4 and the copper crucible l0 and the heat provided by the beam 16 is used more efficiently in evaporating the aluminum 14. The liner comprising the inner liner layer 22 and including the cement 20 provides sufficient electrical conductivity to act as an electrode for the beam 16. The inner liner 22 does not get hot enough to react to any great extent with the aluminum 14, whereby the inner liner 22 lasts a long while and the vaporized aluminum is not contaminated with material of the inner liner 22.
In providing the liner, the cement 20 is flame sprayed into the cavity 11 and then the composite material 22 is also flame sprayed into the cement lined cavity. It is noted that both the cement 20 and the inner lining 22 extend for a short distance over the top of the crucible beyond the edges of the cavity 11. The cement 20 is chosen to stick to the inside of the cavity 11 (and to the top of the crucible) and is of one of the materials noted above. The flame spraying of the liner 22 causes sufficient intermixing of the inner liner material with the cement material to make the inner liner 22 stick in the cavity ll and along the margin thereof.
What is claimed is:
l. A crucible comprising:
a body of copper having a cavity in a surface thereof,
a liner for said cavity comprising a first layer of material taken from the group consisting of titanium, tungsten, molybdenum and a cermet contacting the surface of said cavity and a second inner layer of an intermetallic material comprising boron nitride and titanium dibon'de whereby, said first layer adheres to said cavity and acts as a cementing agent for holding said second inner lining in place.
2. The invention of claim 1 in which said block is watercooled.
3. The invention of claim 1 in which means are provided for vaporizing a material to be vaporized that is deposited in said cavity.
4. The invention of claim 3 in which said vaporizing means includes a source of a beam of electrons.
Claims (3)
- 2. The invention of claim 1 in which said block is water-cooled.
- 3. The invention of claim 1 in which means are provided for vaporizing a material to be vaporized that is deposited in said cavity.
- 4. The invention of claim 3 in which said vaporizing means includes a source of a beam of electrons.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US11093771A | 1971-01-29 | 1971-01-29 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3649734A true US3649734A (en) | 1972-03-14 |
Family
ID=22335747
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US110937A Expired - Lifetime US3649734A (en) | 1971-01-29 | 1971-01-29 | Crucible electron beam evaporation of aluminum |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3649734A (en) |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3986822A (en) * | 1975-02-27 | 1976-10-19 | Union Carbide Corporation | Boron nitride crucible |
| US4446563A (en) * | 1980-06-12 | 1984-05-01 | Institut De Recherches De La Siderurgie Francaise | Composite crucible |
| US4528939A (en) * | 1984-06-25 | 1985-07-16 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Electrically conductive containment vessel for molten aluminum |
| WO1986002387A1 (en) * | 1984-10-13 | 1986-04-24 | Metal Box P.L.C. | Vapour deposition of tin |
| WO2011061013A1 (en) * | 2009-11-23 | 2011-05-26 | 44Solar Sarl | Crucible for an electron stream evaporator and operating method for said electron stream evaporator |
| DE102010009325A1 (en) * | 2010-02-25 | 2011-08-25 | Dr. Eberl MBE-Komponenten GmbH, 71263 | Container for receiving vaporization product, which is placed in a crucible of an electron beam evaporator, comprises a through-hole in its bottom and/or its wall, where the through-hole of a pin is inserted |
| CN102586891A (en) * | 2012-02-28 | 2012-07-18 | 浙江上城科技有限公司 | Lining combined type high-temperature resisting crucible |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3467058A (en) * | 1965-12-03 | 1969-09-16 | United States Steel Corp | Apparatus for vaporizing metal |
| US3554512A (en) * | 1969-03-24 | 1971-01-12 | George H Elliott | Crucible for holding molten semiconductor materials |
-
1971
- 1971-01-29 US US110937A patent/US3649734A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3467058A (en) * | 1965-12-03 | 1969-09-16 | United States Steel Corp | Apparatus for vaporizing metal |
| US3554512A (en) * | 1969-03-24 | 1971-01-12 | George H Elliott | Crucible for holding molten semiconductor materials |
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3986822A (en) * | 1975-02-27 | 1976-10-19 | Union Carbide Corporation | Boron nitride crucible |
| US4446563A (en) * | 1980-06-12 | 1984-05-01 | Institut De Recherches De La Siderurgie Francaise | Composite crucible |
| US4528939A (en) * | 1984-06-25 | 1985-07-16 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Electrically conductive containment vessel for molten aluminum |
| WO1986002387A1 (en) * | 1984-10-13 | 1986-04-24 | Metal Box P.L.C. | Vapour deposition of tin |
| US4810531A (en) * | 1984-10-13 | 1989-03-07 | Metal Box Plc | Vapor deposition of tin |
| WO2011061013A1 (en) * | 2009-11-23 | 2011-05-26 | 44Solar Sarl | Crucible for an electron stream evaporator and operating method for said electron stream evaporator |
| DE102010009325A1 (en) * | 2010-02-25 | 2011-08-25 | Dr. Eberl MBE-Komponenten GmbH, 71263 | Container for receiving vaporization product, which is placed in a crucible of an electron beam evaporator, comprises a through-hole in its bottom and/or its wall, where the through-hole of a pin is inserted |
| CN102586891A (en) * | 2012-02-28 | 2012-07-18 | 浙江上城科技有限公司 | Lining combined type high-temperature resisting crucible |
| CN102586891B (en) * | 2012-02-28 | 2015-09-30 | 浙江上城科技有限公司 | A kind of lining combined type high-temperature resisting crucible |
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