US3622408A - Water-bearing explosives thickened with a partially hydrolyzed acrylamide polymer - Google Patents
Water-bearing explosives thickened with a partially hydrolyzed acrylamide polymer Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3622408A US3622408A US683127A US3622408DA US3622408A US 3622408 A US3622408 A US 3622408A US 683127 A US683127 A US 683127A US 3622408D A US3622408D A US 3622408DA US 3622408 A US3622408 A US 3622408A
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- water
- compositions
- percent
- weight
- explosive
- Prior art date
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- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract description 48
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 title abstract description 40
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Polymers 0.000 title abstract description 19
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 85
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 31
- 229920000926 Galactomannan Polymers 0.000 description 23
- OMDQUFIYNPYJFM-XKDAHURESA-N (2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[[(2r,3s,4r,5s,6r)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-[(2s,3s,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]oxane-3,4,5-triol Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H]1OC[C@@H]1[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)O1 OMDQUFIYNPYJFM-XKDAHURESA-N 0.000 description 17
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 16
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 13
- PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC1=CC=CC(Br)=C1F PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 229920002907 Guar gum Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 239000000665 guar gum Substances 0.000 description 10
- 235000010417 guar gum Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- 229960002154 guar gum Drugs 0.000 description 10
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 9
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- KMUONIBRACKNSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium dichromate Chemical class [K+].[K+].[O-][Cr](=O)(=O)O[Cr]([O-])(=O)=O KMUONIBRACKNSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 6
- IIQJBVZYLIIMND-UHFFFAOYSA-J potassium;antimony(3+);2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate Chemical compound [K+].[Sb+3].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O IIQJBVZYLIIMND-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 6
- -1 antimonyl sulfate Chemical compound 0.000 description 5
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000001622 bismuth compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000005474 detonation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 235000010344 sodium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000004317 sodium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 5
- ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formamide Chemical compound NC=O ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 4
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- XTFIVUDBNACUBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)N1CN([N+]([O-])=O)CN([N+]([O-])=O)C1 XTFIVUDBNACUBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 3
- 241001415939 Corvus Species 0.000 description 3
- 229910000519 Ferrosilicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- TZRXHJWUDPFEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)OCC(CO[N+]([O-])=O)(CO[N+]([O-])=O)CO[N+]([O-])=O TZRXHJWUDPFEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000026 Pentaerythritol tetranitrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229960004321 pentaerithrityl tetranitrate Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- XSKZXGDFSCCXQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiencarbazone-methyl Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CSC(C)=C1S(=O)(=O)NC(=O)N1C(=O)N(C)C(OC)=N1 XSKZXGDFSCCXQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 2
- 244000303965 Cyamopsis psoralioides Species 0.000 description 2
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 2
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AGUIVNYEYSCPNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methyl-N-picrylnitramine Chemical group [O-][N+](=O)N(C)C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O AGUIVNYEYSCPNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium nitrate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000001879 gelation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- YIXJRHPUWRPCBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium nitrate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O YIXJRHPUWRPCBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- UZGLIIJVICEWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N octogen Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)N1CN([N+]([O-])=O)CN([N+]([O-])=O)CN([N+]([O-])=O)C1 UZGLIIJVICEWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium nitrate Chemical compound [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008719 thickening Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003623 transition metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- XNWFRZJHXBZDAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-METHOXYETHANOL Chemical compound COCCO XNWFRZJHXBZDAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KKMOSYLWYLMHAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-bromo-6-nitroaniline Chemical compound NC1=C(Br)C=CC=C1[N+]([O-])=O KKMOSYLWYLMHAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HZTVIZREFBBQMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene;[3-nitrooxy-2,2-bis(nitrooxymethyl)propyl] nitrate Chemical compound CC1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+](=O)OCC(CO[N+]([O-])=O)(CO[N+]([O-])=O)CO[N+]([O-])=O HZTVIZREFBBQMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JHWIEAWILPSRMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-3-pyrimidin-4-ylpropanoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(C)CC1=CC=NC=N1 JHWIEAWILPSRMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GDDNTTHUKVNJRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-bromo-3,3-difluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(Br)C=C GDDNTTHUKVNJRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000609240 Ambelania acida Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002687 Caesalpinia echinata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000017399 Caesalpinia tinctoria Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000006693 Cassia laevigata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000025596 Cassia laevigata Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000017764 Cercidium floridum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920002261 Corn starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 240000001453 Crotalaria mysorensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000005830 Crotalaria vitellina Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000230012 Gleditsia triacanthos Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000013813 Gleditsia triacanthos Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lactate Chemical compound CC(O)C([O-])=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920000161 Locust bean gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- MPCRDALPQLDDFX-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium perchlorate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O.[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MPCRDALPQLDDFX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 240000004658 Medicago sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000017587 Medicago sativa ssp. sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000861 Mg alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- AFCARXCZXQIEQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-[3-oxo-3-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)propyl]-2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound O=C(CCNC(=O)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 AFCARXCZXQIEQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000020 Nitrocellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000596451 Parkinsonia Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000127464 Paubrasilia echinata Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000388430 Tara Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000219793 Trifolium Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000250129 Trigonella foenum graecum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000001484 Trigonella foenum graecum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001963 alkali metal nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001964 alkaline earth metal nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SNAAJJQQZSMGQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum magnesium Chemical compound [Mg].[Al] SNAAJJQQZSMGQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001463 antimony compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000410 antimony oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000379 antimony sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FAPDDOBMIUGHIN-UHFFFAOYSA-K antimony trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Sb](Cl)Cl FAPDDOBMIUGHIN-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- GUNJVIDCYZYFGV-UHFFFAOYSA-K antimony trifluoride Chemical compound F[Sb](F)F GUNJVIDCYZYFGV-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- SZXAQBAUDGBVLT-UHFFFAOYSA-H antimony(3+);2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate Chemical compound [Sb+3].[Sb+3].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O SZXAQBAUDGBVLT-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- OMBMSYHTUZQOEY-UHFFFAOYSA-K antimony(3+);2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate Chemical compound [Sb+3].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O OMBMSYHTUZQOEY-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- MVMLTMBYNXHXFI-UHFFFAOYSA-H antimony(3+);trisulfate Chemical compound [Sb+3].[Sb+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O MVMLTMBYNXHXFI-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 239000010905 bagasse Substances 0.000 description 1
- JHXKRIRFYBPWGE-UHFFFAOYSA-K bismuth chloride Chemical compound Cl[Bi](Cl)Cl JHXKRIRFYBPWGE-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910000416 bismuth oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021538 borax Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZCDOYSPFYFSLEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromate(2-) Chemical class [O-][Cr]([O-])(=O)=O ZCDOYSPFYFSLEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008120 corn starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940099112 cornstarch Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- TYIXMATWDRGMPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibismuth;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Bi+3].[Bi+3] TYIXMATWDRGMPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WBTCZEPSIIFINA-MSFWTACDSA-J dipotassium;antimony(3+);(2r,3r)-2,3-dioxidobutanedioate;trihydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.[K+].[K+].[Sb+3].[Sb+3].[O-]C(=O)[C@H]([O-])[C@@H]([O-])C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)[C@H]([O-])[C@@H]([O-])C([O-])=O WBTCZEPSIIFINA-MSFWTACDSA-J 0.000 description 1
- AXZAYXJCENRGIM-UHFFFAOYSA-J dipotassium;tetrabromoplatinum(2-) Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[Br-].[Br-].[Br-].[Br-].[Pt+2] AXZAYXJCENRGIM-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- UQGFMSUEHSUPRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N disodium;3,7-dioxido-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3,5,7-tetraborabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].O1B([O-])OB2OB([O-])OB1O2 UQGFMSUEHSUPRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010685 fatty oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003349 gelling agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- RXPAJWPEYBDXOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydron;methyl 4-methoxypyridine-2-carboxylate;chloride Chemical compound Cl.COC(=O)C1=CC(OC)=CC=N1 RXPAJWPEYBDXOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000711 locust bean gum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010420 locust bean gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000012054 meals Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002828 nitro derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920001220 nitrocellulos Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940082615 organic nitrates used in cardiac disease Drugs 0.000 description 1
- VTRUBDSFZJNXHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxoantimony Chemical compound [Sb]=O VTRUBDSFZJNXHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LIYKJALVRPGQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-M oxostibanylium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Sb+]=O LIYKJALVRPGQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N perchloric acid Chemical class OCl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000007519 polyprotic acids Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010333 potassium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004323 potassium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001487 potassium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011833 salt mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001235 sensitizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- PNYYBUOBTVHFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium bismuthate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][Bi](=O)=O PNYYBUOBTVHFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BAZAXWOYCMUHIX-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium perchlorate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O BAZAXWOYCMUHIX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001488 sodium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000010339 sodium tetraborate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004328 sodium tetraborate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- CIWAOCMKRKRDME-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrasodium dioxido-oxo-stibonatooxy-lambda5-stibane Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-][Sb]([O-])(=O)O[Sb]([O-])([O-])=O CIWAOCMKRKRDME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000001019 trigonella foenum-graecum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B47/00—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase
- C06B47/14—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase comprising a solid component and an aqueous phase
Definitions
- This invention relates to improvements in water-bearing explosive compositions and more particularly, to improvements in water-bearing explosive compositions thickened with galactomannan.
- waterbearing explosive compositions comprise an aqueous solution or slurry of inorganic oxidizing salts mixed with organic or metallic fuels and sensitizing agents which can also act as fuels. ,7 n 7.
- Galactomannans particularly guar gum
- the galactomannans are not highly cross-linked, such products gradually segregate and do not meet the stringent water-resistance requirements of current commercial explosives.
- guar compositions sufficiently cross-linked for good water-resistance yield relatively immobile gelled masses which, in some cases, are disadvantageous and difficult to handle and load into boreholes.
- stiff, nonpourable gels tend to spread and plug boreholes partially filled with water when they strike the surface of the water.
- compositions are somewhat more inconvenient to remove from contains than more pourable products and do not spread to fill the available space in the borehole leaving voids which could present propagation of detonation.
- the foregoing problems become progressively greater as the diameter of the borehole is reduced.
- Substantially linear, water-soluble or water-dispersible vinyl polymers also have been proposed to gel or thicken waterbearing explosives. However, unless these polymers are crosslinked, as in US. Pat. No. 3,097,120, or are present in high concentration, they give very little body to the explosives. Furthermore, such polymers are relatively expensive.
- This invention provides thickened water-bearing explosives which do not segregate and are water resistant over a wide range of viscosities.
- Preferred compositions of this invention have a unique combination of pourability and fluidity coupled with resistance to water and segregation which makes them particularly suitable in small diameter holes and in holes par tially filled with water.
- this invention provides water-bearing explosive compositions comprising inorganic oxidizing salt, fuel and water, which improvement comprises thickening said compositions with the combination of polyacrylamide and crosslinked galactomannan, the weight ratio of said polyacrylamide to galactomannan being from about 0,l:l to :1, and preferably M to 5:1.
- Thickened as used herein refers to compositions in which the viscosity of the aqueous phase has been increased, e.g., to 10,000 centipoises or more, as well as to gelled products, including those gels which are cross-linked.
- the polyacrylamide used is a preformed polymer which has a molecular weight of l to 25, and especially 3 to 15 million. Molecular weight can be determined from the relation:
- V is the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer in dl/grams and m.w. is its molecular weight.
- Intrinsic viscosity can be determined in the conventional manner from inherent viscosity measured in dilute solutions in water at 30 C. with an Ostwald Fenske Viscometer.
- Preferred polymers have a pH as a 1 percent by weight solution in water at 30 C. of about from 6 to 8, and preferably 6.5 to 7.5.
- the polymer contains at least l0 percent by weight of carboxylate (-COO-) moieties neutralized with alkali, alkaline earth metal or ammonium bases.
- Galactomannans which can be used in this invention include, e.g., guar gum and locust bean gum, and also other galactomannan gurns which include those from endosperm seeds of leguminous plants such as the sennas, brazilwood, tara, honey locust, paloverde, rattlebox, alfalfa gum, clover gum and fenugreek gum.
- guar gum is particularly preferred because of its ready availability, stability and general compatibility with aqueous solutions of inorganic oxidizing agents.
- the galactomannans are cross-linked in the aqueous solution of the inorganic oxidizing salt to form stable gelled products at relatively low concentrations of preformed polyacrylamide and galactomannan and to impart greater strength, cohesiveness and water-resistance to the resulting compositions.
- Any of the known cross-linking agents conventionally employed for galactomannans can be used including potassium and sodium dichromate; sodium tetraborate as described in US. Pat. No. 3,072,509; soluble antimony and bismuth compounds at a pH of from about 6 to 13 as in US. Pat. No. 3,202,55 l; and transition metal compounds as in Ser. No. 343,]40, filed Feb. 6, 1964, the teachings of each of which is included herein by reference.
- soluble antimony and bismuth compounts refer to antimony or bismuth in ionic form, preferably as Sb, Bi, SbO" or BiO or a combination thereof, in the gelation system, for example, in aqueous or aqueous nitrate containing solutions of galactomannan gum during the gelatin reaction.
- antimony or bismuth compounds soluble to the extent of at least about 1 part per million in the gelatin system.
- Alkali metal antimony salts of hydroxylate polybasic acids, particularly potassium antimony tartrate, are preferred.
- Oxidizing agents used in combination with the above include hydrogen peroxide, alkali and alkaline earth peroxides, and alkali, alkaline earth and ammonium permanganates, chromates and dichromates.
- alkali metal dichromates e.g., sodium and potassium dichromates are especially preferred.
- the particularly preferred cross-linking agent is potassium antimony tartrate and the par ticularly preferred oxidizing agent is alkali metal, especially sodium or potassium dichromate.
- concentration of antimony or bismuth cross-linking agent based on the amount of galactomannan is about from I to l5 percent, preferably 2 to 10 percent by weight of potassium antimony tartrate or an equivalent and about from 0.2 to 5 percent, preferably 0.5 to 3 percent by weight of potassium dichromate.
- the rate of gelation and final viscosity of the gelled compositions of this invention is related to the kind and concentration of the galactomannan, the molecular weight and concentration of the preformed polyacrylamide, and the kind and concentration of the cross-linking agent.
- the variables are interrelated and conveniently are adjustable to provide a gel having the desired properties during manufacture, storage, shipping and use.
- a particularly preferred composition of this invention is a pourable, water-resistant, water-bearing explosive composition containing a ratio of polyacrylamide to guar gum of about from 1/] to /1, most preferably 2/] to 3/1, the total amount of guar gum and polyacrylamide employed being less than about 2 percent, and preferably less than 1 percent, by weight of the total explosive composition.
- the cross-linking agent used in the quantities set forth above, will react with the guar gum to fonn a gel in the aqueous phase of the blasting composition, the polyacrylamide functioning primarily as a thickening agent.
- Thicker, i.e., more viscous, less pourable compositions can be obtained by employing a larger weight percentage of galactomannan (guar) and/or polyacrylamide, by employing a higher ratio of cross-linking agent to galactomannan, by using polyacrylamide of higher molecular weight, and/or by providing a cross-linking system which will provide a more highly cross-linked, stable structure with the galactomannan.
- compositions of this invention usually contain at least about 20 percent by weight of an inorganic oxidizing salt.
- salts include ammonium, alkali metal and alkaline earth metal nitrates and perchlorates as well as mixtures of two or more of such salts. Examples of such salts are ammonium nitrate, ammonium perchlorate, sodium nitrate, sodium perchlorate, potassium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, magnesium nitrate, magnesium perchlorate and calcium nitrate.
- the inorganic oxidizing salt component contains at least 45 percent of at least one salt which is highly soluble in water at room temperature, that is, at least as soluble as ammonium nitrate, and preferably, the aqueous phase in the composition contains a substantial portion of ozidizing salt, for example, 40 to 70 percent by weight thereof.
- inorganic oxidizing salt mixtures containing at least about 50 percent by weight of ammonium nitrate and at least about 50 percent by weight of sodium nitrate are particularly preferred.
- the fuels employed in the compositions of this invention can be, for example, self explosive fuels, nonexplosive carbonaceous and metallic fuels, or mixtures of the aforementioned types of fuels
- the fuel or fuels used in the compositions of this invention can be varied widely, provided that in the composition in which any particular fuel is used, the fuel is stable, that is, prior to detonation, during preparation and storage, the fuel is chemically inert with the system.
- Self-explosive fuel as used herein refers to a substance which by itself is generally recognized in the art as an explosive.
- selfexplosive fuels examples include organic nitrates, nitro compounds, and nitramines such as TNT, pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX), tetryl, nitrostarch, explosive-grade nitrocellulose and smokeless powder, as well as mixtures of the aforementioned self-explosive fuels such as, for example, pentolite (PETN/l NT), Composition B (RDX/T NT) and tetratol (tetryl/T NT).
- PETN pentaerythritol tetranitrate
- RDX cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine
- HMX cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine
- tetryl nitrostarch
- explosive-grade nitrocellulose and smokeless powder examples of the aforementioned self-explosive
- the self-explosive fuel can be, for example, in any of the conventional flake, pelleted or crystalline forms.
- the amount of fuel varies with the particular fuel employed. in general, up to 40 and, preferably, to 40 percent by weight based on the weight of composition of self-explosive fuel is used.
- carbonaceous nonexplosive fuels include finely divided coal and other forms of finely divided carbon; solid carbonaceous vegetable product such as cornstarch, woodpulp, sugar, ivory nut meal and bagasse; organic liquids such as hydrocarbon oils, fatty oils and vegetable oils; urea; and mixtures of two or more of the aforementioned carbonaceous fuels are employed.
- Metallic fuels include, for example, alumina and iron, and alloys of such metals such as aluminum-magnesium alloys, ferrosilicon, ferrophosphorous, as well as mixtures of the aforementioned metals and alloys.
- alumina and iron and alloys of such metals such as aluminum-magnesium alloys, ferrosilicon, ferrophosphorous, as well as mixtures of the aforementioned metals and alloys.
- up to about 50 percent by weight of metallic fuel can be employed in water-bearing compositions, usually on the order of l to 20, and preferably 1 to 8 percent by weight of metals such as aluminum, and on the order of about 10 to 30 percent by weight of heavier metallic fuels such as ferrophosphorus and ferrosilicon are employed.
- the total amount of fuel is adjusted so that the total composition has an oxygen balance of from about 30 to +l0 percent and, excepting for those compositions containing 'the aforementioned heavier metallic fuels such as ferrophosphorus and ferrosilicon, preferably the oxygen balance is between about l 5 to 0 percent.
- compositions of this in vention can contain 0.25 to 10 percent, and preferably l to 5 percent, based on the total weight of composition of fluidizing agent as described in U.S. Pat, No. 3,190,777, which is incorporated herein by reference.
- Preferred fluidizing agents include dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol, fonnamide and methyl cellosolve.
- composition of this invention contain at least about 5 percent by weight of water.
- the waterbearing compositions to which this invention is directed generally contain less than about 45 percent by weight of water and, preferably on the order of about 10 to 30 percent by weight of water based on the total composition.
- the explosive compositions of this invention can be prepared by the conventional formulating techniques used for preparing galactomannan or cross-linked galactomannan aqueous explosives.
- the galactomannan, mixed with soda, preformed polyacrylamide and fuels is added to a hot (l00200 F.) concentrated solution containing the major proportion of oxidizing salt, then the cross-linking agents are added, the solution is mixed and the product packed. It has been found particularly advantageous for improved uniform dispersion to add approximately one-third of the ammonium nitrate liquor first, then to add the remaining ingredients, and finally, after about 30 seconds, add the balance of the ammonium nitrate liquor.
- This invention provides a means for making water-bearing explosive compositions having excellent water-resistance in products varying in characteristics from pourable fluids to moldable, tough plastic masses.
- the compositions of this invention have excellent cohesiveness over a wide range of viscosities.
- the improvement of this invention alters the crystal growth of inorganic salts, reduces crystal size, and improves sensitivity. When measured at 25 C.
- the preferred fluid compositions have a viscosity of about from 100,000 to about 400,000 centipoises, preferably l50,000 to 300,000 centipoises, as measured on a Brookfield Synchrolectric viscometer, Model RVT with a helipath attachment using a TC spindle at 1 rpm.
- Brookfield Synchrolectric viscometer Model RVT with a helipath attachment using a TC spindle at 1 rpm.
- Such fluid products are also eminently suited for rapid loading in small diameter holes giving ease in borehole loading which has heretofore only been obtainable with products blended in situ at the blasting site, e.g., in slurry trucks, but economically infeasible for use in smaller blasting operations.
- the explosive compositions of this invention can vary from pourable fluids to moldable, tough plastic masses, all having excellent water-resistance and excellent cohesiveness.
- Particularly preferred compositions of this invention are pourable explosive compositions having a viscosity of 150,000 to 300,000 centipoises, and containing,
- compositions of this invention possess greater fluidity, homogeneity, resistance to disintegration or leaching by water and stability, i.e., resistance to degradation and settling out of components, than compositions which contain only substantially linear, water-soluble or water-dispersible vinyl polymers or those which contain only cross-linked galactomannans.
- This greater fluidity, homogeneity, stability and water-resistance is particularly advantageous when the compositions are to be used in wet locations, since disintegration and leaching of a composition by water, if such occurs, can lead to failures to detonate or to propagate a detonation throughout the length of an explosive column.
- the explosive structure degrades, i.e., by virtue of disintegration of the gel structure, subsequent segregation of components, particularly undissolved (solid) fuels and sensitizers, can occur under the force of gravity, and the components in a borehole, whether in a container or cartridge, shucked therefrom, or simply poured into a borehole will become so heterogeneous that complete failure of detonation or propagation of detonation through the entire length of the column of the explosive charge will occur.
- the compositions can be packaged in contains compatible with the ammonium nitrate liquor employed, e.g., of polymeric materials, and stored until time of use without deterioration or separation of components.
- compositions of this invention Even when freed from the container these compositions retain an optimum degree of resistance to disintegration and leaching by water which may be already present in the borehole or which may enter the borehole after the compositions are loaded. With the compositions of this invention, bottom of the hole loading is not required. Likewise, the material will not block a borehole as a conventional water gel very often does. The higher loading per foot of borehole and speed of loading compared to either cartridged products or normal water gels are significant advantages which are manifest in the compositions of this in vention.
- a premixed composition of sodium nitrate, polyacrylamide and galactomannan is added and the contents of the resulting mixture are agitated for seconds.
- the oxidizing agent is added and incorporated in the blend by agitating for 15 seconds.
- Example 1 2 3 4 5 65% AN liquor 50 57 50 42 30 (Ammonium nitrate). (32. 5) (37) (32. 5) (27. 3) (20) (Water) (17. 5) (20) (17. 5) (14. 7) (10) Sodium nitrate. 20. I) 18.0 20. 0 21.0 20.0 TNT Smokeless powder Al num Ferrophosphorus S ur The compositions also contain per hundred weight:
- the finished compositions are pourable, water-resistant gels having a density of from about L45 to about 1.65 g/cc. and a pH of about 7 to 9.
- the viscosity of the compositions is from about 100,000 to 400,000 cps.
- the composition in example 5 is a stiff water-gel suitable for use in mudcapping operations. All the compositions in table I are uniform in appearance and composition, and undissolved components remain uniformly dispersed. Even when the compositions are dropped approximately 40 or more feet into water, no evidence of breakdown of the gel structure is noted. No evidence of incompatability with water-filled boreholes is found, Deliberate attempts to plug a borehole with compositions of examples l to 4 are not successful.
- compositions in examples 1 to 4 will flow through a l-inch-diameter funnel at F., and have sufficient water-resistance whereby bottom of the hole loading is not required.
- the compositions are not capsensitive but can be detonated by a conventional 25 g RDX primer and detonate with a velocity of about 4100 meters/second in a Z-inch-diameter column.
- compositions in examples 6, 8, 9, and I0 which are still pourable, coherent, water-resistant gels, are transferred to a chamber maintained at F. This is representative of a moderately high temperature which might be experienced in a field storage magazine or a service truck.
Abstract
Description
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US68312767A | 1967-11-15 | 1967-11-15 |
Publications (1)
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US3622408A true US3622408A (en) | 1971-11-23 |
Family
ID=24742681
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US683127A Expired - Lifetime US3622408A (en) | 1967-11-15 | 1967-11-15 | Water-bearing explosives thickened with a partially hydrolyzed acrylamide polymer |
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Country | Link |
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US (1) | US3622408A (en) |
BE (1) | BE725217A (en) |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3819429A (en) * | 1973-01-24 | 1974-06-25 | Du Pont | Blasting agent for blasting in hot boreholes |
US5431756A (en) * | 1993-02-25 | 1995-07-11 | Mach I, Inc. | Method and composition for melt cast explosives, propellants and pyrotechnics |
US6066214A (en) * | 1998-10-30 | 2000-05-23 | Alliant Techsystems Inc. | Solid rocket propellant |
US6165295A (en) * | 1999-11-23 | 2000-12-26 | Wagaman; Kerry L. | Gas-generating liquid compositions (PERSOL 1) |
US6361629B2 (en) * | 1998-11-12 | 2002-03-26 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Flowable solid propellant |
US6884884B2 (en) | 2001-06-11 | 2005-04-26 | Rhodia, Inc. | Galactomannan compositions and methods for making and using same |
US20050183805A1 (en) * | 2004-01-23 | 2005-08-25 | Pile Donald A. | Priming mixtures for small arms |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
ZA731197B (en) * | 1972-03-09 | 1973-11-28 | Ireco Chemicals | Aqueous explosive composition containing a tetravalent titanium as a cross-linking agent group |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3341383A (en) * | 1966-08-12 | 1967-09-12 | Stein Hall & Co Inc | Aqueous ammonium nitrate explosive slurries containing partially hydrolyzed acrylamide polymer |
US3355336A (en) * | 1966-08-18 | 1967-11-28 | Du Pont | Thickened water-bearing inorganic oxidizer salt explosive containing crosslinked galactomannan and polyacrylamide |
US3445305A (en) * | 1967-06-02 | 1969-05-20 | Du Pont | Gelation of galactomannan containing water-bearing explosives |
-
1967
- 1967-11-15 US US683127A patent/US3622408A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1968
- 1968-12-10 BE BE725217D patent/BE725217A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3341383A (en) * | 1966-08-12 | 1967-09-12 | Stein Hall & Co Inc | Aqueous ammonium nitrate explosive slurries containing partially hydrolyzed acrylamide polymer |
US3355336A (en) * | 1966-08-18 | 1967-11-28 | Du Pont | Thickened water-bearing inorganic oxidizer salt explosive containing crosslinked galactomannan and polyacrylamide |
US3445305A (en) * | 1967-06-02 | 1969-05-20 | Du Pont | Gelation of galactomannan containing water-bearing explosives |
Cited By (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3819429A (en) * | 1973-01-24 | 1974-06-25 | Du Pont | Blasting agent for blasting in hot boreholes |
US5431756A (en) * | 1993-02-25 | 1995-07-11 | Mach I, Inc. | Method and composition for melt cast explosives, propellants and pyrotechnics |
US6066214A (en) * | 1998-10-30 | 2000-05-23 | Alliant Techsystems Inc. | Solid rocket propellant |
US6361629B2 (en) * | 1998-11-12 | 2002-03-26 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Flowable solid propellant |
US6165295A (en) * | 1999-11-23 | 2000-12-26 | Wagaman; Kerry L. | Gas-generating liquid compositions (PERSOL 1) |
US6230491B1 (en) * | 1999-11-23 | 2001-05-15 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Gas-generating liquid compositions (persol 1) |
US6884884B2 (en) | 2001-06-11 | 2005-04-26 | Rhodia, Inc. | Galactomannan compositions and methods for making and using same |
US20050164892A1 (en) * | 2001-06-11 | 2005-07-28 | Rhodia Inc. | Galactomannan compositions and methods for making and using same |
US20050183805A1 (en) * | 2004-01-23 | 2005-08-25 | Pile Donald A. | Priming mixtures for small arms |
US20050189053A1 (en) * | 2004-01-23 | 2005-09-01 | Pile Donald A. | Bismuth oxide primer composition |
US8128766B2 (en) | 2004-01-23 | 2012-03-06 | Ra Brands, L.L.C. | Bismuth oxide primer composition |
US8597445B2 (en) | 2004-01-23 | 2013-12-03 | Ra Brands, L.L.C. | Bismuth oxide primer composition |
US8784583B2 (en) | 2004-01-23 | 2014-07-22 | Ra Brands, L.L.C. | Priming mixtures for small arms |
Also Published As
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BE725217A (en) | 1969-05-16 |
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